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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Lymphatic vessels in the capsule of the lymph node].

By means of the injection method the lymphatic vessels, running to the lymph nodes of various localization, have been studied. Their architectonics in the lymph node capsule is revealed. In the capsule the afferent vessels make peculiar broom-like formations. They are named terminal arborizations of afferent lymphatic vessels (TAALV). Two types of such arborizations are described: palm-like, peculiar for the somatic type of the lymph nodes, and tree-like, specific for visceral nodes. The TAALV diameter is 15-20 mcm. They come across the nodal capsule, penetrating it obliquely with numerous holes. In the TAALV wall myocytes are revealed. Together with the capsule muscular elements they might play a role of the most important factors in the mechanism of lymph circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of the Chinese herbal medicines Bupleuri radix, Ginseng radix, and Zingiberis rhizoma on lymphatic vessel activity in rats.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the Chinese herbal medicines Bupleuri radix, Ginseng radix and Zingiberis rhizoma on spontaneous lymphatic vessel activity. The effect of each herbal medicine on in vivo lymphatic flow was examined by injection of dye into the femoral regions of rats after feeding with the herbal medicines. In an in vitro study, spontaneous changes in diameter of the rat thoracic duct were monitored, and each segment was exposed to each herbal medicine. In the in vivo study, 100% of the right iliac lymphatic node were positively stained in the herbal medicine group, whereas only 40% of the node were positively stained in the control group. In the in vitro study, Bupleuri radix and Ginseng radix increased the amplitude of spontaneous activity of lymphatic vessels in a concentration-dependent manner with or without L-NAME, an NO synthase inhibitor. The results indicated that the herbal medicines Bupleuri radix and Ginseng radix activated spontaneous lymphatic vasomotion and lymph flow, and the mechanisms of this effect seem to be independent of endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The lymphatic vessels of the lung: morphological study.

The authors studied the anatomical structures of the pulmonary lymphatic vessels in the dog and in man using injection techniques and macro- and microangiographic and histological methods. The results show that injection in the basal lobes is easier than in the apical lobes. The dog, an animal with a thin pleura, has a very dense superficial lymphatic network, like man. The superficial and the deep lymphatic vessels are connected through the pleural septa.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Concentrating ability of lymphatic vessels.

The fluid from implanted capsules was analyzed for plasma proteins and compared with fluid sampled from small lymphatics which drained the region of the implanted capsules. The plasma protein concentration of capsular and lymphatic fluids were not found to be statistically different, for capsules implanted for greater than one month. Capsules implanted for less than one month demonstrate a much higher total protein than lymphatic fluid. This difference is thought to be due to several factors: (1) length of time that capsule has been implanted, (2) inflammation surrounding capsule, (3) time lag between sampling of lymphatic and tissue fluids. If capsules were used that had been implanted for greater than 1-1/2 months, then capsular and lymphatic fluids are not statistically different. A model is presented which predicts that the small initial lymphatics could or could not concentrate plasma proteins depending on the fate of the leaked fluid. The concentrating ability of the initial lymphatics will depend on whether or not the fluid leaked from the initial lymphatic is large relative to the surrounding volume, the time course of protein diffusion to the vicinity of the lymphatic and the rate of fluid removal from the space immediately surrounding the lymphatic. While there is a distinct possibility, since the forces exist, for a concentrating mechanism in larger lymphatic vessels, the data from implanted capsules indicate that we can assume that lymphatic vessels, especially in the subcutaneous region, contain plasma protein concentrations that are fairly representative of the tissue fluids of that region.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Extra-organic lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the kidneys in dogs].

An anatomical investigation of extraorganic lymphatic vessels and regional renal lymph nodes has been performed in 70 dogs. The regional lymph nodes in the right kidney are stated to be quantitatively constant, as well as cranial and caudal lateroaortal lymph nodes in the left kidney in regard to the middle left lateroaortal nodes, that get lymph from the left kidney parenchyma. One middle left lateroaortal lymph node is found in 47 animals examined, two lymph nodes--in 17 animals. In 6 cases a lymphatic vessel, that gets lymph from the renal parenchyma and independently runs into the cistern of the thoracic duct is found for the first time. The variant revealed is an exception from the rule known in lymphology: lymph in its way from periphery to the central collector runs, at least, through one lymph node.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Localisation of lymphatic vessels and vascular endothelial growth factors-C and -D in human and mouse skeletal muscle with immunohistochemistry.

The present study was aimed to localise lymphatic vessels and their growth factors in human and mouse skeletal muscle with immunohistochemistry and specific antibodies (VEGFR-3, LYVE-1, VEGF-C and VEGF-D). The largest lymphatic vessels were found in perimysial connective tissue next to the arteries and veins, as has been shown earlier with electron microscopy. As a new finding, we also found small LYVE-1 positive vessels in the capillary bed between muscle fibres. These vessels were located next to CD31 positive blood capillaries and were of the same size, but fewer in number. In addition, we described the localisation of the two main lymphangiogenic growth factor proteins, vascular endothelial growth factor-C and -D. Both proteins were expressed in skeletal muscle at mRNA and protein levels. VEGF-D was located under the sarcolemma in some of the muscle fibres, in the endothelia of larger blood vessels and in fibroblasts. VEGF-C protein was localised to the nerves and muscle spindles, to fibroblasts and surrounding connective tissue, but was not found in muscle fibres or endothelial cells. Our results are the first to suggest the presence of lymphatic capillaries throughout the skeletal muscle, and to present the localisation of VEGF-C and -D in the muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Changes in kidney tissue elements after ligation of the lymphatic vessels. Role of disorders of lymph outflow after kidney transplantation].

The effect of sectioning the nephric lymphatic vessels on the functional morphology of its tissue elements has been studied in 125 dogs, providing that the other kidney, is preserved, as well as after contralateral nephrectomy and at autotransplantation. It has been stated that on the first postoperative days, in consequence of lymphostasis, protein resorption from the interstitial connective tissue is impeded. This results in stromal edema and in disturbed liquor transport performed by nephrocytes of the convoluted tubules. Protein retention in the interstilial connective tissue, despite the fact that lymph drainage is restored, produces formation of a slightly expressed diffuse nephric sclerosis with increasing number of collagenous fibrils, thickened basal membranes and accumulation of glycoproteids in them. Sectioning the nephric lymph vessels delays the development of compensatory hypertrophy signs in the nephric cellular elements. Nevertheless, as microcirculatory disturbances subside, hypertrophy and hyperplasy of cells and intracellular structures develop. Comparing dynamics of morphological changes in the autotransplanted kidney with that of a single kidney when its lymphatic vessels are cut, it is possible to conclude that it is the disorder in lymph drainage that causes a slight diffuse sclerosis in the transplanted kidney.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

[Ionic mechanisms of the electrical activity of the smooth-muscle cells of the lymphatic vessels].

APs of smooth muscles of isolated lymphatic vessels were recorded by means of the single sucrose-gap method. Plateau APs with sharp spikes on the plateau were recorded in Krebs' solution. Low-sodium solutions led to discontinuation of the plateau phase whereas calcium-free solution eliminated the sharp spikes. Increase of the intravascular pressure during the action of D-600 blocking agent activated the electrical activity which suggests that smooth muscle cells have channels of mechanical sensitivity. Intracellular Ca2+ seems to participate in the contractile mechanism.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

Beta-adrenoceptor-mediated facilitation of [3H]-noradrenaline release from the intramural nerves of bovine mesenteric lymphatic vessels.

1. Isolated segments of bovine mesenteric lymphatic vessels were loaded with [3H]-noradrenaline and its efflux in response to field stimulation at 2 Hz (0.3 ms pulses, 1 min train) examined. 2. Isoprenaline (10(-6) M) increased evoked fractional 3H efflux (3H released as a percentage of total tissue 3H at the onset of stimulation) from its control value of 0.67 +/- 0.09 to 1.2 +/- 0.18% (s.e.mean; n = 5). 3. Propranolol (10(-6) M) alone had no effect on evoked fractional 3H efflux but blocked the increase in transmitter overflow induced by isoprenaline (10(-6) M). 4. In the presence of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine (10(-6) M) the facilitatory effect of isoprenaline (10(-6) M) on transmitter efflux was enhanced. In 5 experiments isoprenaline increased evoked fractional 3H efflux from its control value of 1.07 +/- 0.17 to 2.5 +/- 0.37% when phentolamine was present. 5. Adrenaline (10(-8) M) increased evoked fractional 3H efflux from its control value of 0.76 +/- 0.09 to 1.13 +/- 0.17% (n = 7). 6. These findings are consistent with the presence of presynaptic beta-adrenoceptors in this preparation. There is no evidence that these receptors play any role in feedback regulation of transmitter release.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

High lymphatic vessel density correlates with overexpression of VEGF-C in gastric cancer.

Lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors in malignant tumors. In this study, we investigated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C expression in human gastric cancer using immunohistochemical techniques and determined the number of microvessels in peritumoral tissue. VEGF-C expression was positive in 22 of 79 cases (27.8%), and correlated with the presence of lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis. We confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that VEGF-C mRNA expression is observed more commonly in cancer tissues than normal tissues. For 59 gastric tumors, we examined lymphatic vessel density (LVD) using the specific lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor (LYVE) -1 antibody. VEGF-C expression was observed in 10 of 25 cases (40%) that exhibited a high LVD. Furthermore, high LVD exhibited a significant correlation with VEGF-C expression. Our findings suggest that VEGF-C plays a pivotal role for lymphangiogenesis and tumor growth in gastric cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

An inflammation-induced mechanism for leukocyte transmigration across lymphatic vessel endothelium.

The exit of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes from inflamed skin to afferent lymph is vital for the initiation and maintenance of dermal immune responses. How such an exit is achieved and how cells transmigrate the distinct endothelium of lymphatic vessels are unknown. We show that inflammatory cytokines trigger activation of dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), leading to expression of the key leukocyte adhesion receptors intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin, as well as a discrete panel of chemokines and other potential regulators of leukocyte transmigration. Furthermore, we show that both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are induced in the dermal lymphatic vessels of mice exposed to skin contact hypersensitivity where they mediate lymph node trafficking of dendritic cells (DCs) via afferent lymphatics. Lastly, we show that tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates both DC adhesion and transmigration of dermal LEC monolayers in vitro and that the process is efficiently inhibited by ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 adhesion-blocking monoclonal antibodies. These results reveal a CAM-mediated mechanism for recruiting leukocytes to the lymph nodes in inflammation and highlight the process of lymphatic transmigration as a potential new target for antiinflammatory therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Methods of the demonstration of the lymphatic vessels].

The methodological tools for the study of the lymphatic vascular system are reviewed. The use of intraparenchymal and retrograde injection techniques often results in poorly reliable specimens, whereas direct injections allow an accurate topographical study of superficial and deep lymphatic vessels. The results obtained by the following methods are discussed: 1) Gerota's method (modified by Ottaviani, 1954) which can be carried out by glass needles and syringes and a mass of Prussian blue; 2) polymers injection as Geon, Rhodopas AX, "Mercox" methyl-methacrylate and Neoprene 842 A. Especially the last yields three-dimensional casts which are matchless in elegance and definition of the relationship between lymphatic and blood vessels; 3) three-dimensional models from serial ultrathin sections, which represent a fundamental tool in order to go through the processes of transendothelial transport; 4) in vivo cinematography documents the lymph pulsed flow, the contractile activity of superficial lymphatic collectors and the play of their valves.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Three dimensional architecture of lymphatic vessels in the tongue.

We have three-dimensionally reconstructed the lymphatic architecture of the rabbit tongue using a computer graphic three-dimensional reconstruction method together with histochemically stained serial cryo-sections. Three collecting lymphatic vessels lying in an anteroposterior orientation were identified in the tongue body. A superior longitudinal muscle accompanying collecting lymphatic (SLCL) that lies in the border between superior longitudinal muscle and transverse muscle was identified in this study, in addition to collecting lymphatics in the lingual septum (LSCL) and deep lingual artery accompanying collecting lymphatics (DLCL) that we reported previously. The vertical muscle accompanying collecting lymphatics (VCL) and the transverse muscle accompanying collecting lymphatics (TCL) were also identified as collecting lymphatics that joined the above three collecting lymphatics. Specific regional lymph flow was identified for each collecting lymphatic. A transverse right/left cross flow was identified for the LSCL, while the SLCL served the upper 1/3 of the tongue and the DLCL served the lower 2/3 of the tongue. Each collecting lymphatic that accompanied the internal lingual muscles joined to the SLCL, DLCL and LSCL, and were derived from blind-ended lymphatic capillaries that ran in the endomysium. Internal lingual muscle accompanying collecting lymphatics joined each other in the endomysium, and their blind-ended lymphatic capillaries had no branches.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Sentinel lymph node metastasis in experimental melanoma: relationships among primary tumor size, lymphatic vessel diameter and 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin clearance.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate the relationships among primary tumor size, lymphatic vessel diameters, the incidence of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis and lymphatic clearance from murine footpad melanomas. METHODS: Lymphatic clearance (LC) of [99mTc]HSA from the middle of the footpad of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, with or without primary melanomas (sizes varying from 1 to 5 mm in anteroposterior diameter), was quantitated using a gamma scintillation detection system. Lymphatic vessel diameters (LD) were measured after injection of aniline blue dye into footpad tumors. The incidence of SLN, femoral lymph node (FLN), and lung metastases was recorded. RESULTS: Metastasis to SLNs increased as tumor growth progressed (r = 0.976, p = 0.001), and there was a correlation between tumor size and both FLN (p = 0.041) and lung (p = 0.055) metastases. There was also a correlation between lymph node metastasis and LC (r = 0.83, p = 0.04) and LD (r = 0.84, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: These studies support the hypothesis that lymph flow and LD is increased in experimental murine melanomas and this relates to both primary tumor size and to lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1996

The distribution and architecture of lymphatic vessels in the rat stomach as revealed by an enzyme-histochemical method.

Enzyme-histochemical methods of staining for 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) were successfully applied to study the distribution and architecture of lymphatic vessels and their relationships to blood vessels in the rat stomach. Extensively lymphatic capillary networks were found in the gastric wall, but there were significant differences in their extent, pattern, distribution and structure in the four different zones: esophagus-stomach (E-S), forestomach-corpus (F-C), corpus-antrum (C-A) and antrum-duodenum (A-D). 5'-Nase-ALPase double staining revealed that the 5'-Nase-positive lymphatic vessels run in close proximity to ALPase-positive arteries and veins. The fine blood capillary network was located superficially to the lymphatic network within the same layer in the gastric wall. The abundant lymphatic network located in the deep lamina propria and the lamina muscularis mucosa was always closely associated with the base of the lowest gastric glands, and yet no interglandular lymphatic capillaries were encountered in the corpus or antrum. In contrast, fewer lymphatic capillaries were present in the lamina propria beneath the squamous epithelium of the forestomach. The distribution of the well-developed lymphatic networks with valve-like structures in the submucosa and subserosa exhibited typical features, i.e., the distribution was annular in the submucosa and fan-shaped in the subserosa in the antrum near the duodenum. Open junctions of lymphatic endothelial cells were seen in the deep lamina propria and submucosa. Collecting lymphatics containing valves were mainly located deep in the submucosa and subserosa. The deep lamina propria and submucosa may play a key role in lymph formation and interstitial tissue fluid homeostasis as well as in pathological processes in certain diseases. The present findings obtained by interstitially injecting ultra-fine carbon particle suspensions or Evans blue showed that a great deal of lymph drained into the lymphatics accompanying the left gastric artery. The existence of a forestomach may explain the complicated organization and constitution of lymphatic networks in the rat stomach.

Animals↗