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PubMed2003

A field trial of autogenous Moraxella bovis bacterin administered through either subcutaneous or subconjunctival injection on the development of keratoconjunctivitis in a beef herd.

The primary purpose of these experiments was to evaluate an autogenous Moraxella bovis bacterin administered through 2 separate routes of inoculation. An autogenous bacterin was manufactured by using M. bovis recovered from the herd. The bacterin was administered by subcutaneous injection or subconjunctival injection. In each experiment, unvaccinated animals served as controls. Random selection methods were used to place calves into a vaccination or control group. There was no statistical difference in development of infectious keratoconjunctivitis between the vaccinated and unvaccinated calves. There was a statistically significant difference between the sexes; heifers had a higher rate of keratoconjunctivitis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Herpes simplex virus type 1 in the samples of patients with clinically prediagnosed as herpetic keratitis or keratoconjunctivitis].

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Herpes simplex virus type 1, in the specimens from patients clinically prediagnosed as herpetic keratitis or keratoconjunctivitis, by virus isolation and direct immunoperoxidase methods. The samples obtained from a total of 33 patients included ulcerated corneal epithelium scrapings and, swabs from ulcer, corneal epithelium, and lower conjunctivas. For virus isolation, both scraping and swab samples for each patient, were inoculated into monolayered Vero cell lines which have previously cultivated on 24-well plates, and examined for the presence of cytopathic effects typical for HSV-1. At the end of 5-days incubation period, the culture media were discarded, the cells were fixed and stained with peroxidase labeled specific HSV-1 antibodies (direct immunoperoxidase--DIP--method). Simultaneously, the smears were prepared from the samples which were sufficient in amount, and stained with DIP method. As a result, cytopathic effects on cell cultures were observed in 4 (12.1%) of the samples, of which 2 were also positive with DIP method. Following DIP staining of smears prepared from 15 samples, HSV-1 antigen positivity was detected in only 1 of the samples. This sample was negative in cell culture. In contrast, one of the 2 cell culture positive samples yielded negative result in smear examination, while the other could not be examined since the sample was not enough. In conclusion, HSV-1 has been shown as the etiologic agent in 3 (9.1%) of our patients clinically prediagnosed as herpetic keratitis or keratoconjunctivitis, and lesion scrapings were determined as the most appropriate samples for virus isolation.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis I. Experimental production.

One or both eyes of 20 calves were inoculated one or more time with variou(s combinations of microorganism (live oor killed Moraxella bovis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine adenovirus, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus and Mycoplasma bovoculi) by conjunctival instillation or direct inoculation of the conjunctivea or cornea. The eyes of all the calves received natural or artificial ultraviolet irradiation. Neither the adenovirus nor parainfluenza-3 virus became established in the eye or produced keratoconjunctivitis. Both M. bovis and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus became established in the bovine eye and produced disease. Subconjunctival or intracorneal inoculation of M. bovis caused a severe disease, simulating natural infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Only the intracorneal inoculation of mycoplasma produced severe keratoconjunctivits. Eyes that on initial exposure to M. bovis became severly inflamed were more resistant to a second or third exposure to M. bovis, presumably by enhanced local defence mechanisms.

Adenoviridae Infections↗

PubMed1975

[Concurrent vulvovaginitis, respiratory syndrome and keratoconjunctivitis in calves].

Studied was a disease course in calves caused by the IBR/IPV virus with symptoms characteristic of vulvovaginitis, respiratory distrubances and keratoconjunctivitis. Concurrent infections of such type were observed primarily in several-month-old calves (aged from 6--7 weeks to 6 months). In older calves (aged 1--2 years) vulvovaginitis predominated, it being more rarely associated with changes typical of pneumonia, and, as an exception accompanied by keratoconjunctivitis. Dairy cows exhibited predominatly the chronic form of vulvovaginitis. Isolated were 16 strains of the IBR/IPV virus showing properties analogous of those of the standard Oxford strain. Demonstrated were specific IBR/IPV antibodies in calves, cows and bulls (from 24.5 up to 50 per cent). The problem is discussed of the correlation between sterility in cows showing the presence of the IBR/IPV virus and the symptoms of vulvovaginits as well as the presence of hypospermia and balanoposthitis in bulls harbouring the virus infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Adenovirus type 19 keratoconjunctivitis in Canada.

We describe an outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis occurring in Montreal during the winter of 1974. Adenovirus type 19 was the only virus isolated. We confirm the presence of type 19 adenovirus in Canada; it produces severe keratoconjunctivitis. The incubation period, method of spread and clinical findings resemble those seen in outbreaks of type 8 EKC. The prevalence of adenovirus type 19 in the population of Canada is unknown. Although some object to the use of the term EKC for infection caused by adenoviruses other than type 8, we believe that EKC should be regarded as an entity requiring virus isolation and antibody determination to identify the adenovirus type responsible for it.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1991

Topical administration of cyclosporine for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs.

Sixty dogs with chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca were treated by topical administration of 2% cyclosporine twice daily. Causes and duration of keratoconjunctivitis varied. Tear production improved in 75 of 100 eyes, and corneal pigmentation decreased in 45 of 67 eyes. Six factors were evaluated to determine their influence on treatment outcome. The only significant variable was the initial Schirmer tear test value. Side effects were few. Evidence of burning in response to application of cyclosporine resolved with change in the formulation of the topical solution.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1991

Keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8: report on a large outbreak.

A large nosocomial, community-acquired outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8 at a large military teaching hospital is described. One hundred thirty-two cases were identified with initial case confirmation by viral isolation and subsequent case confirmation based on clinical findings. Infection usually presented as a severe keratoconjunctivitis with 35% of infected patients developing subepithelial corneal infiltrates. Most infections were acquired by hand-to-eye contact or by tonometry while visiting the military eye service for other ophthalmologic reasons. Intrafamilial transmission of the virus occurred in 22% of cases with rare disease spread outside the family or hospital environments. The peak incidence occurred from April to August 1986 but was not confirmed by viral isolation until May 1986 when appropriate control measures were instituted. The delay in application of appropriate control measures was a major factor accounting for both the prolonged duration and epidemic nature of this kerato-conjunctivitis outbreak.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with tear gland degeneration.

The clinical tests to diagnose keratoconjunctivitis sicca are weak, whereas the laboratory tests are very powerful, but there is no reason whatsoever to discard the present clinical tests. For example, finding a Schirmer test consistently lower than 5 mm is an easy way to strongly suspect a dry eye state. The level of tear fluid production can help one to determine the preferred viscosity of the tear substitute. Then, what test should be used other than the rose Bengal test to evaluate the over-all effect of the dry eye state on the external eye? What other test than the break-up time is there to evaluate tear film stability? There is no doubt that laboratory tests will be used in the future as routine clinical procedures, in addition to but not replacing the clinical tests, as the tear protein concentration, the Schirmer test values and the break-up time are important for the diagnosis of dry eye and, analyzed together, they may be of value to differentiate between Sjögren's and non-Sjögren's keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1989

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis epizootic associated with area-wide emergence of a new Moraxella bovis pilus type.

Pilus-mediated adherence is a virulence attribute of Moraxella bovis. Several pilus types have been shown to exist among strains of this bacterium, but correlation between pilus type and specific field cases of the disease has not been done. During the summer of 1987, an epizootic of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was reported in 7 Iowa counties. Eight isolates of M bovis were secured from 12 episodes studied. All 8 of the isolates were nearly homogeneous in biochemical properties and had the same plasmid biotype. Pilus typing performed by immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy identified a single new pilus type among 5 of the 8 isolates. This pilus type was identified in field cases that developed within a narrow time frame and over large distances. The implication of these findings is that infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis epizootics may be associated with emergence of a novel pilus type, and that rapid dissemination over wide distances can occur, presumably by transportation of carrier cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Cryosurgery for treatment of recurrent proliferative keratoconjunctivitis in five dogs.

Cryosurgery was used for treatment of recurrent proliferative keratoconjunctivitis in 5 dogs that had been treated with combined medical and surgical procedures without success. Four dogs recovered completely after one application of cryosurgery. The fifth dog did not respond to cryosurgery until after oral administration of corticosteroids was stopped, indicating a possible immune-mediated mechanism of action of cryosurgery on proliferative keratoconjunctivitis.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Presence of Langerhans cells in the cornea of Klebsiella keratoconjunctivitis mice.

Frozen sections of normal Balb/c corneas and corneas from Balb/c mice with Klebsiella keratoconjunctivitis were examined for the expression of class I, class II H-2 antigens and MAC-1 antigens using monoclonal antibodies in an immunoperoxidase technique. Class I antigens were readily detected, in both normal and diseased corneas, mainly in the epithelium. Class II (Ia) and MAC-1 antigens were not detected in the normal corneas. However, these two antigens were found mainly in the epithelium and to a lesser extent in the stroma of corneas from keratoconjunctivitis mice. Both normal and diseased corneas were furthermore shown to be peroxidase-. Since Langerhans cells (LC) are Ia+, MAC-1+, and peroxidase- cells, we conclude that although the normal mouse cornea is devoid of these cells, under bacterial infection LC infiltrate the corneal epithelium.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[The cat as a possible infection source for Chlamydia psittaci keratoconjunctivitis in humans].

Acute follicular keratoconjunctivitis in a 25-year-old female patient was diagnosed as an infection with Chlamydia psittaci supposedly originating from a household cat with similar symptoms. The diagnosis was based on clinical symptoms, the appearance of Chlamydia-psittaci-specific IgM in the patient and the cat, and excluded other pathogenic agents. Chlamydiae organisms could not be isolated, probably due to prior antibiotic treatment. Two weeks of continuous treatment led to complete recovery of the patient and the cat. Other zoonotic infections of conjunctivitis in cats and keratoconjunctivitis in man caused by Chlamydia psittaci are mentioned.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: comparison of infection, signs of disease and weight gain in vaccinated versus nonvaccinated purebred Hereford heifer calves.

To determine whether the carrier state of Moraxella bovis could be prevented under natural conditions of exposure by vaccination, purebred Hereford calves were vaccinated twice; once in June 1982, and again in September 1982. Eyes of calves were examined for signs of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) and cultured for M. bovis in June 1982, September 1982, January 1983 and June 1983. When calves were compared on the basis of selection lines (four genetic groups), there were significant (P less than 0.05) differences in the percentages of infection, disease and weight gain between selection line calves, regardless of their vaccination status. Results suggest that vaccination, in conjunction with clinical infectious, bovine keratoconjunctivitis, reduces the carrier state of M. bovis in the herd but the immunity lasted less than 9 months. The disproportionate representation of the most genetically resistant calves among nonvaccinated calves probably accounted for the equivocal results between vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Immunological aspects of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis.

Three patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) were treated by conjunctival resection. The results of immunological studies and histological examination of the excised tissue were unremarkable; none of seven criteria of antibody dependence were met. We found no specific immune defects in three patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca caused by denervation of lacrimal gland (author's transl)].

An irreversible, unilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca developed in a healthy 16-year-old female patient due to traumatic denervation of the lacrimal gland after oto-basal skull fracture with reversible complete peripheral facial paralysis, the corneal sensitivity remaining normal. This observation and other reports on keratoconjunctivitis sicca caused by isolated lacrimal gland insufficiency indicate the physiological importance of the main lacrimal gland as indispensable part of the secretory tear system.

Child↗

PubMed1979

[Experience in therapy and prophylaxis of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (author's transl)].

101 patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis were treated with different eye drops: cortisone, antibiotics and P.V.P.-Iodine. The treatment of 19 patients with P.V.P.-Iodine showed that inflammatory symptoms disappeared rapidly; corneal complications however such as superficial keratitis could not be prevented. After the outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, severe hygienic measures had been taken at the eye-clinic. On account of the hygienic prophylactic measures further infections could be prevented at the clinic almost completely.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1982

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with sulfonamide therapy in dogs.

During a 4-year period, keratoconjunctivitis sicca developed in 14 dogs treated with sulfonamides (13, sulfasalazine; 1, sulfadiazine and trimethoprim). Diagnosis was made in 3 dogs by clinical signs and in 11 by evaluation of the Schirmer tear test. Management of the problem included discontinuance of the sulfonamide, then use of ophthalmic preparations topically and antibiotics systemically. Pilocarpine was administered orally and topically to 11 dogs, with variable success. Lacrimation remained inadequate in 10 dogs and returned to normal in 3. One dog was lost to follow-up. Parotid salivary duct transpositions were performed in 3 dogs (in 2 successfully) with severe, unresponsive keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Clinical and epidemiological features of adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis.

The pattern of adenovirus infection of the eye in the Bristol area has been considered over a period of 9 years. During this time three outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis, caused in turn by serotypes 8, 10/19, and 4, were observed. When adenoviruses are subdivided into three groups, based on their haemagglutination properties, it is evident that those serotypes responsible for epidemic keratoconjunctivitis belong to Group II. Ocular infection by serotypes in Groups I and III usually results in a follicular conjunctivitis, with or without upper respiratory tract infection, and with markedly less corneal involvement.

Adenoviridae↗