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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Metastases in small lymph nodes from colon cancer.

Lymph node metastases are important determinants in the prognosis of primary colorectal cancer. Although it has been established that enlarged, palpable lymph nodes contain metastases in less than half of the cases, no definitive data concerning the incidence of metastases in lymph nodes measuring 5 mm or less are available. We treated the surgical specimens of 52 consecutive patients who had colon cancer with a lymph node clearance technique at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo. We found 2699 lymph nodes in the 52 specimens, with a mean of 52 lymph nodes per specimen (range, five to 151). Sixty-four lymph nodes were found with metastases in 21 (40%) of the 52 patients. Fifty-nine of 64 of the lymph nodes were reexamined and remeasured. Thirty-nine lymph node metastases measured less than 5 mm, 13 were between 5 and 10 mm, and eight were larger than 10 mm. We concluded that lymph node metastases in colon cancer occur most frequently in lymph nodes measuring less than 5 mm (small lymph nodes). The use of lymph node clearing techniques in surgical specimens improves detection of small lymph node metastases and thereby diminishes understaging.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1984

Lymphocyte recognition of lymph node high endothelium. VI. Evidence of distinct structures mediating binding to high endothelial cells of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches.

Lymphocytes migrate from blood into lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's patches (PP) of rats specifically at segments of venules lined by high endothelium (HEV). We previously identified and isolated a lymphocyte surface component termed high endothelial binding factor (HEBF) that appears to be involved in lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial cells of LN. HEBF has also been isolated from thoracic duct lymph and is antigenically related to the cell surface component. Soluble HEBF derived from detergent lysates of thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) or directly from lymph has affinity for HEVLN in vitro, and is able to block sites where lymphocytes would normally attach. In the present study, lymphocyte binding sites of HEVLN and HEVPP were investigated through the use of lymph-derived HEBF and rabbit antibody to this factor. The results show that treatment of rat TDL with anti-HEBF Fab did not block binding to HEVPP, even though adhesion to HEVLN was reduced by 80% or more. Similarly, HEBF isolated by anti-HEBF F(ab')2 affinity chromatography blocked lymphocyte binding sites of HEVLN but not HEVPP. This material is therefore designated HEBFLN, and antibody to it is designated anti-HEBFLN Ig. Fractionation of thoracic duct lymph revealed that it contained an antigenically distinct component, HEBFPP, which blocked lymphocyte binding to HEVPP but not to HEVLN. Lymph components precipitating between 40 and 60% (NH4)2SO4 saturation contained both factors, which were separated from the bulk of lymph proteins by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography and then from each other by fractionation on the anti-HEBFLN F(ab')2-Sepharose column. The unbound fraction from this column contained HEBFPP, which was then partially purified by CM-Sepharose filtration. HEBFPP appeared to be a glycoprotein because it was destroyed by trypsin, bound to lentil lectin, and was eluted with alpha-methyl-mannoside. Together, the results demonstrate the existence of two antigenically distinct species of HEBF, and imply that lymphocyte binding sites of HEVLN and HEVPP are structurally different. We interpret the results to mean that distinct high endothelial adhesion molecules on lymphocytes mediate their entry into LN and PP.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Cervical lymph node metastases: the significance of the level of the lymph node.

Two thousand and fifty-eight patients with squamous carcinoma of the head and neck are described. Thirty-five per cent of these patients had a node in the neck at the time of presentation. The level of the node was dictated by the primary tumour: other factors such as T or N status were not significant predictors of node level. Node level was a highly significant predictor of survival, together with age, general condition, node status and site the primary tumour. The 5-year survival for nodes at Level I (submandibular) nodes was 34%, and only 4% for nodes at Level IV.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Adjuvant treatments of early breast cancer without lymph node involvement].

Lymph node status remains the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. However, only 70% of the node negative breast cancer patients are alive at 10 years. Several randomized trials have shown that systemic adjuvant therapy, either chemo or hormonotherapy, increases survival in these patients. A recent meta-analysis confirms these findings. In 1992, a consensus conference recommended no therapy in low risk patients (tumor size less than 1 cm), tamoxifen in good risk patients (tumor less than 2 cm, oestrogen or progesterone receptors positive, well differentiated) and chemotherapy in premenopausal or hormonotherapy in postmenopausal high risk patients (receptor-negative less than 1 cm tumor or high pathological grade).

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Diurnal rhythm in ornithine decarboxylase activity and noradrenergic and cholinergic markers in rat submaxillary lymph nodes.

Diurnal variations in lymph node ornithine decarboxylase activity were examined in submaxillary lymph nodes of rats injected with Freund's complete adjuvant or its vehicle. After immunization, lymph node ornithine decarboxylase activity increased by about 10-fold. Both in immunized and non-immunized rats, a significant diurnal variation in ornithine decarboxylase activity was found, with a maximal activity at early (i.e. 13.00 h, vehicle) or late afternoon (i.e. 17.00 h, Freund's adjuvant). Injection of Freund's adjuvant during daylight or at night resulted in similar day-night differences in submaxillary lymph node ornithine decarboxylase activity. In rats subjected to the sympathetic postganglionic denervation (by ipsilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy) or the preganglionic parasympathetic decentralization (by chorda tympani section) of submaxillary lymph nodes, nyctohemeral variations in ornithine decarboxylase were still present, showing a maximum at 17.00 h. Superior cervical ganglionectomy augmented lymph node ornithine decarboxylase while chorda tympani section decreased it. When a unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy plus chorda tympani section was performed, the diurnal changes in ornithine decarboxylase were abolished. [3H]Norepinephrine uptake and tyrosine hydroxylase activity attained their maxima in submaxillary lymph nodes at early night. After immunization, these two presynaptic indicators of sympathetic activity in submaxillary lymph nodes augmented significantly. Neuronal [3H]choline uptake and [3H]choline conversion into acetylcholine (two indicators of cholinergic activity) also augmented in lymph nodes of rats injected with Freund's adjuvant. In immunized rats, maxima in [3H]choline uptake and [3H]acetylcholine synthesis were found at 13.00-17.00 h while in non-immunized rats, a maximum in acetylcholine synthesis was found at 17.00 h. The results are compatible with the view that the autonomic nervous system plays a role in circadian changes of immune responsiveness in lymphoid tissue and that a significant augmentation of presynaptic autonomic activity takes place during immunization in lymphoid tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Clearance technique for the detection of lymph nodes in colorectal cancer.

Lymph node metastases are an important determinant of prognosis following surgery for colorectal cancer. A xylene alcohol clearance technique has been employed in Guildford to facilitate the identification of lymph nodes in the mesorectum of rectal cancer specimens. The numbers of lymph nodes and lymph node metastases were compared with seven other centres and St. Mark's Hospital, where clearance techniques were not employed in patients undergoing a randomized trial of pre-operative radiotherapy for rectal cancer. The total number of lymph nodes identified per patient in the mesorectum of patients at Guildford (mean = 23.1 +/- 1.18) was significantly higher when compared with patients at St. Mark's Hospital alone (mean = 13.1 +/- 0.86) and the seven combined "non-cleared' centres (mean = 10.5 +/- 0.6) (P less than 0.001). The number of lymph node metastases per patient was significantly higher in the Guildford series (mean = 3.21 +/- 0.58) when compared with the seven combined centres (mean = 1.9 +/- 0.3) (P less than 0.05). The numbers of lymph node metastases found in the lowest part of the specimen close to the levator ani were significantly higher in the Guildford patients (mean = 1.2 +/- 0.4) compared with St. Mark's Hospital (mean = 0.13 +/- 0.1) and the seven combined 'non-cleared' centres (mean = 0.56 +/- 0.1). This clearance technique identified not only a greater number of lymph nodes but also more metastases within those nodes, particularly in the supralevator area of the mesorectum.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1978

Functional anatomy of lymph nodes. II. Peripheral lymph-borne mononuclear cells.

In the rabbit a number of large mononuclear cells with ruffled surface membranes travel from the skin and superficial tissues of the leg, via the lymphatics, to the popliteal lymph node: they constitute 40-50% of the total cell population in the afferent lymph. About 10% of these cells are actively phagocytic when tested in vitro and about 3% are found to contain Langerhans granules. After isotopic labelling the majority of lymph-borne mononuclear cells can be detected within the regional node for at least 24 hours; most being located in the paracortex and a few in the interfollicular cortex. It is proposed that these cells, including those containing Langerhans granules, belong to the "mononuclear phagocyte system." Possible functions of these lymph-borne cells are discussed with particular reference to antigen transport.

Adenosine↗