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Uncertain litigation and liability insurance.

Legal penalties and liability insurance seem to have counteracting effects on the incentives of a potential injurer to take due care. However, if legal penalties are set efficiently and implemented perfectly, unrestricted access to insurance can be optimal. In contract, if the standards of guilt assessment are uncertain, the size of the legal penalties may act as a spur to litigation. Therefore, the penalties required to maintain incentives when access to insurance is unlimited may provoke too much litigation, and as a consequence, the costs of ensuring due care may decline when insurance is restricted by mandate.

Contract Services↗

Community rating--an approach that works.

How our current system works and what changes need to be made are the subjects of intense scrutiny by policy makers today. One of the primary areas of concern with our present health care system is its accessibility to the average American, in terms of both price and ability to obtain insurance. With an estimated 37 million Americans without health care insurance, and countless others severely underinsured, this issue will lie at the core of any health care reform that results from the current debate. One possible approach to the uninsured problem that might alleviate the situation is community rating.

Actuarial Analysis↗

Managed competition: issues for Australia.

Rising costs and slower economic growth are resulting in progressive stress on the current structure of health care finance in Australia. As in other developed countries, managed competition offers a potential solution, by increasing system efficiency. The case for restructuring current financing arrangements is even stronger than in other countries because of inefficiencies arising from inconsistencies and overlaps between Commonwealth, State and private sector functions. This paper outlines an illustrative model for managed competition in Australia. In addition, it discusses in more detail two specific issues which have received some attention in the literature: whether to have multiple payers, in the form of competing public and private budget holders; and whether 'catastrophic risks' such as long-term institutional care should be incorporated in a managed competition program.

Australia↗