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PubMed2001

Drug use and life style among college undergraduates: a 30-year longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined trends in the prevalence of substance use and its relationship to attributes of life style among college students over a 30-year period. METHOD: They distributed anonymous questionnaires to 796 seniors at a large New England college in 1999, using methods essentially identical to those of their previous studies at the same college in 1969, 1978, and 1989. RESULTS: Most forms of drug use rose to a peak in 1978 then fell over the next 21 years, except for use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"). On several variables, college substance users differed more sharply from nonusers in 1999 than in previous decades. CONCLUSIONS: Although the study was limited to students at a single institution, its findings suggest that college drug use is generally declining and that users have increasingly diverged from nonusers in their values and life style.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2001

Relative influence of age, resting heart rate and sedentary life style in short-term analysis of heart rate variability.

In order to assess the relative influence of age, resting heart rate (HR) and sedentary life style, heart rate variability (HRV) was studied in two different groups. The young group (YG) consisted of 9 sedentary subjects aged 15 to 20 years (YG-S) and of 9 nonsedentary volunteers (YG-NS) also aged 15 to 20. The elderly sedentary group (ESG) consisted of 16 sedentary subjects aged 39 to 82 years. HRV was assessed using a short-term procedure (5 min). R-R variability was calculated in the time-domain by means of the root mean square successive differences. Frequency-domain HRV was evaluated by power spectrum analysis considering high frequency and low frequency bands. In the YG the effort tolerance was ranked in a bicycle stress test. HR was similar for both groups while ESG showed a reduced HRV compared with YG. Within each group, HRV displayed a negative correlation with HR. Although YG-NS had better effort tolerance than YG-S, their HR and HRV were not significantly different. We conclude that HRV is reduced with increasing HR or age, regardless of life style. The results obtained in our short-term study agree with others of longer duration by showing that age and HR are the main determinants of HRV. Our results do not support the idea that changes in HRV are related to regular physical activity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Smoking, consumption of alcohol and sedentary life style in population grouping and their relationships with lipemic disorders.

The study, part of the project "Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, lipemic disorders, hypertension, obesity and diabetes mellitus in a population of the metropolitan area of the southeastern region of Brazil", had the following objectives: a) the characterization and distribution among typical human socio-economic groupings, of the prevalence of some particular habits which constitute aspects of life-style-the use of tobacco, the use of alcohol and sedentary activity; b) the establishment of the interrelation between the above-mentioned habits and some lipemic disorders. The prevalence of the habits cited behaved in the following manner: the use of tobacco predominated among men, distributed uniformly throughout the social strata; among the women the average percentage of smokers was 18.9%, a significant difference occurring among the highest socio-economic class, where the average was of 40.2%. The sedentary style of life presented high prevalence, among both men and women with exception of the women of the highest socio-economic level and of the skilled working class. The use of alcohol, as one would expect, is a habit basically practised by the men, without any statistically significant differences between classes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Healthy and unhealthy life styles of female brothel workers and call girls (private sex workers) in Sydney.

Two groups of female sex workers were compared with respect to their healthy or unhealthy life styles. Both 'call girls' (private sex workers) and brothel workers were infected with sexually transmitted diseases as often in their noncommercial sexual relations as in their work, smoking was a serious problem for both, and each group endured problems from clients specific to their work sites. However, overall, the call girls had healthier life styles, but were more vulnerable to pressures from clients for unsafe sex and to potential violence.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Life styles of men in barren couples and their relationship to sperm quality.

This study is based on a questionnaire which focused on the possible association between life-style factors and male fertility in a group of 252 men attending our laboratory in connection with a fertility investigation. Their answers were correlated to sperm quality. No association could be documented between sperm quality and smoking habits, coffee drinking, a moderate alcohol intake, exposure to heat (sauna, hot baths, type of underwear, sedentary activities), or physical activities in their leisure time. In contrast, the reported average ejaculation frequency was significantly positively correlated to the motility of the sperm (% progressive), and inversely related to the proportion of sperm with abnormal morphology and semen volume. This indicates that the life style of the subject has little if any impact on semen quality, at least within the limits recorded in the present study.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2004

[Life-style modification].

Diabetes education, nutritional advice, exercise recommendations and training for smoking cessation comprise the mainstay of diabetes treatment before starting drug therapy. Prevention as well as treatment of diabetes mellitus is positively influenced by life-style modification. In addition cardiovascular risk factors can be reduced by such measures. The article gives in brief recommendations leading towards life-style modification based on current evidence.

Diabetes Mellitus↗

PubMed1985

Reactions to life-style warnings: coffee and cancer.

A well-publicized report linking coffee to cancer of the pancreas provided an opportunity to examine how people react to life-style warnings. According to the concepts of cognitive dissonance and defensive avoidance, coffee drinkers might be expected to avoid this report or dispute its validity. Within the sample of 89 secretarial and clerical workers, coffee drinkers were found to be somewhat more likely than nondrinkers to be aware of and to recall the contents of the report. The more they drank, the more likely they were to have changed their coffee consumption in response to the new information. Coffee drinking had no effect on interest in receiving a copy of the original report nor were coffee drinkers more likely than nondrinkers to doubt the future confirmation of the reported coffee-cancer link. It was suggested that life-style warnings, particularly warnings about risks that are newly recognized, do not produce strong avoidance motivations. Several reasons for this lack of avoidance are discussed.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1996

Life style as a blood pressure determinant.

In Belgium, an affluent Western European country, participation in sports, alcohol intake, and living in a working class area were identified as the life style factors with the closest associations with the blood pressure level. Obesity was another important blood pressure correlate. Sodium intake, determined from the 24 h urinary output, and smoking were not associated with blood pressure. Controlled intervention studies have proven that weight reduction, endurance training and alcohol abstinence effectively reduce blood pressure. In the light of these intervention studies, the Belgian findings and the published work highlight the potential of preventive strategies aimed at these major life style factors.

Ethanol↗

PubMed1995

Serum intact parathyroid hormone in a random population sample of men and women: relationship to anthropometry, life-style factors, blood pressure, and vitamin D.

Intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) in serum was determined in a random population sample and was related to age, sex, body composition, life-style factors, blood pressure, blood lipids, plasma fibrinogen, and serum IGF-1, osteocalcin, and vitamin D. Within the framework of the WHO MONICA Project in the city of Göteborg, Sweden, 181 men and 166 women aged 25-64 years were studied. Intact PTH concentrations varied with age but were similar in both sexes (range 4-82 ng/liter) [mean (+/- SD) 23.8 +/- 10.4 ng/liter in men and 25.1 +/- 10.6 ng/liter in women]. Intact PTH concentrations increased with increasing age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and 1,25(OH)2D3 and decreased with increasing 25(OH)D3 in all subjects. Additionally, in men, intact PTH correlated positively to diastolic blood pressure and negatively to coffee consumption. In women, PTH also correlated negatively to smoking and IGF-1. In a multivariate analysis including all variables, age lost its significance. In both sexes there were independent positive relations between intact PTH and body mass index and 1,25(OH)2D3, and negative relations between PTH and smoking habits as well as 25(OH)D3; among men there was also negative relations between PTH and coffee consumption. The results indicate that life-style factors such as smoking and coffee consumption decrease the serum concentration of intact PTH, and the same effect is seen in individuals with low body mass index. Coffee intake, smoking, and low body mass index are also known to adversely affect bone mineral content, highlighting the relationship between PTH and bone metabolism.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Screening for alcoholism by life-style risk assessment in a community hospital.

In a community hospital, physicians identified with unusually high frequency (90%) the alcoholics they admitted to a medical-surgical service when life-style risk assessment was performed routinely. Identification rates were retrospectively evaluated based on chart documentation; 100 consecutive admissions receiving assessment interviews were compared with 100 consecutive admissions for a period 6 months later. During the screening period, plans addressing alcohol-related problems routinely appeared in the discharge summaries (71%), referral recommendations were frequently made for residential alcoholism treatment (52%), and intentions were stated to follow-up alcohol abuse problems in the office (43%). Decreases in these rates were observed when life-style risk assessment was not performed. Identification was made in 57% of patients; plans were stated concerning alcohol-related problems in 29%; residential referral was recommended in 5%; and office follow-up was arranged for 24%. The risk assessment program was economical and well received by the patients, the physician staff, and the hospital administration. No specialized program for physician education was utilized.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Epidemiologic perspectives on life-style modification and health promotion in cancer research.

The clinical, patient-oriented focus of medicine and psychology is contrasted with the epidemiologic (public health) approach in assessing the role of life-style factors and health promotion in cancer research. The unifying host-agent-environment epidemiologic paradigm is applied to contemporary cancer prevention issues, principally smoking cessation and dietary modification, to demonstrate differences in inferences, prevention strategies, and research opportunities. An integration of population-based approaches with the dynamics of patient behavior and risks for cancer is especially salient when considering the role of psychosocial stress and personal and social resources. The social epidemiologic perspective, the study of the psychosocial determinants of physical health status, offers one approach for resolving the outlined differences in perspectives and is particularly relevant for understanding the etiology of life-style behaviors and how they might be altered.

Epidemiologic Methods↗

PubMed2000

[ADL and actual life styles of all Japanese centenarians as determined by a visitation interview survey].

A visiting interview survey was performed on all centenarians living in Japan to investigate their Activities of Daily Life (ADL). 2,851 centenarians, 92.9% of all subjects completed the interview. They were divided into three groups, good ADL (almost independent in daily life), moderate ADL (almost independent in indoor life), and inferior ADL (bed fast) by the condition of ADL. Some factors of health conditions, family size, frequency of use of public welfare services, and life styles were compared among these three groups. Both the good and the moderate ADL groups accounted for about 20% each, and the inferior ADL group was about 60% of the subjects. The condition of ADL of men was better than that of women. The inferior ADL group showed a significantly higher percentage of chronic diseases. High ratios of cerebral vascular disease and dementia were seen in this group, and many had no teeth. While two thirds of all the centenarians lived at home, over 90% of the good ADL group lived at home. The mode of family size was three including the person oneself. An average of 21% of men and 27% of women used public health welfare services. However 40% of the centenarians in the inferior ADL group used those services. Men had better dietary habits for health than women. The good ADL group showed the most desirable dietary habits among the three groups and had the highest percentage of drinkers and smokers. Men practiced a greater number of ideal habits for longevity than women. Of the ADL groups, centenarians in the good ADL group had the highest percentage of ideal habits for longevity. The centenarians who maintained good ADL had the following characteristics: There were fewer people under medical treatment. They had maintained their own teeth. Almost all of them were living at their home with their family. They had continued good dietary habits and daily life for health and longevity. For the maintenance and improvement of ADL of centenarians, adequate social welfare support in a local area for centenarians and their family seemed to be vital in addition to health management and guidance of healthy life style of the aged.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1991

Diet and other life-style factors in high and low socio-economic groups (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System).

Insight into the occurrence of and the association between certain socio-economic variables and life-style characteristics is necessary for preventive nutrition and health policy. The prevalence of and the interdependencies among these variables were examined in 1930 men and 2204 women aged 19 to 85 who participated in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 1987-1988. Dietary data were based on a two-day record. The associations among discrete variables were analysed using log-linear models. Analysis of covariance was used to explore the effects of the aggregate socio-economic status (SES) on dietary intake and anthropometry, whereas differences in food intake and SES were assessed by the non-parametric test of Kruskal and Wallis. In comparison to subjects with a high SES in people with a low SES a higher proportion of smokers (48 vs 32 per cent) was observed, a higher prevalence of obesity (39 vs 28 per cent), a higher percentage of heavy coffee drinkers (greater than six cups per day, 23 vs 17 per cent), and more subjects who skipped breakfast (19 vs 11 per cent). In the highest SES class more subjects used nutritional supplements (18 vs 11 per cent), more subjects followed a dietary rule (five vs two per cent), such as a vegetarian diet, and a higher proportion used more than three alcoholic drinks per day (19 vs 15 per cent). A higher SES was associated with a lower fat intake, but the differences (expressed as per cent of energy intake) were rather small and even absent among women when the contribution of alcohol to energy was not taken into account. In general, dietary intake among subjects in higher SES groups tended to be closer to dietary recommendations. The results indicate that a lower SES is accompanied by a higher prevalence of several indicators of an unhealthy life-style.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The relation of lower urinary tract symptoms with life-style factors and objective measures of benign prostatic enlargement and obstruction: an Italian survey.

OBJECTIVES: The association between the severity of LUTS and prostate volume, prostate-related variables and general life-style factors was investigated in a large number of patients with persistent LUTS suggestive of BPH (LUTS/BPH). METHODS: Patients with LUTS/BPH aged between 50 and 80 years, were enrolled in this Italian, multicentre, observational study. The total, storage and voiding I-PSS and I-PSS-QoL index were collected, prostate volume and urodynamic variables measured. Multiple logistic regression equations were used to obtain the odds ratio (and 95% confidence interval) of moderate plus severe I-PSS (>7) versus mild I-PSS (< or =7, reference category), with allowance for age stratification, whenever indicated. RESULTS: In total, 802 patients were evaluated. The strongest association was found between the total I-PSS and the QoL. There was a slightly increased risk to suffer from more severe LUTS with increasing age. A significant increase risk of developing storage symptoms was found in older patient cohorts. Decrease of Q(max) values, increase of Abrams-Griffith number, serum PSA levels and prostate volume as judged by digital rectal examination were significantly associated to a higher risk of developing LUTS. No association was found between symptom severity and prostate volume or post-voiding residual, estimated by ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: No significant association between severity of LUTS and life-style factors was observed. An increased risk of developing LUTS was found in patients with lower maximum flow rate and in those with higher PSA values. The association between LUTS and prostate volume remains questionable.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Changes in life-style after liver transplantation.

Sixty-five pediatric patients who received liver transplants between May 1981 and May 1984 were observed for as many as 5 years and examined for changes in life-style. Children were less frequently hospitalized, spent less time hospitalized, required fewer medications, and generally had excellent liver and renal function after hepatic transplantation as compared with their pretransplantation status. Most children were in age-appropriate and standard school classes or were only 1 year behind. Cognitive abilities remained unchanged. Children improved in gross motor function and patients' behavior significantly improved according to parents' perceptions. Enuresis was more prevalent, however, than in the population of children who had not received liver transplants. Parental divorce rates were no greater than those reported for other families with chronically ill children. Overall, objective changes in life-style as well as parents' perceptions of behavior of children appear to be improved after liver transplantation.

Achievement↗

PubMed1997

[Life style and risk factors in patients with a first episode of acute myocardial infarct].

The prevention of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been related to the identification and control of risk factors (RF) present in the life style of the individuals. The aim of this study was to know the profile of patients with a first episode of AMI and to identify RF for this disease. Seventy eight in patients from the Coronary Care Unity of a University Hospital were interviewed. The results showed that the life style of the studied group includes habits that collaborate to coronary artery disease maintenance or progress. These results will help to elaborate an educational program aiming to prevent reinfarction and to promote health.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Health status and life style in elderly Japanese men with a long life expectancy.

The Japanese population in Hawaii has one of the longest life expectancies of any large population subgroup in the U.S. and the world. Cross-sectional data on 1,379 elderly, noninstitutionalized, male Japanese American survivors of a population-based cohort study indicated the most common health problems were hypertension (43%), arthritis (33%), diabetes (13%), and gout (9%). For cancer and hypertension there is a trend toward higher prevalence in older age groups. For coronary heart disease, stroke, and angina the oldest age group (75-81 years) has a higher prevalence than that seen in younger age groups. Other relatively common diseases such as diabetes, gout, peptic ulcer, and arthritis do not have higher prevalence in older age groups. Drugs reported to be used frequently by study participants were for hypertension, gout, CHD, and diabetes. The prevalence rates of major limitations of mobility and of living alone appear to be relatively low in this population. Less than one percent of the current population rate their health status as poor. The prevalence of normal serum cholesterol and smoking are similar to those seen in U.S. White males, while the rates of hypertension appear lower. Prevalence rates for stroke and heart attack also appear to be somewhat lower in these long-lived individuals than those seen in U.S. Whites.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1986

Life-style and organizational health insurance costs.

Most health professionals accept life-style as being causally related to morbidity and mortality, but many managers question this relationship, particularly in relation to corporate health care costs. This research compared responses from a lifestyle questionnaire (HealthScore), age, and organizational size, with Blue Cross/Blue Shield rates for eight work sites in Ohio. HealthScore was demonstrated to be the best predictor of health insurance rates. This relationship held for a secondary analysis involving Blue Shield rates adjusted for company size and coverage.

Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans↗