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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Anomalies in covert conditioning.

The covert conditioning approach has received much empirical support. Despite the utility of this approach, a number of anomalies (or methodological problems) have been considered in the past. This study describes three anomalies in covert conditioning which have received little attention: (1) the difficulty in assessing the application of the covert conditioning technique by the client, (2) the difficulty in explaining client's failures during use of the technique in terms of either problems with the therapist's instructions regarding the use of the technique or problems with the client's inability to imagine the scene, and (3) the use of single-case experimental designs in the evaluation of the effectiveness of covert conditioning techniques seems to violate the experimental format of such designs.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1975

Attempted suicide: an operant formulation.

An alternative formulation of attempted suicide is offered, in which the phenomenon is considered within the context of social learning theory. The suicidal behaviour is viewed as an operant which is reinforced and maintained by the consequent interpersonal contingencies. The modification of the suicidal behaviour then involves alteration of the contingent consequences. This theoretical formulation is elaborated and the treatment principles and practice are outlined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response is sensitive to context.

Conditioning-specific reflex modification occurs when an unconditioned response is modified in the absence of the conditioned stimulus as a result of pairings of the conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. In two experiments, we assessed conditioning-specific reflex modification in either a novel context (Experiment 1) or a context different from, but equally familiar in relation to, the training context (Experiment 2). Conditioning-specific reflex modification did not demonstrate sensitivity to a novel context but did demonstrate sensitivity to a change in familiar context. The data cannot be explained by unconditioned stimulus preexposure, overtraining, or context insensitivity. The results suggest that conditioning-specific reflex modification models normal stress and may be used to evaluate theories of and treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Stimulus modality effects on transformations of conditioned enhancement and conditioned suppression in rats.

Unconditioned and conditioned effects of house-light offset and acoustic white noise on barpressing behavior maintained by intermittent food reinforcement were tested in male hooded rats. Presentations of these stimuli prior to their acquiring signal value initially tended to depress and then to enhance barpressing rate, but generally the rate of the on-going barpressing was lower during the light offset then during noise presentations. Subsequently, one stimulus was used to signal continuous food reinforcement, evoking conditioned enhancement, and the other to signal inescapable footshock eliciting conditioned suppression of barpressing. The enhancement was acquired more rapidly than the suppression, independent of the stimulus modality used. The stimulus modality effect emerged when the continuous food reinforcement was withdrawn, since enhancement elicited by light offset extinguished more rapidly than elicited by noise. The stimulus modality effect was stronger when the other stimulus continued to signal pain and was attenuated when conditioned suppression was also extinguished. During the next stage of the experiment, the signal values of the conditioned stimuli were reversed, resulting in easy transformation of conditioned suppression into conditioned enhancement and vice versa. The stimuli used and changes in their signal values exerted clear effects on the rate of barpressing during intertrial intervals and this, in turn, somewhat modulated the behavioral effects of the conditioned stimuli. These results indicate that unconditioned effects of the stimuli on the behavior interact with their properties acquired in the course of conditioning.

Animals↗