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PubMed1989

Splanchnic tissues are a major part of the rapid distribution spaces of inulin, urea and theophylline.

Distribution of kinetics of inulin, [14C]urea and theophylline were studied in five anesthetized dogs after splenectomy and gastrointestinal resection. Distribution was modeled with three-compartment mammillary systems in which the central compartment corresponds to intravascular space and the two peripheral compartments have different rates of transcapillary exchange. Compared with results in intact dogs, the surgical procedure removed between 41 and 55% of the rapidly equilibrating tissues and reduced the permeability coefficient-surface area products for the rapidly equilibrating inulin and urea compartments proportionately. This is consistent with the concept that splanchnic organs equilibrate rapidly with inulin and urea because they are supplied by fenestrated and discontinuous capillaries that are prominent in the splanchnic vascular bed. However, splanchnic organs probably do not contain all rapidly equilibrating tissues, and somatic tissues may contribute as much as 36 and 22%, respectively, of the rapidly equilibrating inulin and urea compartments. Cardiac output averaged 2.87 +/- 0.86 liters/min and was similar to the sum of compartmental blood flows estimated from the intercompartmental clearances of urea and inulin (2.74 +/- 0.96 liters/min) and to the sum of theophylline intercompartmental clearances (2.62 +/- 0.74 liters/min). Theophylline intercompartmental clearance to each peripheral compartment was similar to estimated compartmental blood flow.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

The interaction of aortic glycosaminoglycans and 3H-inulin endothelial permeability in cholesterol induced rabbit atherogenesis.

Male Dutch-belted rabbits were fed a pelleted 0.5% cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. A control group was maintained on basal pelleted diet for the same period of time. Prior to sacrifice both groups received i.v. 3H-inulin. Plasma and aortic sections were assayed for 3H-inulin activity. Aortic sections were also analyzed for glycosaminoglycan concentrations. A ratio of the aortic 3H-inulin activity to the plasma 3H-inulin activity was calculated and expressed as a permeability index. Mean plasma activity of 3H-inulin was significantly lower in the control group, suggesting increased aortic permeability in the cholesterol-fed animals. Glycosaminoglycan concentrations were significantly higher in the control group, and significant negative correlations were detected between glycosaminoglycan concentrations and permeability index in all animals. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that sufficient glycosaminoglycan levels are important to maintaining the permeability characteristics of the endothelial layer.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Comparison of lactulose and inulin as reference standard for the study of resistant starch fermentation using hydrogen breath test.

Disaccharide lactulose is commonly used as a standard to quantitate the colonic fermentation of undigested sugars by means of H2 breath measurements. However, its high hydrogen production rate during fermentation may make it inappropriate for mimicking the fermentation of more complex carbohydrates, such as starch. Indigestible carbohydrates with a higher molecular weight might be more suitable than lactulose as a standard in H2 breath studies of starch digestibility. To test this hypothesis, we measured H2 breath in 8 healthy volunteers after a standard meal supplemented with 5 g or 10 g of lactulose or inulin, an indigestible oligosaccharide with an average degree of polymerization 4.5 times higher than that of lactulose. The results were then compared with those obtained after a standard meal containing a known amount (6.1 g) of resistant starch from high-amylose corn starch. Median H2 breath excretion per gram of reference carbohydrate was lower after the 5 g dose of inulin than after the 5 g dose of lactulose (19.1 vs 26.6 ppm x h x g-1; Wilcoxon's rank test p = 0.021) but similar after the two 10 g doses (inulin 22.4; lactulose 23.6; p = 0.234). Median H2 breath excretion per gram of resistant starch was significantly lower than that for both lactulose and inulin (p < 0.02), being 4.7 ppm x h x g-1. In vitro fermentation for 8 hrs with fecal homogenate showed similar mean hydrogen production rates for inulin and lactulose (30.5 vs 27.7 mL/mg fermented carbohydrate), and a significantly lower rate for starch (9.1 mL/mg) (n = 7; ANOVA p = 0.0007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Inulin formation of penicillin producing industrial Penicillium chrysogenum strains.

Conidia of certain penicillin producing Penicillium chrysogenum industrial strains produced polyfructose. Two types of polyfructoses were formed by conidia of P. chrysogenum B10 from sucrose and with less yield from raffinose. Ten percent of fructans were in water insoluble form attached to the outer wall of conidia. The other, ethanol precipitable fructan formed a colloid opalescent solution. The latter had inulin type beta (2-->1) bonds--identified by 13C NMR spectroscopy--between fructose molecules and had a molecular weight of 217,000 Daltons. The KM value of sucrose hydrolysis--the first step of inulin production--was 0.86 M. The invertase hydrolysed about 70% of sucrose on the second day. Optimal conditions for inulin formation were: pH 6.0, 25-45 degrees C, 100 mg/ml sucrose, 10(7) spore/ml. The maximum conversion rate of fructose from sucrose into precipitable inulin was about 10% after 48 h incubation. The inulin production could be inhibited by glucose.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Effects of Bifidobacterium sp fermented milk ingested with or without inulin on colonic bifidobacteria and enzymatic activities in healthy humans.

OBJECTIVE: To assess in healthy humans the effects of prolonged ingestion of Bifidobacterium sp fermented milk (BFM) with or without inulin on fecal bifidobacteria and some bacterial enzymatic activities. DESIGN: Twelve volunteers randomly divided into two groups were studied for three consecutive periods. During the ingestion period, they received BFM in association with ether 18g/d inulin or placebo in three oral doses for 12 days. Stools were regularly collected for bacteriological analysis. SETTING: Clinical Nutrition Unit, Hopital Saint-Lazare, Paris. RESULTS: The administration of BFM with placebo led to an increase in total bifidobacteria (indigenous and exogenous) (P < 0.01) and exogenous bifidobacteria (P < 0.01) and a decrease in beta-glucuronidase activity (P < 0.01). Simultaneous administration of BFM and inulin led to an increase in total bifidobacteria (P < 0.01) and exogenous bifidobacteria (P < 0.01), but had no effect on beta-glucuronidase activity. No differences were found for fecal concentrations reached by exogenous and indigenous bifidobacteria between the two groups. Administrated alone or with inulin, BFM did not change fecal total anaerobe counts, pH, nitrate reductase, nitroreductase and azoreductase activities. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of BFM substantially increases the proportion of bifidobacteria in the colonic flora, but the concurrent administration of inulin does not enhance this effect.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Use of plasma clearance of inulin for estimating glomerular filtration rate in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate utility of a method for estimating glomerular filtration rate after a single i.v. injection of inulin. ANIMALS: Cats that were renal intact (n = 3) or had renal mass reduced by partial nephrectomy (n = 6). PROCEDURE: Plasma clearance of inulin (PCln) was taken as the quotient of the administered dose of inulin (150 mg) divided by the area under the plasma inulin concentration versus time curve determined by 3 methods (PCln1-PCln3). Results for PCln were compared with simultaneously obtained values for urinary clearance of exogenous creatinine (CCr), an accepted method for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in cats. RESULTS: Values for PCln were closely related (R2 ranged from 0.951 to 0.972, P < 0.0001 in all instances) to CCr. However, PCln3 provided an estimate of GFR that consistently overestimated CCr. CONCLUSION: Determination of PCln by use of PCln1 and PCln2 provided a reliable estimate of GFR in cats of this study. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Determination of PCln appears to provide a reliable estimate of GFR in cats with early-stage renal disease and no evidence of derangement of body fluid status. In particular, PCln2, which requires only 3 determinations of plasma inulin concentration, should be considered when an estimate of GFR is sought in a cat with suspected early-stage renal disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1965

MICROPUNCTURE STUDY OF INULIN ABSORPTION IN THE RAT KIDNEY.

By means of a microinjection technique, inulin-carboxyl-C(14) or inulin-methoxy-H(3) was injected into single proximal tubules of the rat at various urine flow rates. Urine collected separately from the two kidneys showed negligible amounts of inulin activity on the noninjected side, thus demonstrating directly that there is no significant reabsorption of inulin by the renal tubular epithelium under these conditions.

Carbon Isotopes↗

PubMed2026

Inulin, Containing Frutco-Oligosaccharides, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale Scores in College Students.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) inulin on anxiety symptoms in college students. Forty million adults in the United States suffer from anxiety. Previous studies have viewed gut microbiota and its potential link to anxiety in both humans and mice. However, no previous studies focused on the effect of FOS inulin on college students. Fourteen subjects received 4.9 g per day of FOS inulin as the treatment (TX) or no supplement as the control (CON) for 28 days. Both the TX and CON groups were given the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7) on days 1 and 28. Both groups were also given a 3-day food log at the beginning of the experiment and otherwise maintained their regular diet. Results showed a statistically significant decrease in median GAD-7 scores in both groups (P = .017, r = .637 and P = .042, r = .587 for the TX and CON groups, respectively). However, when comparing the GAD-7 scores between groups, no statistically significant results were found. FOS inulin supplementation did not alleviate anxiety symptoms in college students participating in this study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Synthesis of pH-sensitive inulin hydrogels and characterization of their swelling properties.

In this study, pH-responsive inulin hydrogels were prepared by radical copolymerization of methacrylated inulin (MA-inulin) with acrylic acid (AAc) in aqueous solution using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) as an initiation system. The AAc content in hydrogels was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. The covalent bridging of AAc among MA moieties of MA-inulins was observed by a significant increase in the effective network density of hydrogels and further confirmed by TGA studies. While, at a low content of AAc, the hydration of hydrogels at pH 7.4 decreased owing to the increased crosslinking density, the swelling subsequently increased with further increasing AAc as a consequence of the increased ionic osmotic pressure within hydrogels. The change in swelling of hydrogels in response to pH change between 7.4 and 2.2 was therefore enlarged when the AAc content increased.

Acrylates↗

PubMed1983

Adjuvant effects of glyceryl esters of acetoacetic acid on rectal absorption of insulin and inulin in rabbits.

The promoting effect of glyceryl esters of acetoacetic acid on the rectal absorption of insulin and inulin was studied. A decrease in the serum glucose level was observed in rabbits following the administration of an insulin suppository containing glyceryl-1,3-diacetoacetate (adjuvant II) or 1,2-isopropylideneglycerine-3-acetoacetate (adjuvant IV). The promoting effects of adjuvants II and IV on the rectal absorption of insulin and inulin were suppressed by the addition of calcium and magnesium to the suppository. This indicates that adjuvant interaction with the calcium and magnesium ion located in the rectal membrane is involved in the enhanced absorption of insulin and inulin. Adjuvant release from the suppository formulation in addition to adjuvant lipid solubility were found to be other important factors for enhanced absorption of insulin and inulin.

Acetoacetates↗

PubMed1999

Haemonchus contortus: effects of glutamate, ivermectin, and moxidectin on inulin uptake activity in unselected and ivermectin-selected adults.

Using [(3)H]inulin uptake as a measure of pharyngeal pumping activity, we have investigated and compared the effects of glutamate, ivermectin, and moxidectin on inulin uptake in susceptible and ivermectin-selected Haemonchus contortus. Inulin uptake is inhibited by glutamate, ivermectin, and moxidectin, at biologically relevant concentrations. Glutamate influences the responses to both ivermectin and moxidectin, suggesting that these three substances share a common mechanism of action. The effects of ivermectin on inulin uptake, but not moxidectin, are significantly altered as a result of selection with ivermectin. These results suggest that ivermectin and moxidectin may differ, to some extent, in their mode of action responses or mechanisms of resistance.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of safety of inulin and oligofructose as dietary fiber.

In the United States, most individuals consume far less dietary fiber than the daily value (DV) set at 25 g. The average daily consumption for inulin and oligofructose is estimated to be between 1 and 4 g in this country, with a higher intake of 3 to 11 g seen in Europe. Inulin and oligofructose are soluble, fermentable dietary fibers, of low net caloric value having many of the possible health benefits attributed to fiber. Such fiber consists of poly- and oligomers of fructose joined by beta(2-->1) fructosyl-fructose bonds. This class of fiber has been studied in a series of standard toxicological test systems. The studies have demonstrated that inulin-type fructans, when administered in the diet at high levels, do not result in mortality, morbidity, target organ toxicity, reproductive or developmental toxicity, or carcinogenicity. Several in vitro studies have also shown the absence of mutagenic or genotoxic potential. The only basis for limiting use of such fiber in the human diet relates to gastrointestinal tolerance. A series of clinical studies has been reported which shows that up to 20 g/day of inulin and/or oligofructose is well tolerated. As foods marketed in the United States bear labels stating both the quantity per serving size and the corresponding percentage of the daily value (% DV) of fiber, consumers can make appropriate choices and decisions about daily consumption without exceeding individual tolerance.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The concentration-dependent disposition and kinetics of inulin.

The disposition of inulin was studied in 30 healthy male and 10 healthy female volunteers, and 10 patients with stable chronic renal failure (mean creatinine clearance 45 ml.min-1) following intravenous infusion of 70 mg.kg-1 over 5 min. Plasma concentrations fell rapidly initially but the rate of decline decreased continuously over 8 h and a linear terminal elimination phase could not be identified. Inulin was excreted rapidly by the subjects with normal renal function and 97.3% of the dose was recovered in the urine in 8 h. There was a progressive highly significant fall in the renal clearance of inulin after 2 h as plasma concentrations fell below about 150 mg.l-1. Six to 8 h after administration the clearance was less than 50% of the initial value in the healthy volunteers and the corresponding fall in the renal patients was 33%. The concentration-dependent renal clearance of inulin was confirmed in "step-up" and "step-down" constant infusion studies in which clearances were measured at mean plasma concentrations ranging from 35.2 to 186.7 mg.l-1. These studies virtually excluded time, changes in posture and urine flow rate as important factors. There was no statistically significant fall in clearance during the first 2 h and kinetic analysis was based on data obtained over this time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Passage of inulin and p-aminohippuric acid through artificial membranes: implications for measurement of renal function.

Diffusion of inulin and p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in combined aqueous solution through artificial membranes was measured at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The membranes had pore diameters of 26, 50, 100, 200, 250, 350, 510 or 990 A. The diffusion of PAH was only restricted with a pore size of 26 A, but inulin diffusion was restricted at 100 A. When diffusion of both solutes was unrestricted (pore diameter greater than or equal to 200 A), PAH diffused four times faster than inulin, and in restricted situations this ratio was even greater. The results of these diffusion studies allow the major and minor molecular dimensions of the solutes to be estimated. Filtration of the two solutes was studied in slowly flowing situations and also with increased temperature and pressure. Pore sizes required for unrestricted filtration were the same as for unrestricted diffusion but the passage ratio was reduced from 4 to 2. These results suggest strongly that two conditions are necessary if the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of inulin is to equal the true GFR: membrane pore size must be at least 200 A and passage through the membranes must be by bulk transport.

Aminohippuric Acids↗

PubMed2004

Fermented milk-starch and milk-inulin products as vehicles for lactic acid bacteria.

Formulations using cassava starch or inulin plus milk were fermented with three different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains: Lactobacillus plantarum D34, Lactobacillus sp. SLH6, and Streptococcus thermophilus ST4. Growth and acidification were followed in 3% powdered milk (M3), 3% milk-6% starch (M3-S6), and 3% milk-6% inulin (M3-In6). D34 and SLH6 growth was enhanced by starch in M3-S6, when compared to the count (CFU/ml) obtained in M3. Growth of all strains was promoted by inulin. All fermented products showed LAB counts of 8.0 log or higher. Carbohydrate utilization was in agreement with growth and acidification results. The highest increase in CFU in rat feces was observed in M3-S6 fermented with ST4; the D34 fermented product also increased CFU but SLH6 did not, either with starch or inulin. This suggests that ST4 and D34 strains provide a good choice to ferment the proposed formulations in order to obtain a marked improvement of natural intestinal flora.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Preparation of liposomes entrapping a high specific activity of 111In3+-bound inulin.

Targeting liposomes to specific tissues or cells require the unequivocal determination of the uptake of liposomes at the cellular level. The present report describes the preparation of liposomes entrapping a high specific activity of 111In3+-bound inulin, and the potential applications of a multiple labeling technique for characterizing the extent of uptake of liposomes by tissues or different cells in a given tissue in vivo. The labeling method involves the application of the technique of acetylacetone-mediated, ionophoric loading of 111In3+ into liposomes entrapping an inulin derivative to which a strong chelating agent, diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA), is bound. Subsequent ionophoric removal of the weakly bound 111In3+ by incubating the previously 111In3+-loaded liposomes with 10 mM nitrilotriacetic acid and 100 microM tropolone at room temperature for 20 min results in the preparation of liposomes entrapping 111In3+-DTPA-inulin. Our method of preparation yields net efficiencies of converting 63-78% of the externally added 111In3+ to liposome-entrapped 111In3+-DTPA-inulin.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗

PubMed1996

Single crystals of inulin.

Lamellar crystals of inulin were grown by crystallizing sharp fractions of low molecular weight inulin from dilute aqueous ethanol solutions. The crystals were analyzed using three-dimensional electron diffraction and X-ray powder diagrams. Two crystalline polymorphs were observed, depending on the hydration conditions: a hydrated form which indexed on an orthorhombic unit cell, with space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) and with cell dimensions of a = 1.670 nm, b = 0.980 nm and c (chain axis) = 1.47 nm, together with a pseudo-hexagonal semi-hydrated form with unit cell parameters a = 1.670 nm, b = 0.965 nm and c (chain axis) = 1.44 nm. These parameters, together with the density data, indicate that inulin crystallizes along a pseudo-hexagonal six-fold symmetry with an advance per monomer of 0.24 nm. The difference between the hydrated and the semi-hydrated unit cells does not seem to correspond to any change in the conformation of inulin, but rather to a variation in water content.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed1995

The influence of gamma inulin and Algammulin on the immune response in sheep to a recombinant antigen of Taenia ovis.

Gamma inulin and Algammulin, two new adjuvants, were examined and compared with alum and Freund's Complete/Incomplete Adjuvant (FCA/FIA), for potentiation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immunity in sheep to a recombinant Taenia ovis antigen. The ability to protect sheep when challenged with live T. ovis eggs was also assessed. The results showed that gamma inulin and Algammulin induced a CMI response which was comparable to the FCA/FIA and alum groups and significantly higher than the control saline group. While gamma inulin, Algammulin and alum performed similarly and induced a significantly higher humoral immune response than the saline group. FCA/FIA elicited a much higher humoral immune response. Algammulin did not show the synergistic effect seen in mice and performed similarly to gamma inulin and alum alone. All the adjuvant groups induced significantly higher IgG1 and IgG2 levels than the saline group and they all favoured IgG1 production. When the sheep were challenged with live T. ovis eggs, at 25 weeks after primary immunization, the only group to show significant protection was the one which received FCA/FIA.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗