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PubMed1986

Effect of a low fat diet on essential fatty acid metabolism in healthy human subjects.

The fatty acid pattern in phospholipids of serum and platelets, and conversion of labelled 18:3(n-3) and 20:3(n-6) in cultured lymphocytes was studied in healthy subjects consuming a low fat diet for four weeks. In serum and platelets the level of polyunsaturated C20 and C22 fatty acids was maintained stable, while the content of 18:2(n-6) was significantly decreased. The delta 6-desaturase activity in lymphocytes was increased after the low fat diet, while the rate of delta 5-desaturation was unchanged. It is concluded that the rate of delta 6-desaturation and perhaps also chain-elongation is regulated by the content and composition of dietary lipids in order to maintain the fatty acid pattern of phospholipids stable.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Physiological effects of diet enriched in essential fatty acids in young men].

The investigations were carried out on healthy young males aged 20-21 years. Those young men, whose previously different diets were determined by the dietary habits of their families, were selected and grouped under uniform conditions (feeding, housing, physical activity). After 4 months staying under these uniform conditions their diet was changed adding E.F.A. to their previous food rations. Food rations enriched with E.F.A. were given to these young males for 3 months. Then E.F.A. additions to the diet was stopped and the observed subjects received food rations, identical as during the initial 4-month period prior to E.F.A. enrichment, these rations were given during 5 months. Immediately after grouping these men were subjected to biochemical investigation of the serum and to anthropometric and general medical examinations (examination I). The subsequent examinations (II, III, IV) were carried out while the subjects were living under uniform conditions: II) after 4 months on the diet without E.F.A. enrichment, III) after 3 months on the diet enriched with E.F.A., and IV) after 5 months of diet without E.F.A. enrichment (after withdrawal of additional E.F.A.). The investigations were begun on 97 young males (examination I). The consecutive examinations (II, III, IV) were carried out on smaller groups of subjects for reasons on with the authors had no influence. During the experiment, 2-3 times in a month, sample of daily food rations given to the studied subjects and residual food on the plates were taken for analysis. This was done for determination of actual food intake. Through the whole period of the experiment the observed subjects were inquired about additional food consumed. The biochemical investigations of the nutritional state of these young subjects included hematological indices, serum proteins, selected biochemical components in the serum, activity of certain enzymes in the serum, serum lipid components and serum level of certain vitamins. The results of these investigations show the enrichment of diets during 3 months with vegetable fats (sunflower oil, margarine containing 40% of E.F.A.) for increasing the amount of E.F.A. in the whole daily food (together with additional food calculated on the basis of inquiry information) from 14.7 g to 27.7 g (3,2% kcal and 5,8% kcal respectively) has a favorable effect on selected serum lipids. The following changes appeared: decrease of total lipid level, total cholesterol level, cholesterol content of beta and prebeta-lipoproteins levels, free fatty acid level and the favorable changes in the composition of fatty acid in total lipid and selected lipid fractions in the serum. Food enrichment with E.F.A. led to rise the level of linoleic acid and total E.F.A. level and to fall the level of saturated fatty acids. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids changes favorably both in total serum lipids and in different lipid fraction...

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Essential fatty acid metabolism in the feline: relationship between liver and brain production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

A comparison was made between the liver and brain conversion of linoleic acid, 18:2n-6, and linolenic acid, 18:3n-3, to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in domestic felines. This report demonstrates that 6-desaturase activity does exist in the feline. The liver produced deuterium-labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids up to 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-3. The brain was found to accumulate the deuterium-labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids, 22:5n-6, 22:6n-3, 24:4n-6, 24:5n-6, 24:5n-3, and 24:6n-3. Adult felines were provided a diet consisting of either 10% fat (hydrogenated coconut oil-corn oil 9:1) containing no 20- or 22-carbon n-6 or n-3 fatty acids or a chow diet with meat and meat by-products that contained these long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for a 6-month period. During this time, the in vivo production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was evaluated in these animals. The cats were given oral doses of both [17,17,18,18,18,2H]18:3n-3 and [9,10,12,13-2H]18:2n-6 and the deuterium-labeled fatty acid metabolites were measured in the blood, liver, and brain using a highly sensitive and specific gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Contrary to previous claims, 6-desaturase activity was shown to exist in the feline. The evidence for this was the detection of [9,10,12,13-2H] 18:3n-6 which was converted from [9,10,12,13-2H]18:2n-6 and observed in the plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Elongation, desaturation, and esterification of essential fatty acids by fetal rat brain in vivo.

Tracer amounts of either [1-14C]linolenic (18:3n-3, LNA), or [1-14C]linoleic (18:2n-6, LA) acids were intracranially injected into 19- to 20-day-old rat fetuses, and the time course of the in vivo formation and esterification of their long chain polyenoic metabolites was determined for up to 20 h. A rapid disappearance of free LNA and LA, with apparent half-lives of 60 and 40 min, respectively, was noticed. One hour after LNA injection, 32.3% and 14.3% of the total brain radioactivity was found in the neutral glyceride (NG) and phospholipid (PL) fractions, respectively. After 20 h, PL radioactivity attained a level of 75%. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), diacylglycerol (DG), and triacylglycerol (TG) constituted 40%, 23%, and 9% of the total brain label at 1 h, and 35%, 10% and 14% at 20 h, respectively. Ethanolamine-containing PL (including plasmalogen) radioactivity accounted for about 10% up to 6 h and increased nearly 3-fold at 20 h, primarily due to an increase in the amount of labeled docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), the elongation-desaturation products of LNA. A similar pattern of incorporation into NG and PL fraction was observed after the administration of [1-14C]LA. After 1 h, PC, DG, and TG species constituted 23%, 10%, and 23% of the total brain radioactivity, whereas after 20 h it accounted for 44%, 6%, and 10%, respectively. Although radioactivity in the ethanolamine PL also increased substantially from 4% at 1 h to 29% at 20 h, the main labeled fatty acid in this fraction was LA. Labeled arachidonic acid (AA) constituted 42.7% of the total radioactivity in phosphatidylinositol (PI) at 20 h. At this time, it comprised 12.5% and 14% of the total radioactivity in PC and ethanolamine PL, respectively, suggesting a high degree of esterification selectivity. Comparison of the total amounts of LA and LNA and their corresponding labeled AA and DHA metabolites in brain and liver after 3 and 6 h indicated that the contribution of liver metabolism to the elongation-desaturation under these conditions was negligible. One hour after intracerebral injection of [3H]DHA (22:6n-3) or [3H]AA (20:4n-6), 29.2% and 12% of total radioactivity, respectively, was found in the ethanolamine PL while 20% and 40% was incorporated in PC, respectively. PI labeling by [3H]AA was 6- to 8-fold higher than that seen in the presence of DHA. A high percent of radioactivity (26.9% and 18.2%) was found in DG and TG species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1998

[Essential fatty acid content of maternal erythrocyte phospholipids. A study in preterm and full-term human newborns].

BACKGROUND: A high concentration of arachidonic acid in maternal erythrocytes and trophoblast could have a role in pre term deliveries. AIM: To study the fatty acid composition of long chain fatty acids from erythrocytes of mothers who gave birth to pre term and full term infants. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty three healthy women that gave birth to healthy newborns in a public hospital were studied. Twenty two had pre term (34 weeks) and 11 full term (40 weeks) deliveries. The fatty acid profile of phospholipids isolated from erythrocytes of these women was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Compared to women giving birth to full term infants, phospholipids of women giving birth to pre term infants had a higher content of arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6) and all the species of omega 6 fatty acids. They also had a lower concentration of palmitic and eicosapentanoic (20: 5 omega 3) acids and thus a higher arachidonic acid/eicosapentanoic acid ratio. CONCLUSIONS: A high arachidonic acid content in phospholipids of erythrocytes could be a risk factor or predictive marker for pre term deliveries.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Altered phosphoinositide fatty acid composition, mass and metabolism in brain essential fatty acid deficiency.

This study describes the specific alterations in phosphoinositide mass and fatty acid composition observed in brain essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). These investigations were motivated by the observation that alterations in volatile anesthetic potency were associated with changes in brain arachidonyl-phosphatidylinositol (PI) content, and were aimed at defining whether EFAD might alter the generation of chemical second messengers via the PI cycle. Analyses of cerebral cortical phosphoinositide mass and fatty acid composition showed that EFAD results in specific and preferential depletion of arachidonate (20:4(n - 6); 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) from cerebral cortical polyphosphoinositides, and that this depletion is reversed by parenteral supplementation with linoleic acid (18:2(n - 6); 9,12-octadecadienoic acid). These analyses also showed that, while phosphoinositides containing 20:3(n - 9) (5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid) accumulated in EFAD, linoleate supplementation decreased 20:3(n - 9)-PI and 20:3(n - 9)-phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), but resulted in accumulation of 20:3(n - 9)-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Comparison of the fatty acid composition of brain polyphosphoinositides and 1,2-diacylglycerols between treatment groups showed that diacylglycerols contain a lower molar percentage of 20:3(n - 9) and a higher percentage of arachidonate than the corresponding polyphosphoinositides. The combined results of these studies suggest the existence of fatty acid substrate specificity for the hydrolysis of PIP2 by phospholipase C. The biological relevance of these findings is suggested by a strong correlation between the mass of cerebral cortical arachidonyl-PIP2 and the potency of the anesthetic halothane.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dietary coconut oil increases conjugated linoleic acid-induced body fat loss in mice independent of essential fatty acid deficiency.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) induces a body fat loss that is enhanced in mice fed coconut oil (CO), which lacks essential fatty acids (EFA). Our objective was to determine if CO enhancement of CLA-induced body fat loss is due to the lack of EFA. The CLA-EFA interaction was tested by feeding CO and fat free (FF) diets for varying times with and without replenishment of individual EFA. Mice fed CO during only the 2-week CLA-feeding period did not differ from control mice in their adipose EFA content but still tended (P=0.06) to be leaner than mice fed soy oil (SO). Mice raised on CO or FF diets and fed CLA were leaner than the SO+CLA-fed mice (P<0.01). Mice raised on CO and then replenished with linoleic, linolenic, or arachidonic acid were leaner when fed CLA than mice raised on SO (P<0.001). Body fat of CO+CLA-fed mice was not affected by EFA addition. In summary, CO-fed mice not lacking in tissue EFA responded more to CLA than SO-fed mice. Also, EFA addition to CO diets did not alter the enhanced response to CLA. Therefore, the increased response to CLA in mice raised on CO or FF diets appears to be independent of a dietary EFA deficiency.

Adipose Tissue↗