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PubMed1985

Fatal and nonfatal farm injuries to children and adolescents in the United States.

Agriculture is the second most dangerous occupation in the United States, and unlike other occupations, children make up a significant portion of the work force. This study presents national data on the morbidity and mortality due to farm injuries to children and adolescents less than or equal to 19 years of age. Data sources used were 1979 to 1981 mortality statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics, farm injuries treated in emergency rooms as reported to National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (1979 to 1983), farm deaths investigated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, and the 1980 census. Nearly 300 children and adolescents die each year from farm injuries, and 23,500 suffer non-fatal trauma. The fatality rate increases with age of the child; the rate for 15- to 19-year-old boys is double that of young children and 26-fold higher than for girls. More than half (52.5%) die without ever reaching a physician; an additional 19.1% die in transit to a hospital, and only 7.4% live long enough to receive inpatient care. The most common cause of fatal and nonfatal injury is farm machinery. Tractors accounted for one half of these machinery-related deaths, followed by farm wagons, combines, and forklifts. Overall, 10% of children with nonfatal injuries require hospitalization, and one in 30 children younger than age of 5 years with a farm injury is hospitalized or dies. The magnitude of the problem requires the evaluation of a number of preventive strategies including legislation and improvement of emergency care in rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis eradication. 11. Mortality among tuberculosis cases and the general population of Greenland.

Greenland experienced, during the 1950s, a decline in mortality such as is on record for hardly any other place in the world: from 24 per 1 000 in 1951 to 8 per 1 000 in 1960, a decline of more than 10% per year. Deaths from tuberculosis were especially reduced. Whereas more than one-third of all deaths in 1951 were considered to be due to this disease, practically no deaths are ascribed to it today.This rapid improvement in the health situation in Greenland, which coincides with a large-scale development programme, is documented in detail in the present paper. The study is based partly on official mortality statistics and partly on a 9-year follow-up study of mortality and of morbidity from tuberculosis in the total population of West Greenland registered in 1955. The existence of such data for a developing area is probably unique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Incidence and mortality of malignant lymphomas in the GDR].

Based on data from the cancer register of the German Democratic Republic established in 1952 and on the official mortality statistics, incidence of and mortality from malignant lymphomas (ICD 200-203) in the GDR are analysed. Age-specific incidence and mortality of Hodgkin's disease show a peak in the age group of 25-30 years and rise steadily from 45 years on up to the highest age. Lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma increase slowly from infancy to old age, whereas multiple myeloma is a disease of the elderly and extremely rare before the age of 40. The apparent increase of malignant lymphoma may be due to underregistration at the beginning of the cancer register. In the past years mortality from Hodgkin's disease is slowly decreasing, thus reflecting progress in methods of treatment and results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Six years mortality statistics in a Libyan paediatric hospital.

During the six year period from 1975 to 1980, at Al-Fatch Paediatric Hospital 35,488 sick children under 12 years of age were admitted for inpatient treatment; 3 009 had a fatal outcome. The mortality rate per 1000 admissions and discharges respectively, was 54.9 and 52.1 in 1975; and 135.6 and 119.4 in 1980. The age specific mortality rate per thousand discharges was 219.4 for infants, 32.8 for 1 to 4 years, 21.7 for 5 to 9 years, 25.7 for 10 to 12 years of age. Although the overall mortality rate was almost equal for boys and girls, it was higher for boys below 1 year or over 10 years, and higher for girls between 1 to 9 years of age. The proportion of deaths and admissions was more during winter the season from September to January and during the summer season from May to July. More than 80% of those who recovered were admitted with acute respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, meningitis, diseases of urinary system, acute poisoning and symptoms or ill-defined conditions; whereas, more than 70% of expired cases were admitted with prematurity, gastroenteritis, septicaemia, acute respiratory diseases and congenital malformations. The case fatality in 1980 was 84.5% for septicaemia, 55.5% for prematurity, 41.7% for congenital malformations, 18.9% for malnutrition and 16.1% for diseases of nervous system.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

[Child mortality in the Hauts de Seine district].

The authors present the results of the analysis of mortality statistics among the children who were born in 1977 in the French department of Hauts-de-Seine. The data were obtained from 8th day of life health certificates, from information given by the registry office and from hospital records. The results establish the department in an excellent position: child mortality rate: 7.34%, early neonatal mortality: 2.81%, late neonatal mortality 1.45% and post-neonatal mortality: 3.08%. The causes for child mortality are analysed and suggestions concerning possible improvements are made.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Building a family: unplanned events.

Couples in developed societies are often unsuccessful in achieving precise family building goals despite the widespread use of birth control. Unplanned events that frustrate reproductive intentions to varying degrees include contraceptive failure, sterility, miscarriage, prolonged conception delay, undesired sex combination of offspring, divorce, and the death of a spouse or a child. This paper reviews the probability of the occurrence of these events using US data. It is concluded that the large majority of newlyweds will experience at least one unplanned event during the family building phase of the life cycle.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1981

[Epidemiology of carcinosis. 105 years of mortality statistics (author's transl)].

Cancer mortality in Hamburg, calculated per 10,000 living inhabitants of each age group of men and women for the years 1873 to 1978 proved to be essentially constant after eliminating sources of statistical error. Calculation or organ involvement by the same method for 1933 to 1978 showed that the increase in mortality for one type of location is compensated by a decrease elsewhere, so that altogether the constancy remains. This behavior can be explained if it be assumed. This behavior can be explained if it be assumed that a certain constant percentage of the population is prone to cancer and - possibly due to the action of exogenous noxae - becomes ill when the necessary age is reached. The nature of a determining factor which is most probably present is not known. Comparison with international figure shows that the results of the Hamburg Study can be considered a model case.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of a rural perinatal care system.

A voluntary system of regionalized perinatal health care was developed in Iowa to provide accessible services for a rural population. Larger community hospitals were upgraded to serve as level II regional centers and small obstetric units continued to provide maternity services for low risk patients. Consolidation of services was encouraged only when accessibility was not compromised. Education rather than legislative fiat was the stimulus for change. Evaluation by review of birth and mortality data suggests that a stratified system of care exists in Iowa. Judged by mortality statistics, perinatal outcome has improved since the inception of the program in 1973. The concept of a mortality risk ratio (neonatal deaths/<1,500 gm live births) is suggested as a method of reviewing mortality data from the perspective of risks inherent in the population served.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1995

[Changes in life expectancy and mortality in East Germany after reunification (1989-1992)].

Whereas some arguments can be advanced suggesting that the life expectancy in east Germany should have declined directly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, other arguments suggest an increase. The aim of this study was to identify the actual developments and to explain the findings. Census data and mortality statistics from East and West Germany before unification were used to calculate standardized mortality ratios and life expectancies for various population groups. The differences in life expectancy between East and West were broken down according to age groups. The main finding was that the life expectancy of east German men declined in 1990 by 0.9 years, and only reached the 1989 level again in 1992. This was due solely to an increase in mortality for men under the age of 65. In 1990 and 1991, there were 3,400 more deaths among men under the age of 65 than would have been expected on the basis of the mortality rates of 1989. In contrast, the life expectancy of women hardly declined at all in 1990, and in 1992 it was already one year more than for 1989. The most important reasons for the increased numbers of deaths of men under the age of 45 were motor vehicle accidents, whereas ischaemic heart disease and cirrhosis of the liver were more significant for men between the ages of 45 and 65. Suicides did not increase after the fall of the Berlin Wall. It could be shown that the findings were not the results of artifacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Lusaka, 1976.

A prospective study of perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH), Lusaka for 1976 is presented. The early neonatal mortality of the babies born in hospital was 28.7 per 1000 live-births; it was 239.96 per 1000 admissions of those born outside the hospital. The still-birth rate in the hospital-born babies was 25.2 per 1000 deliveries; the perinatal mortality was 53.3 per 1000 deliveries; and the neonatal mortality in the hospital-born was 31.1 per 1000 live-births. The cause of death were asphyxia, infections could injury, respiratory distress syndrome, congenital malformation and intracranial haemmorrhage. If the perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity are to be reduced, much effort and co-operation of all concerned with the health of the expectant mother, and her child are required. Records of birth-weights, stillbirth, and causes of deaths in the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) for the year 1976 have been analysed. The aim is to provide a basis for future comparisons and improvement of the care given to newborns.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Common illnesses.

Although the infant mortality rates of Central Australian Aborigines has greatly improved since the early 70s the morbidity and early adult mortality statistics are still very poor. Solutions are complex and unclear. The author outlines some of the common problems that need to be resolved.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perinatal mortality. Statistics from the Gynecological and Obstetrical Service of the Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Hospital (1961-1975)].

The authors present their statistics for perinatal mortality from 1961 to 1975. In the last 5 years this mortality is less than 15 per 1000, in spite of an increase in the numbers of pathological pregnancies. Over and above progress in obstetrics and neonatology that has occurred, this result can be attributed in part to the quality of supervision carried out by the senior obstetricians and in part to the existence of pathological consultation which takes place between colleagues about the therapy to be carried out in multidisciplinary meetings.

Female↗