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Results for “Intraocular fluid”

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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

[Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy without collagen implant for glaucoma, as single or combined surgery].

Deep sclerectomy (DS) can be used in glaucoma with increased intraocular pressure when medical treatment fails. It involves removing part of the ocular drainage apparatus. Resistance to intraocular fluid drainage is decreased, improving drainage and decreasing intraocular pressure. By avoiding anterior chamber penetration, DS diminishes frequency of the complications of filtering surgery. 24 eyes of 23 patients underwent DS for primary or secondary open angle glaucoma with elevated intraocular pressure not controlled medically. It included preparation of a 4.0 x 4.0 mm limbal-based external scleral flap, dissecting and removing most of an internal scleral flap (leaving it 1 mm smaller than the external flap), unroofing Schlemm's canal and removing fine endothelial tissue lining its inner walls. The external scleral flap was then repositioned and sutured. Collagen implants were not used. In some cases DS was combined with extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. Mean intraocular pressure decreased from 24.8 +/- 3.9 mmHg initially to 12.8 +/- 4.4 mmHg 6 months after operation (p < 0.0001). There was no difference in postoperative intraocular pressure between DS as a single procedure or as part of a combined operation. Complications were mild and of short duration. If long-term follow-up shows that lowered intraocular pressures are maintained, DS should be a surgical option in earlier stages of glaucoma.

Cataract Extraction↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A new device for measuring blood pressure in the ophthalmic artery: automated vacuum ophthalmodynamometer].

A new vacuum ophthalmodynamometer is suggested. When measuring the orbital artery pressure, ophthalmic tone elevation is achieved via creating vacuum in suction cup located on the sclera. Changes in the design helped improve the accuracy of measurements and their safety, as against the known analogs. Vacuum ophthalmodynamometer may be used to activate the routes of intraocular fluid discharge after fistulization surgery, preoperative reduction of intraocular pressure, vacuum compression test carried out to diagnose glaucoma.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1984

[Relation between pharmacokinetics of an antibiotic in ocular fluids and the method of administration and dosage form of gentamycin].

The experiments on rabbits with intraocular infection provided determination of the optimal route and regimen of gentamicin administration in various dosage forms. Gentamicin sulfate made in the USSR was used. It was shown that during instillations of 0.3 per cent eye drops, gentamicin did not penetrate into the intraocular fluid. The ophthalmic drug films (ODF) containing 0.5 mg gentamicin per film provided better penetration of the antibiotic into the eye cavity in the concentrations in the ocular fluid active only against the most gentamicin sensitive microbial strains. Therefore, the use of the ODF containing gentamicin may be recommended for the treatment of intraocular infections caused by gentamicin sensitive organisms. When the antibiotic was administered subconjunctively in a dose of 20 mg, its therapeutic concentrations were mainly detectable in the anterior chamber fluid. Therefore, the use of this administration route was first of all rational in intraocular infections of the anterior part of the eye. The antibiotic should be used in such cases at least twice a day. The therapeutic concentrations of gentamicin active against the majority of the microbial strains were attained in the vitreous body only on intravitreal administration. The high therapeutic levels of gentamicin in the vitreous body after its injection in a dose of 0.4 mg were recorded for at least 4 days. Therefore, for the treatment of endophthalmitis the intravitreal route of gentamicin administration is of the greatest practical importance.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Lack of effect of prophylactic gentamicin treatment on intraocular and extraocular fluid cultures after pars plana vitrectomy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of preoperative prophylatic 0.3% gentamicin sulfate eyedrops on intraocular and extraocular fluid cultures after pars plana vitrectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty consecutive patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy were randomly assigned to receive either 0.3% gentamicin eyedrops or placebo preoperatively. Fluids from the vitreous cavity and from the conjunctival sac were collected for bacteriologic studies. RESULTS: Positive cultures from extraocular fluids were obtained in 30.4% of the gentamicin group and 35.3% of the placebo group (P = .75). Furthermore, 1 (3%) of 40 cultures of intraocular fluid and 13 (33%) of 40 cultures of extraocular fluid were positive. Culture growth positivity was not influenced by the patients' age, by diabetes, or by the duration of the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic gentamicin treatment by the method applied in this study is not effective on reducing growth positivity. Contaminated extraocular fluid may play an important role in the pathogenesis of bacterial endophthalmitis following pars plana vitrectomy.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2002

Optic disc movement with variations in intraocular and cerebrospinal fluid pressure.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of intraocular pressure (IOP) and cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) on optic disc movement and lamina cribrosa displacement using confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT). METHODS: The anterior chamber and lateral ventricles were cannulated in mixed-breed dogs (n = 8) to allow modulation and control of IOP and CSFP, respectively. Optic disc topography was determined after baseline (set at IOP 15 mm Hg and CSFP of 0 mm Hg) and with each step-wise increase in IOP (steps of 3-5 mm Hg up to an average of 32 mm Hg) with CSFP fixed at 0 mm Hg. After the pressure returned to baseline, images were obtained after each step-wise increase in CSFP (steps of 2 to 4 mm Hg up to an average of 12 mm Hg) with IOP fixed at 15 mm Hg. Data were analyzed by a new probabilistic method for CSLT and global parameters generated by the instrument software. The global parameter changes from baseline were analyzed as a function of the translaminar pressure difference (IOP minus CSFP). RESULTS: Elevation in IOP resulted in significant posterior displacement of the disc surface, whereas elevation in CSFP resulted in significant anterior displacement. For a given degree of pressure change, an increase in CSFP resulted in larger changes than a corresponding increase in IOP. The deepest 5% of locations within the disc surface were displaced nonlinearly (with an inverse exponential function, r = 0.92) as a function of the difference in translaminar pressure. Most displacement occurred at low translaminar pressure differences, with little extra movement at differences higher than 15 mm Hg. The change in the volume subtended by the anterior lamina cribrosa showed a nonlinear relationship similar to the translaminar pressure difference (r = 0.98), with negligible volume change at high difference in pressures. CONCLUSIONS: Most optic disc movement occurs with pressure changes in the low range of translaminar pressure differences. This is consistent with the mechanical properties of collagen.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Intraocular anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgA antibody production in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the immunoglobulin classes associated with the intraocular anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody response during clinical ocular toxoplasmosis and to determine which immunoglobulin class is most helpful in the diagnosis of this disease. METHODS: Paired serum and intraocular fluid samples from 155 patients who had uveitis were tested for intraocular anti-T. gondii IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody production. The presence of T. gondii DNA was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Patients were divided into two groups, based on the initial clinical diagnosis; group 1 included 78 patients with presumed ocular toxoplasmosis, and group 2 included 77 patients with uveitis that was not clinically suspected to be ocular toxoplasmosis. Samples from 27 nonuveitis patients who underwent intraocular surgery were used as control subjects. The final diagnosis was based on the clinical course and interpretation of laboratory tests. RESULTS: A final diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis was made in 88 of 155 patients (group 1, 68; group 2, 20). Among these patients, 65% had intraocular IgG production, 52% had intraocular IgA production, 37.5% had both IgG and IgA production, 27% had IgG production only, and 15% had IgA production only. Of the 13 patients tested, only one had intraocular IgM production. Intraocular IgA could not be detected in patients who had final diagnoses other than ocular toxoplasmosis or in control subjects. A positive polymerase chain reaction combined with a test that was positive for intraocular IgG production had a sensitivity of 77%, which increased to 91% after the detection of intraocular IgA production was added. CONCLUSIONS: Immunoglobulin G is the major class involved in the humoral immune response against the T. gondii parasite, followed by IgA. The determination of IgA production is useful as an additional test in the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Tissue plasminogen activator treatment of postvitrectomy pupillary fibrin membrane].

Twenty-five micrograms of human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was injected via the corneoscleral limbus of 14 postvitrectomy aphakic eyes with prominent pupillary fibrin membranes. Fibrinolysis by tPA was initiated by thirty minutes after the injection, and the fibrin membrane was completely dissolved within sixty minutes. No toxicity attributed to tPA was observed clinically. Intraocular fluid was obtained during fluid-gas exchange after complete dissolution of fibrin and analyzed for decomposed fibrin products (FDP). Intraocular FDP was significantly higher (160 +/- 250 micrograms/ml) than normal after tPA treatment. Intraocular tPA administration is a potent modality to treat postvitrectomy fibrin membrane. Fluid-gas exchange must be performed to eliminate as much FDP as possible to reduce postoperative inflammation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Determination of copper concentration in blood plasma and in ocular and cerebrospinal fluids using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Published values for the concentration of Cu in cerebrospinal and intraocular fluids cover a very wide range (0.016 to 1.0 microgram/ml) and include values which are several times higher than those which would be consistent with normal physiology. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace was used to measure the Cu concentration in these fluids and in blood plasma of toads, rabbits, and cats. Under standard conditions, these fluids yielded high background absorbance and only fractional recovery of added Cu. Parameters were therefore established which eliminated both the high background and the matrix interference and allowed the determination of Cu in 10-microliters aliquots of diluted blood plasma and undiluted cerebrospinal and ocular fluid samples. Under these conditions the Cu measured in the ocular (0.011 to 0.032 microgram/ml) and cerebrospinal fluids (0.033 to 0.050 microgram/ml) of these three species was lower than most previously reported values and only a small fraction (1-3%) of the concentration of Cu in the plasma of the same animals (0.85 to 1.22 micrograms/ml).

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffi as a possible cause of anterior uveitis and choroiditis in a dog.

A 2-year old, neutered, female spaniel mixed breed was referred to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of bilateral anterior uveitis. The dog was febrile and, in addition to anterior uveitis, multifocal hyporeflective lesions were present in the tapetal fundus of both eyes. The antibody titer for Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffi was positive (1 : 512). Aqueous paracentesis was performed for PCR in an attempt to detect B. vinsonii in the eye but was unsuccessful. The ocular manifestations of Bartonella infection in humans are currently expanding as more sensitive serologic and PCR techniques are being developed to identify Bartonella spp. In addition to optic neuritis and neuroretinitis, retinochoroidal lesions are one of the most common manifestations of B. henselae infection, and are frequently accompanied by vitreous or anterior segment inflammation. Diagnosis of a Bartonella infection in humans can be made on serology alone, in conjunction with ocular examination findings. The ultimate proof of B. vinsonii (berkhoffi) as a direct cause of ocular disease would be detection of the infectious agent in the eye. However, it is unknown at this time whether Bartonella causes ocular disease primarily, secondarily via an autoimmune reaction, or both. Due to the difficulties associated with culture of Bartonella spp. and the limitations of PCR, serology is currently the most useful tool for screening dogs for possible Bartonella spp. infection. In the case presented here, even though the PCR was negative, the clinical signs of anterior uveitis and choroiditis might reasonably be associated with B. vinsonii (berkhoffi) seroreactivity, which was repeatable on three separate occasions. Clinical improvement was also accompanied by a post-treatment decrease in B. vinsonii (berkhoffi) seroreactivity, potentially supporting resolution of Bartonella infection in this dog. This is the first reported case of a possible association between uveitis, choroiditis and Bartonella infection in the dog, without clinical manifestations of other organ or tissue involvement. Future studies based on PCR analysis of intraocular fluids may clarify the involvement of B. vinsonii (berkhoffi) in dogs with intraocular inflammatory disease. Furthermore, performing fluorescein angiography in dogs with elevated Bartonella titers may also prove useful in the identification and characterization of lesions.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Scleral window surgery and topical mitomycin C for nanophthalmic uveal effusion complicated by renal failure: case report.

PURPOSE: To describe the case of a 16-year-old patient with nanophthalmic uveal effusion associated with renal failure that was treated with scleral window surgery and topical administration of mitomycin C (MMC). METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: Total uveal effusion was restored in the nanophthalmic eyes. Partial-thickness scleral flap with deep sclerostomy was performed and topical MMC was administered to one quadrant of the equatorial sclera. The subretinal fluid resorbed gradually. CONCLUSIONS: Topical MMC might relieve the blocked transscleral outflow of intraocular fluid in the small area of a sclerostomy in young patients with nanophthalmos or in patients with renal failure in whom uveal effusion occurs repeatedly.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2000

Cell signaling in bovine ciliary epithelial organ culture.

The ciliary epithelium secretes aqueous humor, an intraocular fluid whose production is regulated in part by transmembrane signaling pathways including those mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Many drugs, such as beta-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonists and alpha2-AR agonists, are used to lower intraocular pressure by presumably decreasing fluid transport across this epithelium. Hence, our purpose was to establish a ciliary epithelial organ culture system suitable for the study of cell signaling pathways. A trypsin-mediated dissection method was established to isolate bovine ciliary epithelial sheets. These sheets were cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator. The quality was assessed by light microscopy, by protein analysis, and by the evaluation of epinephrine-mediated phosphoinositide turnover. The cultured epithelial explants were viable as evidenced by minimal trypan blue staining. The explants were composed primarily of nonpigmented cells and some pigmented cells, but no other ciliary body tissues were present on histology. Membrane preparations showed proteins with a distribution from 31 to 116 kDa. Epinephrine caused a dose-dependent increase in [3H]inositol phosphates (InsPs) accumulation with a maximal increase of two- to three-fold over basal levels. This epinephrine-mediated increase was inhibited by prazosin. We established an organ culture system of isolated bovine ciliary epithelium suitable for the study of transmembrane signaling pathways.

Adrenergic Agonists↗

PubMed1979

An experimental approach to the study of intraocular Toxocara canis.

An experimental study of nematode endophthalmitis due to T canis and review of the literature has been presented. Six owl monkeys were infected either by nasogastric tube using embryonated T canis eggs or by carotid or intravitreal injection of second stage larvae. The clinical manifestations, especially ocular, were observed and various diagnostic tests performed. Only minimal or no intraocular changes were seen after systemic infection but significant abnormalities such as retinal hemorrhages and venous dilation were noted after intravitreal infection. Motile larvae were observed in the lenses of three eyes and in the vitreous of five eyes and, probably a sixth, after intravitreal injection. The intensity and timing of the intraocular reaction seemed to correlate with the infecting dose and apparent disappearance of larvae from the eye. Pathologic confirmation of larvae in the lens was obtained in one eye. A marked inflammatory reaction occurred in eyes receiving intraocular infection but none was seen in eyes with only systemic infectin. Various laboratory and serologic studies were performed, including the ELISA test, which were used to evaluate systemic as well as intraocular responses to infection with T canis. The two monkeys infected by nasogastric tube gave a positive ELISA response in the serum but intraocular fluids gave a negative response in all monkeys including those infected syst:mically and/or intraocularly. Problems in the understanding of clinical aspects of the disease, laboratory diagnosis and treatment are discussed. The need for future experimental studies is emphasized.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Biological activities of vitreous gel, retrohyaloid fluid and subretinal fluid from diabetic and non-diabetic eyes.

This study compared the effects of vitreous gel, retrohyaloid fluid and subretinal fluid from diabetic and non-diabetic eyes on the proliferation and migration of retinal microvascular cells in vitro. Intraocular fluids were obtained from eyes undergoing repair of retinal detachment, due either to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with a degree of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The results demonstrated that the intraocular stimulatory activity for the proliferation of retinal microvascular endothelial cells varied between the different ocular compartments. The mitogenic and migrational activity in vitreous gel was greater than that of either the subretinal or retrohyaloid fluids of the same eye, and the activity of subretinal fluid was intermediate between that of the vitreous gel and the retrohyaloid fluid. There was no significant difference between the activities of the samples from diabetic and non-diabetic eyes.

Body Fluids↗

PubMed2005

Thrombospondin 1, thrombospondin 2 and the eye.

Thrombospondin 1 and thrombospondin 2 (TSP1 and TSP2), which comprise the subgroup A thrombospondins, are matricellular proteins. As matricellular proteins, they modulate interactions between cells and the cellular environment, regulate cell adhesion and typically are expressed during tissue formative processes. In general, TSP1 and TSP2 counter angiogenesis (including tumour angiogenesis) and play important but contrasting roles during cutaneous repair. The two proteins are involved in development, including that of the eye, although evidence suggests that they have their greatest impact during tissue production in the adult. In the normal adult eye, they tend to be found at sites of ongoing matrix synthesis or cell-matrix interactions. At these sites, the two proteins possibly influence cellular differentiation and/or basement membrane deposition. TSP1 is also present in the intraocular fluids and drainage pathway, where it may function in maintaining the anti-angiogenic environment and in intraocular pressure control, respectively. TSP1 could also be involved in ocular immune privilege. Unlike in skin wounds, where TSP1 is derived from the blood and is present only in the early phases of repair, ocular tissue damage appears to lead to protacted TSP1 synthesis by local cells. This response might help suppress angiogenesis in the transparent tissues of the eye and so lessen visual axis opacification following injury. However, TSP2, which is also produced by damaged ophthalmic tissue and may be especially important in matrix organisation, seems to augment contraction in anomalous intraocular fibrosis. Elucidating the roles of TSP1 and TSP2 in ocular physiology and pathobiology may lead to improved therapies for neovascular, neoplastic, reparative and other ophthalmic diseases.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The HIV RNA Levels of Plasma and Ocular Fluids in AIDS Patients with Ophthalmic Infections.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on HIV viral load of plasma and intraocular fluids in AIDS patients with ophthalmic opportunistic infections. We further compared the treatment effect of HAART on these patients. From June 1997 to July 2003, we examined and followed up the ophthalmic conditions of 49 patients receiving HAART with ophthalmic diseases during this period. The method of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to detect and monitor HIV load in plasma and/or aqueous humor of AIDS patients. Before HAART, the HIV levels in the plasma and aqueous humor in 8 AIDS patients with ophthalmic opportunistic infections were significantly higher than those in 6 patients with HIV-related retinopathy (p < 0.05). Compared to the eye findings and clinical improvement, HIV loads of aqueous humor in 10 of 14 AIDS patients (6 with HIV-related retinopathy, 5 with cytomegalovirus retinitis, 2 with toxoplasmic retinitis and 1 with cryptococcal chorioretinitis) declined to undetectable levels (< 400 copies/ml) after 4-8 months of HAART. HIV virus levels in the plasma of AIDS patients were significantly decreased, and the CD4 counts of these patients were significantly increased (Wilcoxon test) after initiation of HAART.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1975

[An attack of glaucoma after a cataract operation associated with pigment degeneration of the retina (author's transl)].

From four cases the appearance of acute glaucoma attacks after cataract-operation in association with pigment degeneration of the retina is described. We could show in none of the cases the previous presence of glaucoma. It is concluded from this there is an increased danger of an acute pressure rise in operative procedures in association with pigment degeneration of the cornea as a result of dysregulation of the intraocular fluid mechanics. Appropriate preventive measures are recommended.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The mechanism of aqueous humour formation.

Aqueous humour (AH) is an important intraocular fluid responsible for the supply of nutrients to and removal of metabolic wastes from the avascular tissues of the eye. It is also indispensable for the maintenance of the optical properties of the eye. The fluid dynamics of AH are frequently associated with the potentially blinding disease called glaucoma. Pharmacological treatment of glaucoma generally aims to lower the intraocular pressure by reducing AH formation. However, the mechanism underlying the formation of AH is still not well understood. Understanding the mechanism of AH formation and its regulation is paramount to develop rational and target specific drugs for the treatment of glaucoma. It is now generally believed that AH is formed mostly by active transport of ions and solutes across the ciliary epithelium. Many studies have been carried out in the past half a century to understand these transport processes. In the past several years, new information has emerged and a comprehensive review of these new developments is necessary. This review covers the ion transports in the ciliary epithelium, including the possible roles of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions as the driving forces. It also examines the current ionic models for AH formation and its regulation from a cellular transport perspective.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of proteolytic activation on intraocular hydrodynamics the pressure of O2, CO2 and pH in the aqueous humor.

The effect of proteolytic activation on the tonographic indices and secretion of the aqueous humor was studied. It was found that active peptides rise the secretion of intraocular fluids increasing the permeability of capillary plexuses and decreasing the metabolic processes in the structures secreting the aqueous. They may perticipate in haemodynamic and hydrodynamic intraocular autoregulation.

Animals↗