[Levitt's method of conduction anesthesia of the mandibular alveolar nerve].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Anesthesia, Conduction↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “MANDIBULAR NERVE”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Spatial relationships between masticatory muscles and their innervating nerves in man with special reference to the medial pterygoid muscle and its accessory muscle bundle.
The relationships between the positional arrangement of the surrounding and innervating nerves of the muscles supplied by the mandibular nerve, in particular those medial to the main trunk of the nerve, were examined in 24 head halves from 12 Japanese cadavers by dissection from the inside after removal of the bony elements except for the mandible. In ten sides of five heads, the lingual nerve pierced the medial pterygoid muscle, and the bundle lateral to the nerve was found to be separated as an accessory muscle bundle. The accessory bundle was frequently attached to the mylohyoid muscle. In addition, the inferior alveolar nerve and the lingual nerve frequently communicated, and in four specimens a branch from the lingual nerve entered the mylohyoid to communicate with the proper nerve. The innervation pattern indicated that the medial pterygoid muscle consists of the anteromedial and the posterolateral main parts, and sometimes has an accessory bundle. Based on the present findings and the previous studies of the positional relationships between the muscles and nerves by our research group, we propose that the muscles innervated by the mandibular nerve could be classified as an inner group (the lateral pterygoid) and an outer group (the other muscles). A possible scheme of the positional relationships between the muscles and nerves is presented.
Aged↗
[An anatomic variant of the inferior alveolar nerve in man].
In one of 13 human heads, the right mandibular nerve showed the following anomalies: (1) A prominent anastomosis between the auriculotemporal nerve and the inferior alveolar nerve; (2) a delicate anastomosis between the madibular nerve and the aforementioned connection; and (3) a nervous connection between the inferior alveolar nerve and the lingual nerve. Moreover, the auriculotemporal nerve was unusually thick. The branches of the left mandibular nerve appeared normal.
Aged↗
The human maxillary artery reinvestigated: I. Topographical relations in the infratemporal fossa.
The topographical relations of the human maxillary artery (IM) in the infratemporal fossa were studied in 102 individuals of both sexes. In the majority of the cases (55.4%), the artery was found in a lateral position to the lower head of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPTER). In most of these specimens, the IM ran also lateral to the inferior alveolar, lingual and buccal nerves (type LA, 37.2%), whereas in 16.1% only the buccal nerve crossed the IM laterally (type LB). In 4.6%, the artery occupied a medial position to the LPTER. With respect to the branches of the mandibular nerve, an IM, passing deep to the LPTER, was lying either lateral to its main sensory branches (type MA, 1.9%) or coursing lateral to the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves, but medial to the buccal nerve (type MB, 23.8%). In 4.9%, the artery, running medial to the LPTER and the buccal nerve, was found to pierce the inferior alveolar nerve (type MC). In 7.4%, the IM was running medial to both the inferior alveolar and buccal nerves, but lateral to the lingual nerve (type MD), and in 3.9% the IM passed deep to all the branches of the mandibular nerve (type ME). Besides those common anatomical patterns, seven specimens showed different variations of the mandibular nerve. In about one third of the individuals, an asymmetric position of the IM to the LPTER (LM or ML) was present. None of the four cephalometric parameters and the two cephalic indices recorded in 55 individuals showed a significant correlation to the actual position of the IM (lateral or medial).
Female↗
Generation of far field potentials from the trigeminal nerve in the cat.
This study provides evidence that far field potentials (FFPs) are generated from the trigeminal nerve in the cat. By stimulating the main mental nerve, three components (component 1, 0.59 +/- 0.06 ms; component 2, 0.81 +/- 0.06 ms; and component 3, 0.98 +/- 0.07 ms) were identified from surface electrodes. These three components were thought to be positive and negative FFPs because each component had a stationary peak and was distributed on the head being divided into positive and negative fields. Results of a study of lesions and recording compound action potentials (CAPs) defined the neural origins of those potentials as follows: component 1, the mandibular nerve at the mandibular foramen; component 2, the mandibular nerve at the foramen ovale; and component 3, somewhere between the gasserian ganglion and the trigeminal root. The amplitude of component 2 decreased when the mandibular nerve at the foramen ovale was immersed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after opening the foramen and recovered to the prior level after closing the foramen with beeswax. We concluded that this transformation resulted in the change in electrical resistance of the volume conductor around the nerve.
Action Potentials↗
[Trigeminal nerve: its maxillary and mandibular branches. Terminal nerve branches of interest in local anesthesia].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Anesthesia, Dental↗
Auriculotemporal syndrome after combined modality therapy for cancer.
Auriculotemporal syndrome frequently follows trauma to the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve. Classic symptoms are gustatory sweating and hyperemia, with pain occurring in less than 10% of cases. We have treated six patients for a variant of auriculotemporal syndrome following combined modality therapy for head and neck cancers. Unique was the presence of pain and the absence of gustatory sweating in all cases. The combination of radical surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation obscured the "textbook" presentation, leading to initial misdiagnosis. Long-term relief (one year) from this atypical presentation of auriculotemporal syndrome was afforded by a simple mandibular nerve block, a technic that is of no sustained therapeutic benefit in the classic cases.
Antineoplastic Agents↗
Changes in the inferior alveolar nerve following mandibular lengthening in the dog using distraction osteogenesis.
Distraction osteogenesis as per Ilizarov was used to lengthen the canine mandible. In this study, physiological and ultrastructural examination of the inferior nerve was performed. Mandibular body corticotomies were performed, and the mandible was distracted 7 mm. The animals were killed 4 weeks after the distraction was completed. Bone formed within the distraction gap in all dogs. There was no statistically significant difference in the jaw-jerk voltage between control and experimental sides. There was a significant difference between the distracted and control nerves in only one area of one nerve.
Animals↗
Somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion cells in a cichlid fish, Oreochromis (Tilapia) niloticus.
Somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion is known in some vertebrates. The precise pattern of somatotopy, however, seems to vary in different vertebrate groups. Furthermore, the somatotopic organization remains to be studied in teleosts. From an evolutionary point of view, the morphology and somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion of a percomorph teleost, Tilapia, were investigated by means of the tract-tracing method using biocytin and three-dimensional reconstruction models with a computer. The trigeminal ganglion was one cell aggregate elongated in the dorsoventral direction, which was separate from the facial and anterior lateral line ganglia. Biocytin applications to the trigeminal nerve root labeled ordinary ganglion cells in the trigeminal ganglion and a few displaced trigeminal ganglion cells in the facial ganglion. Biocytin applications to three primary branches (the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves) revealed that trigeminal ganglion cells were somatotopically distributed in the ganglion reflecting the dorsoventral order of the three branches. Ganglion cells of the ophthalmic nerve were distributed in the dorsal part of the trigeminal ganglion, those of the mandibular nerve in the ventral part, and those of the maxillary nerve in the intermediate part. Some of maxillary and mandibular ganglion cells appear to overlap in their boundary region, whereas ophthalmic ganglion cells did not intermingle with ganglion cells of other branches. Labeled-primary fibers terminated in the sensory trigeminal nucleus, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, a ventral part of the facial lobe, reticular formation, and trigeminal motor nucleus. Labeled cells were observed in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and the trigeminal motor nucleus. The results suggest that the morphology and somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion of tilapia are similar to those of mammals, except that the axis of the somatotopic organization of the ganglion in mammals is a mediolateral direction reflecting the mediolateral order of the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves.
Animals↗
Facial nerve parasympathetic preganglionic afferents to the accessory otic ganglia by way of the chorda tympani nerve in the cat.
The distribution of accessory otic ganglia and connections between the ganglia and the chorda tympani nerve were investigated in the cat in order to determine the parasympathetic preganglionic facial nerve afferents to the otic ganglia using whole mount acetylthiocholinesterase (WATChE) histochemistry. The otic ganglia consist of a single main prominent ganglion and many small accessory ganglia lying on a plexus around the origins of the branches of the mandibular nerve and near the junction of the chorda tympani nerve and lingual nerve. In cell analysis of Nissl-stained preparations, the neurons composing the accessory otic ganglia were morphologically similar to the main otic ganglion neurons. Connecting branches from the chorda tympani nerve to the peripherally located accessory otic ganglia were found and they were not stained by WATChE histochemistry. WATChE-positive connecting branches from the ganglia to the inferior alveolar, lingual, and mylohyoid nerves were also found in the same preparations. The WATChE histochemistry on various autonomic nervous tissues revealed that autonomic postganglionic nerve fibers are selectively stained darkly and that preganglionic fibers remain unstained. Therefore, it is considered that the WATChE-negative connections from the chorda tympani nerve consist chiefly of autonomic preganglionic fibers, whereas the WATChE-positive connections to the branches of the mandibular nerve are mainly postganglionic fibers. This suggests that some of the facial nerve parasympathetic preganglionic fibers in the chorda tympani nerve are mediated in the accessory otic ganglia and then join the branches of the mandibular nerve to supply the target mandibular tissues.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Mandibular motor neurons of the caterpillar of the hawk moth Manduca sexta.
As part of a planned study of the central neural basis of feeding behaviour in larval Manduca sexta, the morphology and physiology of the mandibular motor system is here described. The gross neuroanatomy of the postoral head segments has been investigated, especially the course and structure of the mandibular nerves. The electrophysiology of the mandibular opener and closer muscles has been investigated by extra- and intracellular recording during feeding behaviour and during electrical stimulation of the motor nerve. All the muscle fibres examined are of the "fast," twitch type. Contraction is associated exclusively with locally or completely propagated overshooting action potentials, never with local junctional potentials. Control of the muscles is by recruitment of more motor units and/or an increase of frequency of action potentials. No inhibitory synaptic potentials could be found. The motor neurons of the mandibular muscles have been identified by cobalt backfills of the mandibular nerve, and characterized by intracellular recording and dye injection. There are 12 closer and 8 opener motor neurons. All motor neurons recorded so far evoke 1:1 twitches in the muscle, and none appear to be inhibitory. No GABA-immunoreactive axons could be found in the mandibular nerve.
Action Potentials↗
The adaptive mandible: a product of the relative osteo-neural growth.
The growth interrelation existing between the developing brain and its bony case (with the brain representing the morphogenetically determining structure to the shape and size of which the neurocranial bony envelope is adapted) is to be conceived just as a special case of a general phenomenon, the osteo-neural relation, which works throughout the entire vertebrate body. The morphological manifestations of this relation may be disclosed in the axial as well as in the appendicular skeleton. In the present communication the osteo-neural concept is applied to the morphogenesis of the facial skeleton with special reference to the mandible. The more or less elongated shape of the mandible in various species of vertebrates depends on the phylogenetically established higher or lesser degree of growth potentiality of the mandibular nerve. With the increasing size of the brain in the course of hominization the growth-in-length capability of the mandibular nerve is (compensatorily?) decreased with corresponding shortening of the mandible and with appearance of the chin. The proposed interpretation is supported by a model experiment. The highly characteristic shortening and angulation of the lower beak which may be produced experimentally in the chick embryo by a great variety of teratogens, is related most probably to the same underlying mechanism, viz., to the primary inhibition of the highly susceptible neural growth with the secondary adaptive deformity of the beak. Pierre-Robin-Syndrome (cleft palate and micrognathia) may be readily explained by a growth insufficiency of the palatine and mandibular nerves.
Animals↗
Proportion of unmyelinated axons in the rat inferior alveolar nerve and mandibular molar pulps after neonatal administration of capsaicin.
Neonatal rats were given capsaicin subcutaneously. Controls received vehicle only. Six months later the nerve fiber populations in the dorsal root L4, in the inferior alveolar nerve and in mandibular molar pulps were examined by electron microscopy. The proportion of unmyelinated axons was found to be markedly decreased in root and nerve specimens from capsaicin-treated rats. However, the pulpal nerves in tooth specimens from these rats showed no obvious alterations.
Animals↗
Ropivacaine for dental anesthesia: a dose-finding study.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal concentration and volumes of ropivacaine for dental anesthesia as regards onset and duration of action. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy individuals with a mean age of 32 years participated in the study on a voluntary basis. All subjects received a ropivacaine injection in 1 of 3 randomized concentrations (2.0, 5.0, or 7.5 mg/mL) for infiltration anesthesia and mandibular nerve block in a double-blind manner. The onset time and duration of anesthesia were assessed by electric pulp test, pinprick test of the gingiva, and presence of feeling of numbness of the lip. RESULTS: Regardless of dose, only 5 patients received pulpal anesthesia after infiltration, but all 3 concentrations anesthetized the gingiva and upper lip. The onset of pulpal anesthesia occurred less than 5 minutes after injection and lasted for 4 to 58 minutes. Pinprick anesthesia lasted for 8 to 48 minutes, and numbness of the upper lip lasted 1 to 4 hours. The effectiveness of the mandibular nerve block with regard to pulpal anesthesia was dose dependent. Only ropivacaine at 7.5 mg/mL produced sufficient anesthesia. The onset of pulpal anesthesia occurred less than 10 minutes after injection and lasted for 2 to 6 hours. Pinprick anesthesia lasted for 3 to 6 hours and numbness of the lower lip lasted for 5 to 9 hours. CONCLUSION: This study shows that ropivacaine could be useful as a local anesthetic for mandibular nerve block in dentistry and that the very long duration of both pulpal and soft tissue anesthesia may be favorable in reducing postoperative pain.
Adolescent↗
Animating functional anatomy for the web.
The instructor sometimes has a complex task in explaining the concepts of functional anatomy and embryology to health professional students. However, animations can easily illustrate functional anatomy, clinical procedures, or the developing embryo. Web animation increases the accessibility of this information and makes it much more useful for independent student learning. A modified version of the animation can also be used for patient education. This article defines animation, provides a brief history of animation, discusses the principles of animation, illustrates and evaluates some of the video-editing or movie-making computer software programs, and shows examples of two of the author's animations. These two animations are the inferior alveolar nerve block from the mandibular nerve anesthetics unit and normal temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function from the muscles of the mastication and the TMJ function unit. The software discussed are the industry leaders and have made the job of producing computer-based animations much easier. The programs are Adobe Premiere, Adobe After Effects, Apple QuickTime and Macromedia Flash .
Anatomy↗
Hand/face border as a limiting boundary in the body representation in monkey somatosensory cortex.
Horizontal intracortical connections may form one substrate for representational plasticity in somatosensory cortex. Electrophysiological mapping demonstrated the finer details of the representations of the hand, lower jaw, neck, and face in area 3b of normal macaque monkeys. Injections of two fluorescent tracers then defined the extent to which horizontal connections crossed from the face into the hand representations and vice versa in area 3b. Connections are widely distributed within cortical representations of skin areas innervated by cervical nerves or by the trigeminal nerve but do not cross a border defined by the anterior limit of the representation of skin innervated by the second cervical nerve. This border separates the representation of the muzzle, innervated only by the mandibular nerve, and the representation of the lower jaw and neck region, innervated by the second and third cervical nerves but overlapped by the mandibular nerve. Thus, the muzzle representation lacks connections with the hand and with the lower jaw and neck representations, but the representations of the hand and of the lower jaw and neck are strongly interconnected. Overlap of the hand and of the lower jaw and neck representations and of their horizontal intracortical connections may form one basis for expansions of the lower jaw representation into that of the hand when peripheral input from the hand is lost. Lack of connections with the rest of the face representation may limit this spread.
Afferent Pathways↗
Variation in the origin of the inferior alveolar nerve.
The inferior alveolar nerve and maxillary artery were studied in 40 human heads through infratemporal dissection; in one specimen, a unusual variation in the origin of the inferior alveolar nerve and its relationship with the surrounding structures was observed. The inferior alveolar nerve originated from the mandibular nerve by two roots and the second part of the maxillary artery was incorporated between them. An embryologic origin of this variation and its clinical implications is discussed. Because the maxillary artery ran between the two roots of the inferior alveolar nerve, and the nerve was fixed between the foramen ovale and mandibular foramen, tension and compression of the nerve from arterial pulsation could cause mandibular neuralgia.
Adult↗
Peripheral nerve grafts to the frog optic tectum: a morphological study of foreign axon regeneration in the central nervous system.
The proximal stump of a transected mandibular nerve was grafted onto the rostrodorsal surface of the optic tectum in adult Rana pipiens to investigate the morphologic characteristics of nonspecific axonal regeneration in a highly organized region of central nervous system (CNS). Within the first 3 weeks postgraft surgery (WPS), the nerve-tectum interface became firmly established. Concomitant with this was an invasion of the host tectum by a small number of fine "pioneerlike" axons from the nerve. By 6 WPS there developed a concerted instreaming of a large number of peripheral fibers. Once within the CNS, the foreign axons distributed themselves throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the tectum, but primarily its dorsal aspect within superficial layers 8 and 9. Presence of intact optic fibers at the time of mandibular fiber invasion served somewhat to restrict the regenerating aberrant axons in their course through layer 9. This restriction could be avoided by removal of the optic input either before or during peripheral ingrowth. However, once peripheral fibers had entered and established themselves in the host environment, no subsequent manipulation of the retinotectal projection had any effect. The aberrant growth pattern, which appeared remarkably stable after 6 WPS, consisted of a plexus of medium- and fine-caliber peripheral axons. Many of these fibers had numerous branches and "en passant" varicosities, the latter encompassing a variety of shapes and sizes. Terminal swellings and arborizations were also found. When comparing the regeneration of optic and mandibular nerve fibers in the tectum, two distinctions were made. Whereas optic axons revealed a fascicular and layered organization, mandibular axons showed a highly segregated and disordered growth pattern. These characteristic differences were maintained even when the two fiber systems were allowed to coregenerate into the same target tectum. Thus, each of the two groups of axons interacts with the tectal substrate in a distinct manner, apparently independent of the other.
Animals↗