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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Studies on the immuno-modulating and antitumor activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) polysaccharides: functional and proteomic analyses of a fucose-containing glycoprotein fraction responsible for the activities.

A fucose-containing glycoprotein fraction which stimulates spleen cell proliferation and cytokine expression has been identified from the water-soluble extract of Ganoderma lucidum. Proteomic analysis of mouse spleen cells treated with this glycoprotein fraction showed approximately 50% change of the proteome. Further studies on the activities of this glycoprotein fraction through selective proteolysis and glycosidic cleavage indicate that a fucose containing polysaccharide fraction is responsible for stimulating the expression of cytokines, especially IL-1, IL-2 and INF-gamma.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1999

Lucidenic acid O and lactone, new terpene inhibitors of eukaryotic DNA polymerases from a basidiomycete, Ganoderma lucidum.

Terpenoids, 1, 2 and 3, which selectively inhibit eukaryotic DNA polymerase activities, were isolated from the fruiting body of a basidiomycete, Ganoderma lucidum, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses. New terpenes, lucidenic acid O (1) and lucidenic lactone (2), prevented not only the activities of calf DNA polymerase alpha and rat DNA polymerase beta, but also these of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Cerevisterol (3), which was reported to be a cytotoxic steroid, inhibited only the activity of DNA polymerase alpha. Although these compounds did not influence the activities of prokaryotic DNA polymerases and other DNA metabolic enzymes such as T7 RNA polymerase and deoxyribonuclease I.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Bistage control of pH for improving exopolysaccharide production from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum in an air-lift fermentor.

It was found that pH control definitely affects mycelial cell growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production of the mycelial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum. Compared to the case of uncontrolled pH cultivation, a culture system whose pH was kept constant at 3 and 6 exhibited improved mycelial cell growth and EPS production, respectively. The bistage pH control technique, that is, shifting the pH from 3 to 6 at the initial phase of the exponential growth, is introduced to improve cell growth and EPS production. This technique can greatly increase EPS production to 20.1 g/l from 4.1 g/l in the case of uncontrolled pH cultivation, without adverse effects on cell growth as in the case of constant maintenance of a high pH. It was also proved that bistage pH control retained the desirable morphologies of the mycelia during cultivation and resulted in low viscosity and yield stress of the culture broth. It will be useful for the application of the culture process to mycelial growth in a large-scale fermentor.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on the quality and functionality of Korean traditional rice wine, yakju.

The goal of this study was to develop a high value Korean traditional rice wine possessing the pharmaceutical functionality of Ganoderma lucidum. The effects of the fruiting body of G. lucidum on the alcohol fermentation of Korean traditional rice wine, yakju, were investigated. Optimal fermentation conditions for the preparation of G. lucidum-yakju consisted of the koji added at 15% and a fermentation period of 15 d at 25 degrees C. The effects of the amount of G. lucidum added on the acceptability and functionality of G. lucidum-yakju were investigated. G. lucidum GL-1 yakju brewed by adding 0.1% G. lucidum into the mash showed the best acceptability and its angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and SOD-like activity were 63% and 42%, respectively, both of which are higher than those of yakju. The high ACE inhibitory activity of G. lucidum GL-1 yakju was found to result from ganoderic acid K in G. lucidum on the basis of physical and spectral data. However, the fibrinolytic activity and antioxidant activity of G. lucidum GL-1 yakju were very low, while tyrosinase inhibitory activity was not determined. From these results, G. lucidum GL-1 yakju may become a new functional Korean traditional rice wine with antihypertensive properties.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two-stage culture process for improved production of ganoderic acid by liquid fermentation of higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum.

Investigations on the impact of pellet size on the cellular oxygen uptake and accumulation of ganoderic acid (GA) suggested the favorable effect of oxygen limitation on GA formation by the higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum. A two-stage fermentation process was thus proposed for enhanced GA production by combining conventional shake-flask fermentation with static culture. A high cell density of 20.9 g of DW/L (DW = dry cell weight) was achieved through a 4-day shake-flask fermentation followed by a 12-day static culture. A change in the cell morphology and a decrease in the sugar consumption rate were observed during the static culture. The GA production in the new two-stage process was considerably enhanced with its content increased from 1.36 (control) to 3.19 mg/100 mg of DW, which was much higher than previously observed.

Bioreactors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scale-up of a liquid static culture process for hyperproduction of ganoderic acid by the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.

Scale-up of a liquid static culture process was studied for hyperproduction of ganoderic acid (GA) by a famous Chinese traditional medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum. Initial volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (K(L)a) and area of liquid surface per liquid volume (A(s)) were identified as key factors affecting cell growth and GA accumulation in liquid static cultures of G. lucidum, on the basis of which a multilayer static bioreactor was designed. At a low initial K(L)a level of 2.1 h(-1), a thick layer of white mycelia was formed on the liquid surface, and an optimal production of total GA (i.e., GA production in the liquid and on the liquid surface) was obtained. Both the formation of white mycelia and production of GA on the liquid surface were enhanced with an increase of A(s) within the range as investigated (0.24-1.53 cm(2)/mL). At an A(s) value of 0.90 cm(2)/mL, the total GA production reached maximum. A successful scale-up from a 20-mL static T-flask to a 7.5-L three-layer static bioreactor was achieved based on initial K(L)a. The maximum biomass (20.8 +/- 0.1 g DW/L), GA content (4.96 +/- 0.13 mg/100 mg DW), and total GA production (976 +/- 35 mg/L) were attained in static bioreactors. Not only GA content but also its production obtained in this work were the highest ever reported.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2004

Novel antioxidant peptides from fermented mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.

Oxidative stress has been linked with the pathogenesis of many human diseases including cancer, aging, and atherosclerosis. The present study investigates the antioxidant activities of peptides isolated from the medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum. G. lucidum has been shown to possess potent antioxidant activity with little or no side effects. Polysaccharide, polysaccharide-peptide complex, and phenolic components of G. lucidum have been proposed to be responsible for this antioxidant effect. However, research has shown that the G. lucidum peptide (GLP) is the major antioxidant component of G. lucidum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of this peptide using different oxidation systems. GLP showed potent antioxidant activities in both lightproof soybean oil and lard systems, assessed by lipid peroxidant value. Compared to butylated hydroxytoluene, GLP showed a higher antioxidant activity in the soybean oil system. Soybean lipoxygenase activity was blocked by GLP in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 27.1 microg/mL. GLP showed scavenging activity toward hydroxyl radicals produced in a deoxyribose system with an IC50 value of 25 microg/mL, and GLP effectively quenched superoxide radical anion produced by pyrogallol autoxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Malondialdehyde level has been used as the oxidation index in many biological systems. GLP showed substantial antioxidant activity in the rat liver tissue homogenates and mitochondrial membrane peroxidation systems. The auto-hemolysis of rat red blood cells was also blocked by GLP in a dose-dependent manner. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that GLP is the major constituent responsible for the antioxidant activity of G. lucidum. GLP could play an important role in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in biological systems through its antioxidant, metal chelating, and free radical scavenging activities.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cytotoxicity of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes.

Two new triterpenoids, lucidenic acid N (1) and methyl lucidenate F (2), together with four known compounds, lucidenic acid A, lucidenolactone, lucidenic acid C, and ganoderic acid E, were isolated from the dried fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were elucidated by spectral and chemical transformation studies. Among them, lucidenic acid N (1), lucidenic acid A, and ganoderic acid E showed significant cytotoxic activity against Hep G2, Hep G2,2,15, and P-388 tumor cells.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2002

New lanostanoids from the fungus Ganoderma concinna.

Three new compounds, 5 alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-3beta-hydroxy-26-al (1), 5 alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-15 alpha-26-dihydroxy-3-one (2), and 8 alpha,9 alpha-epoxy-4,4,14 alpha-trimethyl-3,7,11,15,20-pentaoxo-5 alpha-pregnane (3), were isolated from Ganoderma concinna along with 12 known compounds. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined on the basis of MS and NMR studies. The structure of 3 was determined by MS, NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 induce apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells, as indicated by examining the morphological features of cells and detection of DNA fragmentation by gel electrophoresis.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2002

New lanostanoids from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.

From a lipophilic extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum, three new lanostanoids, 8beta,9alpha-dihydroganoderic acid J (1), methyl 8beta,9alpha-dihydroganoderate J (2), and 20-hydroxylganoderic acid G (3), along with 12 known lanostanoids and two ergostane sterols were isolated. The structures of 1-3 were determined by interpretation of their spectroscopic data.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Lucidenic acids P and Q, methyl lucidenate P, and other triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation.

A new triterpene acid, lucidenic acid P (1a), and two new triterpene acid methyl esters, methyl lucidenates P (1b) and Q (2b), were isolated and characterized from the fruiting body of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. In addition, eight known triterpene acids, lucidenic acids A (3a), C (4a), D(2) (5a), E(2) (6a), and F (7a) and ganoderic acids E (9a), F (10a), and T-Q (11a), and six known triterpene acid methyl esters, methyl lucidenates A (3b), D(2) (5b), E(2) (6b), F (7b), and L (8b) and methyl ganoderate F (10b), were isolated and identified from the fungus. All of the triterpenoids, with the exception of 7a, were evaluated with respect to their inhibitory effects on the induction of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells, which is known to be a primary screening test for antitumor promoters. All of the compounds tested showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV-EA induction (96-100% inhibition at 1 x 10(3) mol ratio/TPA).

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Three new lanostanoids from Ganoderma lucidum.

Three new lanostanoids--ganodermenonol (1), ganodermadiol (2), and ganodermatriol (3) [isolated as its triacetate derivative (3a)]--were isolated from the MeOH extract of Ganoderma lucidum, together with ergosterol and its peroxide. The new compounds were identified as 26-hydroxy-5 alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3-one (1), 5 alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-3 beta, 26-diol (2), and 5 alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-3 beta, 26,27-triol (3) by their respective spectral data.

Acetylation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Novel cytotoxic principles of Formosan Ganoderma lucidum.

Two new steryl esters, ergosta-7,22-dien-3 beta-yl linoleate [1] and 5 alpha,8 alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3 beta-yl linoleate [3], and a novel steroid, ergosta-7,22-diene- 3 beta,3 alpha,9 alpha-triol [5], have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Formosan Ganoderma lucidum and characterized. A new lanostanoid, 3 beta-hydroxy-26-oxo-5 alpha-lanosta- 8,24-dien-11-one, and the new steroid exhibited potent inhibition of KB cells and human PLC/PRF/5 cells in vitro.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1998

Mediation of the cytotoxicity of lanostanoids and steroids of Ganoderma tsugae through apoptosis and cell cycle.

A new lanostanoid ester glucoside, 3 alpha-acetoxy-5 alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid ester beta-d-glucoside (1), and a known steroid, 2 beta,3 alpha,9 alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-ergosta-7,22-diene (2), were isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma tsugae and their structures determined by spectroscopic methods. To study the cytotoxicity of 1 and 2, the changes of DNA content in human hepatocytes (Hep 3B) were studied. A sub-G1 cell stage was drastically increased after 24-h incubation with 1 (24 micrograms/mL). Compound 2 (100 micrograms/mL) inhibited the cell cycle progression of Hep 3B cells at the G2/M phase with an IC50 value of about 87.1 micrograms/mL. These results indicate that 1 causes cell death by apoptosis and 2 may possess the activity of cell cycle inhibition.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2000

New lanostanoids of Ganoderma tsugae.

Three new compounds, (24R, S)-3alpha-acetoxy-24-hydroxy-5alpha-lanosta-8,25-di en-21-oic acid, named tsugaric acid C (1); 3alpha-acetoxy-5alpha-lanosta-8, 24-diene-21-O-beta-D-xyloside, named tsugarioside B (2); and 3alpha-acetoxy-(Z)-24-methyl-5alpha-lanosta-8,23,25-tr ien-21-oic acid ester beta-D-xyloside, named tsugarioside C (3), and a mixture of two known steroids were isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma tsugae. The structures of 1-3 were determined by spectral and chemical methods. The cytotoxic activity of the lanostanoid constituents of this fungus was evaluated against several different cancer cell lines.

Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor↗
PubMed2000

Effects of extracts from sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum on HeLa cells.

The effects of extracts from Ganoderma lucidum spores on the growth of human cervix uteri tumor HeLa cells as well as on the cell cycle and intracellular calcium level were investigated. Alcohol extracts were prepared from sporoderm-broken and sporoderm-nonbroken spores (termed extract I and extract II) of G. lucidum. Extract I was then subjected to silica gel chromatography to obtain extract III. Cytotoxicity was examined by means of trypan blue exclusion and MTT tests. It was found that extract I and extract III, but not extract II strongly inhibited the growth of HeLa cells, and that extract III was more effective than extract I. Moreover, extract III was shown to be capable of blocking the cell cycle at the transition from G1 to S phase and inducing a marked decrease of intracellular calcium level, determined by flow cytometry and the specific fluorescent calcium probe Fura-2, respectively. These results imply that (1) the breaking of G. lucidum spores improves the release of cytotoxic activity and (2) the effective extract might influence the cell cycle and cellular signal transduction by altering the calcium transport system.

Calcium↗