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PubMed1987

The release of insoluble antibiotics from collagen ocular inserts in vitro and their insertion into the conjunctival sac of cattle.

The release rate of procaine penicillin, erythromycin and erythromycin estolate from soluble and insoluble collagen films was investigated in vitro to develop an ocular insert for the treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The release rate and duration of release varied according to the selection of antibiotic and vehicle. The combination of erythromycin estolate and soluble collagen produced the most sustained drug-delivery system. However, due to the inappropriate physical properties of collagen and poor retention of ocular inserts, it was considered that the development of an antibiotic-impregnated collagen ocular insert requires further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Cloning and sequencing of a Moraxella bovis pilin gene.

Moraxella bovis pili have been shown to play a major role in both infectivity and protective immunity of bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis. Sonicated M. bovis DNA from the piliated strain EPP63 was inserted into the vector lambda gt11 with EcoRI linkers. Recombinant phage were screened with an oligonucleotide probe based on the amino-terminal portion of the DNA sequence of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae pilin gene. Two candidate phages produced a protein that comigrated with EPP63 beta pilin in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and bound anti-pilus antisera. The 1.9-kilobase insert from one of these, lambda gt11M182, was subcloned in both orientations into pBR322, forming the plasmids pMxB7 and pMxB9, both of which produced beta pilin, as did pMxB12, a HindIII deletion derivative of pMxB7. In HB101(pMxB12), the M. bovis pilin protein was shown to be primarily localized in the inner membrane. The entire 939-base-pair insert of pMxB12 was sequenced, revealing a ribosome binding site just upstream of the coding region and an AT-rich region further upstream containing some potential RNA polymerase recognition sites. The translation of the sequence predicts a six-amino-acid leader sequence preceding the phenylalanine that begins the mature protein. Codon usage analysis of the M. bovis beta pilin gene revealed greater use of the CUA codon for leucine than usual for a well-expressed Escherichia coli gene. Comparisons of the M. bovis EPP63 beta pilin protein sequence with other pilin gene sequences are presented.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Effects of Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis culture filtrates on bovine erythrocytes, peripheral mononuclear cells, and corneal epithelial cells.

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a highly contagious ocular disease that affects cattle of all ages and that occurs worldwide. Piliated hemolytic Moraxella bovis is recognized as the etiologic agent of IBK. According to data from the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, however, Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis has been isolated with increasing frequency from cattle affected with IBK. The objective of this study was, therefore, to examine M. ovis field isolates for the presence of the putative virulence factors of M. bovis. Culture filtrates from selected M. ovis field isolates demonstrated hemolytic activity on bovine erythrocytes and cytotoxic activity on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and corneal epithelial cells. The hemolytic activity of the culture filtrates was attenuated after heat treatment. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the M. bovis hemolysin-cytotoxin also recognized a protein of approximately 98 kDa in a Western blot assay. These data indicate that the M. ovis field isolates examined produce one or more heat-labile exotoxins and may suggest that M. ovis plays a role in the pathogenesis of IBK.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Stratospheric ozone depletion and animal health.

There is an increasing concern over ozone depletion and its effects on the environment and human health. However, the increase in ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) that would result from significant losses of ozone is also potentially harmful to animals. Any increase in disease in domestic species would not only have serious animal welfare implications but may also be economically important. The diseases which are likely to increase if ozone depletion continues include the squamous cell carcinomas of the exposed, non-pigmented areas of cats, cattle, sheep and horses. Uberreiter's syndrome in dogs is also associated with exposure to UV-B and may be expected to increase, as may the severity of conditions such as infectious keratoconjunctivitis (New Forest eye) in cattle. Aquaculture systems in which fish often have little or no protection by shading may also be at risk. Cataracts and skin lesions have been associated with the exposure of farmed fish to ultraviolet radiation and have resulted in significant losses.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Diagnosis of a mixed mycoplasma infection associated with a severe outbreak of bovine pinkeye in young calves.

Mycoplasma bovoculi and Mycoplasma bovis were both isolated from conjunctival swabs taken from young calves showing symptoms consistent with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye). No Moraxella spp. or other nonmycoplasma bacteria were isolated in association with this severe clinical outbreak. Based on laboratory tests and clinical observations, the first phase of the disease was likely pneumonic in nature, possibly caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus and M. bovis. In the subsequent phase of the disease course, infection with both M. bovoculi and M. bovis resulted in ocular disease. A combination of microbiological, serological, and molecular diagnosticmethods was used to elucidate the etiology of the outbreak.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Detection of lysozyme in llama, sheep, and cattle tears.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the tears of llamas, sheep, and cattle contain lysozyme and compare lysozyme concentrations in tears among these species. ANIMALS: 40 llamas, 5 sheep, and 36 cattle. PROCEDURE: Electrophoresis, western blot immunoassay for lysozyme, a spectrophotometric assay to detect tear lysozyme by its ability to lyse a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeiticus, and a microtiter plate colorometric assay were performed. RESULTS: A 13.6-kd protein band was detected by use of electrophoresis and western blot immunoassay in llama and sheep tears but not cattle tears. Results of spectrophotometric assay suggested that llama and sheep tears had high concentrations of lysozyme, whereas cattle tears had low concentrations. Results of the microtiter plate colorometric assay suggested that llama tears had high concentrations of lysozyme, whereas concentrations in sheep and cattle tears were lower. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lysozyme concentrations in tears may vary among species and this variability may contribute to differing susceptibilities to ocular diseases such as infectious keratoconjunctivitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Annual disease incidence in Colorado cow-calf herds participating in rounds 2 and 3 of the National Animal Health Monitoring System from 1986 to 1988.

Thirty-nine and 47 randomly selected Colorado cow-calf operations participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) during rounds 2 (October 1986 to September 1987) and 3 (October 1987 to September 1988), respectively. Data on the incidence of disease conditions within each herd were collected by federal and state Veterinary Medical Officers and university veterinarians through monthly visits to the ranches. Annual disease incidence for disease classes and the most frequently reported individual disease conditions were determined and expressed on a per 100 cow basis. The mean annual disease incidences for all diseases in these herds were 48.8 and 47.7 new cases per 100 cows for rounds 2 and 3, respectively. The ranges for herd annual disease incidence were wide in both study years. The enteric disease class had the highest mean annual disease incidence in both years of the study, and this was primarily because of diarrhea of unknown cause in calves. Diarrhea of unknown cause accounted for approximately 25% of all new disease cases in both rounds of the study. The mean annual disease incidences were not different for any disease class between the two rounds. The data indicate that, on the average, diarrhea of unknown cause, pneumonia, dystocia, foot rot (interdigital necrobacillosis), pinkeye (infectious keratoconjunctivitis), respiratory tract infection, death of unknown cause, and nonpregnancy had the highest incidences in these Colorado beef herds during the study period. However, because of the wide variation of the predominant disease problems between herds, a herd's disease history as well as the common disease problems in the geographic area of a herd must be considered in designing a herd health program.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Characterisation and quantitation of pilus antigens of Moraxella bovis by ELISA.

Hyperimmune serums raised in rabbits to purified pili from 9 Australian and 2 American strains of Moraxella bovis from infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) affected herds were used to study the degree of binding between combinations of antigen and antiserum in a conventional enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With the aid of appropriate absorption tests major antigenic differences among pili were found permitting 6 distinct serogroups to be recognised. Further, production of specific antiserums to representative strains of each serogroup in goats facilitated the development of a double antibody sandwich ELISA which could be used to quantitate pilus expression of a given strain of M. bovis, or to differentiate pilus serogroups of 22 strains of M. bovis obtained from a total of 12 Australian herds. Most isolates were found to belong to serogroups designated IV and V. One strain from the United States of America showed total homology with Australian serogroup IV while the other showed some cross-reactivity with serogroups V and VI.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Moraxella bovis hemagglutinins: effect of carbohydrates, heating and erythrocytes.

Several properties of the adhesins of eight isolates of Moraxella bovis recovered from cattle suffering from infectious keratoconjunctivitis, were studied. Adhesions were detected through autoagglutination in saline and hemagglutination. Autoagglutinating strains agglutinated red blood cells of the chicken, rabbit, sheep and swine, but not those of the guinea pig. The adhesins were not inhibited by D-mannose or D-galactose and resisted heating at 100 degrees C for 15 minutes. Magnesium chloride at a final concentration of 10% inhibited autoagglutination and hemagglutination. The value of the hemagglutination test for monitoring synthesis of fimbriae by M. bovis, is discussed.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed1978

[Veterinary herd management programme on a beef bull farm (author's transl)].

A report on herd management advice on a beef bull farm by a multidisciplinary committee over a three-year period. Eight groups, each consisting of approximately ninety-six bulls (781), were fattened and delivered. Fattening of the calves was started at the age of one week and they were delivered at the age of seventy weeks. For the first ten weeks, they were individually housed in rearing pens, then they were kept in groups of eight in housings with slatted floors. Studies were done to see whether waste matter of the potato-processing industry could be turned into useful material in this manner. This was found to be the case, provided sufficient attention was paid to the other constituents of the ration. Veterinary problems consisted in diseases of newborn animals, indigestion accompanied by tympanites, respiratory diseases, foul in the foot and injuries. Minor problems were lice, loss of cuds, infectious keratoconjunctivitis, trichophytosis, urinary calculi, cysticercosis, cerebrocortical necrosis and abscesses in organs. The total proportion of deaths and rejects was 7.8 per cent, 2.6 per being due to mortality. A classification by cause and age was established. Moreover, the relationship between differences in growth and particular forms of disease was studied. This relationships could be shown to be present in some cases but there also were marked differences which could not be accounted for on the basis of patient administration. On the whole, the state of health was highly satisfactory.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

Infection rates, disease frequency, pilin gene rearrangement, and pilin expression in calves inoculated with Moraxella bovis pilin-specific isogenic variants.

Pili have been implicated as virulence factors that result in increased infectivity of Moraxella bovis, the causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Healthy calves' eyes were inoculated with I- or Q-piliate or nonpiliate M bovis Epp63 to compare the pathogenicity of these isogenic variants. Pathogenicity was determined by the rate of persistent M bovis infection and the prevalence of clinical IBK. Inoculation with M bovis expressing the Q pili resulted in the highest frequency of infection and IBK, whereas I-piliate M bovis elicited a lower rate and nonpiliate M bovis did not result in infection. In vivo pilin gene rearrangement and pilin-type switching were evaluated by DNA hybridization and immunoblot. Gene rearrangement and type switching varied dependently, and were observed only in eyes inoculated with Q-piliate M bovis. This study suggests that Q pili are specific for colonization of bovine corneal epithelium, whereas I pili enable maintenance of an established infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Identification of bovine carriers of Moraxella bovis by comparative cultural examinations of ocular and nasal secretions.

The carrier state of Moraxella bovis was investigated, using bacteriologic examinations of ocular and nasal secretions from cattle under experimental and natural conditions of exposure and management. Moraxella bovis was isolated throughout the year from the ocular and nasal secretions of cattle naturally affected with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. There was also 1 case of nasal transmission of M bovis without isolation of M bovis from ocular secretions and 1 case of M bovis isolation from the vagina of a calf contracted by contact with a calf affected with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The frequency of isolations and duration of infections, as determined by examination of ocular and nasal secretions, indicated that these secretions were comparable in the identification of M bovis carriers. The increased cultural isolations of M bovis from nasal secretions after shipment relative to the number of isolations before shipment indicated that shipment may serve as a stress factor causing an increase in the number of carriers.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Bilateral infectious ulcers associated with atopic keratoconjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: A case of atopic keratoconjunctivitis complicated by bilateral infectious ulcers is described. METHODS: Both eyes underwent complete ophthalmologic examination and in vivo confocal microscopy imaging by using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II Rostock-cornea-module (HRT II-RCM) and were photographed. RESULTS: Topical antibiotics and corticosteroids associated with oral antibiotics and corticosteroids were given. After 4 weeks of treatment, the corneal lesions healed completely. CONCLUSION: Bilateral infectious ulcers with perforation are a rare and severe complication of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. HRT II-RCM in vivo confocal microscopy imaging is useful in monitoring the progression of ocular surface diseases.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1994

Estimation of fimbrial vaccine effectiveness in protection against keratoconjunctivitis infectiosa in calves considering different routes of introducing vaccine antigene.

Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is one of diseases of a very complex etiology constituting a serious epizootiologic and economic problem in cattle raising on a large scale. The primary and most pathogenic etiological factor is Gram negative Moraxella bovis bacteria. The present work was undertaken to compare the efficiency of different systems of vaccination and determine their influence on forming the profile of different types of immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy of tulathromycin for treatment of cattle with acute ocular Moraxella bovis infections.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a single injection of tulathromycin, compared with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution-treated control calves, for treatment of induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in calves. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 30 Holstein bull calves ranging from 5 to 6 months old and 75 to 200 kg (165 to 440 lb) with no history of Moraxella bovis infections, no history of M bovis vaccination, and negative results for M bovis on 3 consecutive ocular bacterial cultures. PROCEDURES: Both eyes of each calf were infected with 1 X 10(10) colony-forming units of piliated M bovis for 3 consecutive days prior to the trial. On day 0, ocular lesion scores were determined for each calf and the calves were weighed and assigned to a treatment (2.5 mg/kg [1.14 mg/lb] of body weight, SC) or control group according to a stratified random allocation based on weight and lesion score. Eyes were stained with fluorescein and photographed daily to record healing. Eyes were evaluated bacteriologically for M bovis on days 0 to 6 and at 3-day intervals thereafter. RESULTS: Median time to ulcer resolution in calves treated with tulathromycin was 9.1 days. More than 50% of control calves still had ulcers at the end of the trial (21 days). Moraxella sp was isolated less often from the eyes of treated calves than from the control calves. By day 10, the treated calves had lower ocular lesion scores than control calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A single dose of tulathromycin (SC) was an effective treatment of calves with experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The long serum half-life of tulathromycin, along with the results of this trial, suggests that tulathromycin may be a rational choice as a single-injection treatment for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Exposure of bovine cornea to different strains of Moraxella bovis and to other bacterial species in vitro.

A collection of strains of Moraxella bovis, some pathogenic and some non-pathogenic in cattle, together with other M. bovis preparations, Neisseria ovis, Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella non-liquefaciens were studied by scanning electron microscopy for their affinity to bovine corneal preparations in vitro. The in vitro procedure provides a convenient method for studies on host-pathogen interactions at the early stage of pathogenesis. The results corresponded well with the pathogenicity of the respective strains and species in cattle. It is considered that the pathogenicity of M. bovis is associated with at least two factors, piliation and the ability to produce pit-like depressions in corneal epithelial cells. The other bacterial species, which are not thought to play an important role in infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, had the ability to adhere to the bovine cornea but did not produce pits. The pitting factor of M. bovis is of interest in relation to studies on vaccination against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Genotypic, phenotypic, and biological characteristics of Moraxella bovis.

Several isolates of Moraxella bovis obtained from cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis killed monocytes and macrophages in vitro and carried 3 to 5 plasmids. Cloned and noncloned M bovis isolates readily induced the disease, killed the phagocytes in vitro, and carried 3 plasmids. Moraxella bovis isolates of low in vivo virulence carried 5 plasmids and did not kill phagocytes to the extent that isolates with 3 plasmids did. The possible implications of these findings in the pathogenesis of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis are discussed. Also, a classification of M bovis colonies into rough or smooth varieties according to their staining characteristics with crystal violet is suggested.

Animals↗