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PubMed1994

Impact of repeated community-based selective chemotherapy on morbidity due to schistosomiasis mansoni.

The impact of repeated chemotherapy on morbidity due to schistosomiasis mansoni was evaluated in Gihungwe (initial prevalence 58%) and Buhandagaza/Kizina (33%), two village clusters in Burundi. Surveys were carried out with reference to the first treatment (month 0) at months -6, -3, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 36. Praziquantel (40 mg/kg) was given at months 0, 12, 24, and 36 to those showing eggs in the feces with a single 28-mg Kato slide. At each survey, duplicate Kato smears were examined, and all participants responded to a standardized medical history interview and underwent a clinical examination. In the three preintervention surveys, spleen and liver rates remained stable at the community and the individual level. The frequencies of diarrhea and abdominal pain varied to some extent, but they were consistently higher in the most heavily infected villages and age groups and remained relatively stable at the individual level. At the final survey, the prevalence of infection had decreased to 25%, and the frequency of diarrhea from 19-26% to 10% in both village clusters. This impact was strongest in the younger age groups. The frequency of abdominal pain was reduced only at the short term and in selected age groups. Organomegaly decreased only to a limited extent in those treated, and increased in those not treated, possibly due to the impact of malaria. The net result was that no measurable impact of the treatments on organomegaly at the community level could be demonstrated. In the light of these results, the relevance of community-based chemotherapy in moderate foci is questioned.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of 14C-isotretinoin in healthy volunteers and volunteers with biliary T-tube drainage.

The pharmacokinetics of isotretinoin and 4-oxoisotretinoin in blood, as well as the blood concentrations and urinary, biliary, and fecal excretion of carbon-14 were studied using liquid scintillation counting techniques and reverse phase HPLC methods following a single 80-mg oral suspension dose of 14C-isotretinoin to four healthy male subjects and two patients with biliary T-tube drainage. Approximately 80% of the dose was recovered as 14C in excreta during the course of the study of which about equal fractions were in the urine and feces. Secondary peaks in blood concentrations of 14C were observed in the healthy subjects whereas they were not seen in the patients with T-tubes. The harmonic mean apparent half-life for isotretinoin in the blood of the healthy subjects was 13.6 hr, whereas the corresponding value for the 14C was 90 hr. Although a rigorous comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters between healthy subjects and T-tube patients was not feasible due to the limited number of subjects studied, comparisons of certain trends in the pharmacokinetic profiles gave some possible insights into the role of biliary excretion and enterohepatic cycling on the disposition of isotretinoin. The data for isotretinoin and 4-oxoisotretinoin coupled with the total carbon-14 data suggest that the oral dose of 14C-isotretinoin is absorbed to a similar extent by the healthy subjects and T-tube patients, whereas T-tube patients clear the drug more rapidly. The biliary excretion and possible enterohepatic circulation of isotretinoin and its metabolites may have significant impact on the pharmacokinetic profile of isotretinoin in man.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Low species diversity and high interindividual variability in faeces of preterm infants as revealed by sequences of 16S rRNA genes and PCR-temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis profiles.

Little information regarding the composition of the gut microbiota in preterm infants is available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the bacterial diversity in faeces of preterm infants, using analysis of randomly cloned 16S rRNA genes and PCR-TTGE (temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) profiles, to determine whether noncultivated bacteria represented an important part of the community. The 288 clones obtained from faecal samples of 16 preterm infants were classified into 25 molecular species. All but one molecular species had a cultivated representative in public databases: molecular tools did not reveal any unexplored diversity. The mean number of molecular species per infant was 3.25, ranging from one to eight. There was a high interindividual variability. The main groups encountered were the Enterobacteriaceae family and the genera Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Seven preterm infants were colonized by anaerobes and only four by bifidobacteria. TTGE profiles were composed of one to nine bands (mean value: 4.3). Furthermore, 51 of 59 clones (86%) comigrated with a band of the corresponding faecal sample. This study will form a comparative framework for other studies, e.g. on the faecal microbiota of preterm infants with different pathologies or the impact of diet on colonization.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

Effect of physical training on the metabolism of thyroid hormones in man.

The effect of a 6-wk program of physical training (track running) on the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) was evaluated in a group of 11 men. Measurements were made of hormone turnover, urinay and fecal clearances, plasma hormone concentrations, and hormone binding by plasma proteins in all subjects before and after training, After training, metabolic clearance of T3 was increased 8.5% above the pretraining level due to an increased deiodinative clearance of this hormone. No significant change was observed in plasma T3 concentration. The absolute degradation of T3 increased 10.3% after training. In contrast, no significant change in the metabolic clearance of T4 was detected. Significantly decreased plasma concentration of total T4 after 4 and 6 wk of training was apparently not due to decreased hormone binding by plasma protein since no significant alteration in the dialyzable fraction of T4 was detected. The absolute degradation rate of T4 was decreased 8.8% after training. Possible implications of the observed differential impact of training on the degradation of T4 and T3 regarding thyroid hormone economy are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Feeding high-moisture corn instead of dry-rolled corn reduces odorous compound production in manure of finishing beef cattle without decreasing performance.

We hypothesized that feeding steers ground high-moisture ensiled corn (HMC) in lieu of dry-rolled corn (DRC) would reduce the amount of starch being excreted in the manure and the associated odorous compound production. One hundred forty-eight crossbred steers (363 +/- 33 kg of BW) were fed a DRC-or HMC-based diet in a feeding trial, and 8 Charolais-sired steers (447 +/- 22 kg of BW) were used in a nutrient balance study. Steers fed HMC tended to have a slightly lower DMI (P = 0.09), ADG (P = 0.06), and yield grade, but G:F, final HCW, and quality grade did not differ (P > or = 0.23) between treatments. Compared with feeding DRC, feeding HMC decreased (P = 0.02) starch intake from 5,407 to 4,846 g/d, decreased (P < 0.01) fecal excretion of starch from 448 to 292 g/d, and increased (P = 0.03) starch digestibility from 91.7 to 94.1%. Nitrogen intake was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed DRC than HMC in both studies, but N retention did not differ (P = 0.55). Heat production and energy retention did not differ between the 2 treatments (P > or = 0.55). In manure slurries incubated for 35 d with soil and water, total VFA concentration was lower (P < 0.01) in manure from steers fed HMC (1,625 micromol/g of DM) compared with steers fed DRC (3,041 micromol/g of DM). Lower initial (d 0) starch concentrations and greater initial pH was also observed in the slurries from the HMC manure. By d 3 of slurry incubation, there was an increase (P < 0.01) in free glucose and l-lactic acid in the DRC slurries but not in the HMC slurries. During manure incubation, alcohol and VFA content increased (P < 0.01) and pH declined, but to a lesser extent (P < 0.01) in the HMC slurries. However, branched-chain VFA increased more (P < 0.01) in the HMC slurries than in the DRC slurries. These data suggest that feeding HMC instead of DRC decreased fecal starch and production of some potentially odorous compounds in a finishing cattle system but had little impact on animal productivity.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

[Giardia lamblia infestation at child day care centers. Nutritional impact in infested children].

Seventy-five children attending a day care center (42 girls and 33 boys, aged from 6 to 65 months) were surveyed for excretion of Giardia lamblia cysts. Cyst excretion was found in 17 (23%) of the children, 9 of whom were still positive 6 months later. Weight, height and arm skinfold thickness of each subject were obtained and compared to normal values in the Québec population; a questionnaire concerning gastrointestinal symptoms was filled out for each child. No difference in weight, height, skinfold thickness or in frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms was found when comparing cyst excretors to children with a negative stool examination. This study suggests that G. lamblia infestation has little or no nutritional impact. This should be confirmed by a larger study.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of anthocyanins in rat intestinal contents--impact of anthocyanin chemical structure on fecal excretion.

Absorption of dietary anthocyanins is limited; however, fecal anthocyanin excretion has been rarely studied. We developed a method for extraction and analysis of fecal anthocyanins. Aqueous methanol (60%) maximized extraction efficiency (approximately 88%). Severe anthocyanin degradation (monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography) was observed in feces stored at -18 degrees C; therefore, storage time should be minimized and lower temperatures used. Fecal and cecal content samples were collected from 32 rats receiving either chokeberry, bilberry, grape-enriched (3.85 g monomeric anthocyanin per kg diet), or control diet for 14 weeks. Fecal anthocyanin concentrations were significantly different among groups (0.7/1.8/2.0 g/kg wet feces, chokeberry/bilberry/grape). Anthocyanin profiles of cecal contents and feces were similar. Losses in the intestinal contents were high for anthocyanin glucosides, moderate for galactosides, and negligible for arabinosides or xylosides. Acylation or diglucosylation enhanced anthocyanin stability. High anthocyanin concentration in the fecal content may favor anthocyanin absorption into the colon epithelial cells, resulting in potential health benefits.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gastrointestinal effects of single and repeated doses of ferrous sulphate in rats.

The gastrointestinal effects of single and repeated administration of ferrous sulphate was evaluated measuring faecal flora modifications and histology of stomach and duodenum of the rat. The acute experiments showed reversible histopathological lesions of stomach and duodenum with iron deposition and increase in faecal Cl. perfringens toxin after treatment with a high dose of FeSO4. The chronic experiment at lower doses showed no relevant histological damage, some iron deposition and strong alterations in faecal flora. A strong impact of oral FeSO4 on gastrointestinal environment was demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Astrovirus epidemiologically linked to pre-weaning diarrhoea in mink.

Diarrhoea and excessive secretion from the cervical apocrine glands in young, suckling mink kits is a well-known, but poorly defined, syndrome often referred to as "sticky", "greasy", or "wet" kits. We have performed a case-control study, at farm level as well as at mink kit level, in Denmark and Sweden to investigate whether enteric virus infections may be a risk factor in the development of pre-weaning diarrhoea. Tissue samples from the enteric tract of 180 sacrificed mink kits were analysed histologically. Faecal contents were examined by electron microscopy (EM). Astrovirus was detected in abundance and found to be a significant risk factor both at farm level (OR=21.60, p<0.001) and at mink kit level (OR=7.95, p<0.001). Other factors, i.e. low body weight, coccoid bacteria adherent to the enteric villi, and presence of calicivirus were also shown to increase the risk of pre-weaning diarrhoea, although with less impact than astrovirus.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Infectious diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus.

Chronic HIV-associated diarrhea is currently a field in flux. Improved noninvasive diagnostic tests, improved pathogen-specific regimens, and better empiric therapies may change some of the assumptions used to select algorithms for diagnostic evaluation and management. Any shift in the cause of diarrhea from pathogen-associated to idiopathic or a reduction in the overall incidence of diarrhea would have considerable impact. It is unclear how significant the problem of pathogen relapse in previous responders will become. Existing studies reviewed in this article show that the high diagnostic yield of endoscopy when stool tests are negative, coupled with significantly better outcomes when pathogens are identified, support the current practice of routine endoscopic evaluation. There currently are scant data on the economic impact of HIV-associated diarrhea as it relates to pathogen-specific and empiric therapy in the era of protease inhibitors. Such data would be integral to future evaluation of the impact of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

[How I explore ... diaper dermatitis].

Diaper dermatitis is a frequent condition. Several clinical types are distinguished. The most frequent type results from increased fragility of the newborn buttock skin when covered by diapers. According to the mechanisms involved and the severity of the dermatitis, one can distinguish the intertrigo of the chubby baby, and the so-called "W", "Y" and "red panties" types of diaper dermatitis. When the effects of occlusion are not controlled by adequate absorption by the diapers, hyperhydration of the stratum corneum occurs and progresses to maceration. As a result, the value of the coefficient of friction of the skin increases with epidermal weakening to rubbing. In addition, fecal enzymes (urease, proteases and lipases) alter urines and skin. Judicious hygiene measures and the correct choice of diapers are mandatory. Cutaneous colonization by microorganisms, the most important of which being Candida albicans, is the main complication. Adequate preventive and curative measures can combat diaper dermatitis with confidence. A miconazole paste allows to improve the tribological properties of the interface between diapers and the skin. It also abates the impact of Candida albicans in the pathogenesis of the skin disorder.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1995

Significance of moisture content of dung pats for colonisation and degradation of cattle dung.

The moisture content of freshly voided cattle faeces is important with regard to colonisation by fauna and the rate of degradation of dung pats. This paper reports five trials designed to clarify the influence of small changes in moisture content of dung pats on dung breeding Coleoptera, Diptera, nematodes and earthworms and on degradation of the pats. Surface area, wet weight and organic substance content were used as parameters for measurement of degradation. Special attention was given to a trial which compared naturally voided pats with pats formed artificially from faeces of the same animals. Results indicate that small differences in moisture content of 1-2%, which may not be distinguishable by visual inspection, may have an impact on the development of Diptera, Coleoptera and earthworms and on dung degradation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Assessment of parasite control and weight gain after use of an ivermectin sustained-release bolus in calves.

OBJECTIVE: To assess parasite control and weight gain after administration of an ivermectin sustained-release bolus over 135 days to calves grazing in the midwestern United States. DESIGN: Replicated pasture study. ANIMALS: 56 Bos taurus calves. PROCEDURE: Calves were matched for body weight and randomly allocated to remain untreated or to receive an ivermectin sustained-release bolus before turnout on day 0. Calves were grazed by treatment group on B pastures (4 replicates). Body weights and fecal egg counts were recorded on days- 1 and 28, and then at 28-day intervals until day 168. RESULTS: Parasitism was not clinically evident prior to or during the study. In treated calves, mean fecal egg counts were at or near 0 at all posttreatment evaluations. Although the mean egg count exceeded 20 ova/g only once in control calves, the cumulative egg output was > 42 million/calf. For the treated group, it was < 0.1% of this number. Mean total weight gain was 33.9 kg (74.6 lb) greater for ivermectin-treated calves than for untreated control calves (P < 0.02): a 34% increase. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Fecal trichostrongyle eggs from calves can accumulate over a grazing season to provide enormous potential for augmenting pasture infectivity. An ivermectin sustained-release bolus (administered to calves being placed on pasture) controls parasitism, limits pasture infectivity, and can substantially influence growth by limiting the impact of subclinical parasitism.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Manure composition of swine as affected by dietary protein and cellulose concentrations.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of reducing dietary CP and increasing dietary cellulose concentrations on manure DM, C, N, S, VFA, indole, and phenol concentrations. Twenty-two pigs (105 kg initial BW) were fed diets containing either 14.5 or 12.0% CP, in combination with either 2.5 or 8.7% cellulose. Pigs were fed twice daily over the 56-d study, with feed intake averaging 2.74 kg/d. Feces and urine were collected after each feeding and added to the manure storage containers. Manure storage containers were designed to provide a similar unit area per animal as found in industry (7,393 cm2). Before sampling on d 56, the manure was gently stirred to obtain a representative sample for subsequent analyses. An interaction of dietary CP and cellulose was observed for manure acetic acid concentration, in that decreasing CP lowered acetic acid in pigs fed standard levels of cellulose but increased acetic acid in pigs fed greater levels of cellulose (P = 0.03). No other interactions were noted. Decreasing dietary CP reduced manure pH (P = 0.01), NH4 (P = 0.01), isovaleric acid (P = 0.06), phenol (P = 0.05), and 4-ethyl phenol (P = 0.02) concentrations. Increasing dietary cellulose decreased pH (P = 0.01) and NH4 (P = 0.07) concentration but increased manure C (P = 0.03), propionic acid (P = 0.01), butyric acid (P = 0.03), and cresol (P = 0.09) concentrations in the manure. Increasing dietary cellulose also increased manure DM (P = 0.11), N (P = 0.11), and C (P = 0.02) contents as a percentage of nutrient intake. Neither cellulose nor CP level of the diet affected manure S composition or output as a percentage of S intake. Headspace N2O concentration was increased by decreasing dietary CP (P = 0.03) or by increasing dietary cellulose (P = 0.05). Neither dietary CP nor cellulose affected headspace concentration of CH4. This study demonstrates that diets differing in CP and cellulose content can significantly impact manure composition and concentrations of VFA, phenol, and indole, and headspace concentrations of N(2)O, which may thereby affect the environmental impact of livestock production on soil, air, and water.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Xanthohumol does not affect the composition of rat intestinal microbiota.

Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone, has been proposed to have beneficial effects on human health, including antimicrobial activity. To clarify whether the exposure to XN has an impact on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, 100 mg XN/kg body weight was given daily to rats for 4 wk. Diversity of the fecal microbial community was analyzed using PCR-DGGE. Although intact XN was detected in the feces of the rats at a concentration of up to 2.3 mg/g fecal dry weight, major shifts in the PCR-DGGE patterns in response to this flavonoid were not observed. The similarity index decreased slightly from 70 to 62% for the XN-treated rats and from 71 to 63% for the untreated animals. Thus, changes in the rat fecal microbiota observed in the course of the XN application are most likely due to intraindividual variability. However, the water content of the feces increased significantly during the XN treatment period.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Overview: the impact of avermectins on pastureland ecology.

Avermectins, a relatively new class of broad spectrum pesticides, are used widely to control livestock parasites. Following treatment, avermectins are eliminated in the livestock faeces where they also have a wide range of harmful affects upon certain characteristic insects that breed in dung, few of which are pests, and many of which are beneficial. The effects range from acute toxicity in larvae and adults, through disruption of metamorphosis, to interference with reproduction. Different methods of drug administration lead to different concentrations of drug residues in the faeces, which in turn influence the responses of non-target organisms. Higher Diptera are particularly sensitive to drug residues and show a wide range of responses from death of larvae to developmental abnormalities in the adults. Larvae and immature adults of Coleoptera show some mortality in the dung of recently treated animals, while delayed effects upon reproduction and physiology have been observed in adults feeding on dung at longer post-treatment times. Although the impact of lethal doses has been described in some species, the effects of sub-lethal doses have hardly been recognised at the present time. Correlated with the deleterious effect upon dung-breeding insects, a retardation in the rate of loss of biomass of dung pats from avermectin-treated cattle has been observed following the various forms of drug administration. Differences in methodology, inappropriate statistics, and/or extremes of climatic conditions prevailing at the time of testing, explain the results of those studies where such delays have not been observed. It is short-sighted to consider only dung dispersal in relation to avermectin usage, a practice that overlooks the impact on the insects themselves and their diverse roles in pastureland ecology.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children. Results of a prospective study in the area of Geneva and Basel 1997/1998 (RoMoS). RoMoS Study Group].

BACKGROUND: In Europe information is scarce about the impact of rotavirus, probably the most important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children up to the age of 4 years. The aim of this study was to collect data on the frequency and symptoms of community-acquired rotavirus-positive acute gastroenteritis in Switzerland. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 6 paediatric practices, 3 each in the Geneva and Basle areas, every child up to the age of 48 months presenting with acute gastroenteritis between December 1997 and May 1998 was eligible for inclusion in the study. The symptoms, course of the disease and treatment were recorded in a standardized fashion after informed consent had been obtained. Stool specimens were screened for rotavirus by ELISA, and PCR was performed for serotyping in ELISA-positive samples. RESULTS: 294 of 6672 children under observation were taken to their paediatrician because of acute gastroenteritis during the study period. Informed consent was obtained in 256 cases (mean age 19.2 months). 234 stool specimens were available of which 96 (41%) were rotavirus-positive. The incidence of rotavirus-positive acute gastroenteritis was 1.6 per 100 children and winter season. Acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus was more severe than rotavirus-negative acute gastroenteritis, with diarrhoea and vomiting in 84% versus 54%, and dehydration in 42% versus 28%, 5% of the acute gastroenteritis cases compared to 11% of the rotavirus-positive cases were hospitalized. In the Geneva and Basle areas the predominant rotavirus types, as identified by PCR in ELISA-positive stool specimens, were G4 P[8] and G1 P[8] respectively (67% each). CONCLUSION: Rotavirus infection was a relevant cause of acute gastroenteritis in our study population, resulting in more severe symptoms than rotavirus-negative acute gastroenteritis. All G-types identified in our study are included in the recently developed tetravalent vaccine. Cost-benefit analysis and ethical issues will need to be considered in evaluating the impact of the vaccine in Switzerland.

Child, Preschool↗