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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Affine distortions of pictorial space: some predictions for Goldstein (1987) that La Gournerie (1859) might have made.

Goldstein (1987) studied the perception of pictures seen from the front and the side. Several distinctions arose from his results and analysis, but only one is central to the reanalysis presented here: The perceived orientation of objects within a picture with respect to the external world is a function of viewer position in front of the picture. For example, the eyes of a portrait subject appear to follow an observer who moves around a gallery. Viewed from many positions, such objects can be said to rotate, following a mobile viewer. Goldstein called this the differential rotation effect because those objects that point directly out of the picture (at 90 degrees) rotate most; those pointing at other angles rotate in decreasing amounts. Goldstein offered no theoretical model and little in the way of explanation for this effect. This Observation offers a model based on the affine geometry and the analyses of La Gournerie (1859). This analysis transforms pictorial space (the space behind a photograph or representational picture) by shears, compressions, and dilations according to the viewpoint of the observer in relation to the composition point of the picture. These effects account for Goldstein's differential rotation effect quite well.

Depth Perception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The ARS "RUTA" x-ray unit].

The first USSR manufactured simple and compact stationary diagnostic X-ray unit ARS "RUTA" is designed to make pictures on the screening lattice and without it. The unit is equipped with the universal stand, which consists of the column on which the carriage with the turning bracket could be moved vertically. On the one end of the bracket the emitter with the diaphragm is fixed and on the other end the screening lattice with the movable raster and X-ray exponometer. The emitter-lattice system can be moved vertically and be rotated around the patient at 360 degrees. To make the X-ray picture of the patient placed horizontally the rolling table is provided.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Computer program for performing whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments.

This computer program was designed to be used instead of a stimulator and an oscilloscope in whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments. It runs on IBM XT-AT compatible computers under MS-DOS. The program uses drivers for specific ADC-DAC boards, which are stored in separate files. The driver to be used is loaded on start-up. Drivers for Labmaster TL-1 and CSY-10 are available and the driver for CED 1401 is now being developed. Stimulus waveforms of up to five consecutive pulses are supported. Data may be acquired from up to four input channels, using two ADC sampling rates. The acquired data are visualised on six plots which can be resized and moved independently on the screen in order to obtain a readable picture. A special mode for monitoring the giga-seal formation is supported. There are several data processing procedures, which can be used without interrupting the experiment, including I-V relationships, cursor measurements, addition and subtraction of obtained currents.

Microcomputers↗
PubMed2004

Lipid domain formation and dynamics in giant unilamellar vesicles explored by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Lipids in eukaryotic cell membranes have been shown to cluster in "rafts" with different lipid/protein compositions and molecular packing. Model membranes such as giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) provide a key system to elucidate the physical mechanisms of raft assembly. Despite the large amount of work devoted to the detection and characterization of rafts, one of the most important pieces of information still missing in the picture of the cell membrane is dynamics: how lipids organize and move in rafts and how they modulate membrane fluidity. This missing element is of crucial importance for the trafficking at and from the periphery of the cell regulated by endo- and exocytosis and, in general, for the constant turnover which redistributes membrane components. Here, we review studies of combined confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy on lipid dynamics and organization in rafts assembled in GUVs prepared from various lipid mixtures which are relevant to the problem of raft formation.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2006

Children's attributions of intentions to an invisible agent.

Children ages 3-9 years were informed that an invisible agent (Princess Alice) would help them play a forced-choice game by "telling them, somehow, when they chose the wrong box," whereas a matched control group of children were not given this supernatural prime. On 2 unexpected event trials, an experimenter triggered a simulated unexpected event (i.e., a light turning on/off; a picture falling), and children's behavioral response to these events (i.e., moving their hand to the opposite box) was coded. Results showed a significant Age GroupxExperimental Condition interaction; the only children to reliably alter their behavior in response to the unexpected events were the oldest children (M=7 years 4 months), who were primed with the invisible agent concept. For children's posttest verbal explanations, also, only these children saw the unexpected events as being referential and declarative (e.g., "Princess Alice did it because I chose the wrong box"). Together, these data suggest that children may not regularly begin to see communicative signs as embedded in unexpected events until they are around 7 years of age.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Spider fearful individuals attend to threat, then quickly avoid it: evidence from eye movements.

According to cognitive models of anxiety, anxiety patients exhibit an early reflexive attentional bias toward threat stimuli, which may be followed by intentional avoidance of these stimuli. To determine the time course of attentional vigilance and avoidance, the authors conducted an eye-tracking study in which 22 highly spider fearful participants (SFs) and 23 nonanxious control participants (NACs) studied groups of 4 pictures (spider, butterfly, dog, and cat). The authors found that the very first fixation was on a spider picture more often in SFs than in NACs. However, SFs quickly moved their eyes away from the spider they had fixated first, yielding shorter gaze durations than NACs. Afterward, SFs exhibited shorter gaze durations on spiders than NACs for the rest of the 1-min presentation time. This early reflexive attentional bias toward threat followed by avoidance of threat may explain earlier failures to find attentional biases in anxiety.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cellular and molecular events in the action of antidiuretic hormone.

The urinary concentrating mechanism and the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) were subjects of great controversy in the 1950's. Since then, steady progress has been made in our understanding of the cellular action of ADH. We have a good picture of the cyclic process by which vesicles carrying water channels move from cytoplasm to apical membrane, deposit water channels, and are then recovered by endocyosis. There is progress towards a complete description of the structure of the channels themselves. As well, in secretory cells such as the nerve terminal and the chromaffin cell, there are principles of cytoskeletal control and vesicle docking that appear to apply to the nephron.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Biodiversity, biopiracy and benefits: what allegations of biopiracy tell us about intellectual property.

This paper examines the concept of biopiracy, which initially emerged to challenge various aspects of the regime for intellectual property rights (IPR) in living organisms, as well as related aspects pertaining to the ownership and apportioning of benefits from 'genetic resources' derived from the world's biodiversity. This paper proposes that we take the allegation of biopiracy seriously due to the impact it has as an intervention which indexes a number of different, yet interrelated, problematizations of biodiversity, biotechnology and IPR. Using the neem tree case as an example, it describes activists' use of the term as one that involves a deliberate simplification of science and IPR. Additionally, it argues that in so doing, biopiracy is positioned as a touchstone that mobilizes actors and problems, and ultimately generates 'solutions' to the very challenges it creates. The paper will also encourage a view of biopiracy claims that does not always treat them simply as claims of theft, or as a misallocation of benefits, but rather as claims that are designed to raise broader questions about the IPR system itself. It concludes by advocating that, in order to properly understand how to address biopiracy, we must be prepared to move beyond the current narrow readings to develop a more complete picture of the term's influence in challenging how, and by whom, the decisions about what is natural and what is invented come to be made.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Residual and contact herbicide transport through field lysimeters via preferential flow.

Usage of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine] and glufosinate [2-amino-4-(hydroxy-methylphosphinyl)butanoic acid] may reduce the environmental impact of agriculture because they are more strongly sorbed to soil and may be less toxic than many of the residual herbicides they replace. Preferential flow complicates the picture, because due to this process, even strongly sorbed chemicals can move quickly to ground water. Therefore, four monolith lysimeters (8.1 m(2) by 2.4 m deep) were used to investigate leaching of contact and residual herbicides under a worst-case scenario. Glufosinate, atrazine (6-chloro-N(2)-ethyl-N(4)-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide], and linuron (3-3,4-dichlorophenyl-1-methoxy-1-methylurea) were applied in 1999 before corn (Zea mays L.) planting and glyphosate, alachlor, and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] were applied in 2000 before soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planting. A high-intensity rainfall was applied shortly after herbicide application both years. Most alachlor, metribuzin, atrazine, and linuron losses occurred within 1.1 d of rainfall initiation and the peak concentration of the herbicides coincided (within 0.1 d of rainfall initiation in 2000). More of the applied metribuzin leached compared with alachlor during the first 1.1 d after rainfall initiation (2.2% vs. 0.035%, P < 0.05). In 1999, 10 of 24 discrete samples contained atrazine above the maximum contaminant level (atrazine maximum contaminant level [MCL] = 3 mug L(-1)) while only one discrete sample contained glufosinate (19 mug L(-1), estimated MCL = 150 mug L(-1)). The results indicate that because of preferential flow, the breakthrough time of herbicides was independent of their sorptive properties but the transport amount was dependent on the herbicide properties. Even with preferential flow, glyphosate and glufosinate were not transported to 2.4 m at concentrations approaching environmental concern.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nursing as an art].

It is more important now than ever to define the goals of nursing by using an aesthetic approach. In every day practice the nurse must explore and adopt these functions, which constitute the essence of nursing as an art. The aim of this paper is to firstly explore the notion of nursing as an art, underpinned by the philosophy of art and to secondly discuss the hidden connections and the criteria for nursing seen or thought to be an art. In this paper, the aesthetic values have been used to depict and to expose the invisible qualities of nursing. Through the written text the attempt to explore the nature of nursing by an aesthetic approach, reveals that the essence of nursing is constituted by the same origins, which define the essence of art. This exploration of the literature led to the recognition of the quality of imitation as an attempt of the artist to awaken individuals to understand what a piece of art represents. Respectively, a nurse by represents a picture of wholeness for the health, attempt to stimulate patient to move forwards regaining control and achieving the state of well-being. The search of the expression as one of the sources of the aesthetic values has brought to the surface that nursing is expressed as a whole of unique functions containing love, advocacy, calmness, care and empathy. The exploration of the combination of the elements, their articulation or their structure exposes the beauty itself. The beauty of a statue as Venus of Milo as well as, in terms of nursing, the beauty of caring as the heart of nursing. However it is difficult to capture the totality of nursing in this paper, which attempts more to portray this beauty of nursing rather than to seek for a clear answer of what nursing is.

Nursing↗
PubMed1976

Picture quality of computed tomography.

Some limitations that impair the picture quality of computed tomography are presented. Picture grain is analyzed in detail and its relationship to different matrix sizes is demonstrated. The choices of matrix size for viewing various parts of the body are defined, and the need for higher resolution in the future is debated. Comparison is made between two scanning systems: the moving fan beam with rotation and the simple rotating fan beam. Possible artifacts in the picture caused by drift and delay in dector response are discussed.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Word-retrieval treatment in aphasia: Effects of sentence context.

Word-retrieval treatment studies in aphasia have reported the greatest influences on picture naming for trained words. To increase treatment effects to untrained words and sentence contexts, we investigated a sentence-reading treatment hierarchy that moves from errorless to generative production of sentences incorporating target nouns and verbs. In an individual with nonfluent aphasia, treatment resulted in improved picture naming for nouns and verbs and generalized increases in numbers of grammatical sentences and content words following noun therapy. A second individual with fluent aphasia improved little in picture-naming and sentence-generation tasks for both nouns and verbs. This sentence-based word-retrieval training, in which semantic and syntactic processes are engaged, led to improvements in word-retrieval measures during spontaneous sentence generation, but only for the participant with nonfluent aphasia. Contrary to expectations, these changes were greater following noun therapy than they were following verb therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Plasmodesmata: intercellular channels for macromolecular transport in plants.

Plasmodesmata are special intercellular organelles that establish cytoplasmic and endomembrane (endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope) continuity throughout most of the plant body. Microinjection studies have provided direct proof that plasmodesmata facilitate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral movement proteins and nucleic acids. Evidence is now accumulating that plant-encoded proteins, including transcription factors, also move from cell to cell on this endogenous macromolecular trafficking pathway. The picture that is emerging is that the programming of plant development may involve this supracellular network for the effective delivery of one form of information molecule.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2002

Stereoelectronic effects and general trends in hyperconjugative acceptor ability of sigma bonds.

A systematic study of general trends in sigma acceptor properties of C-X bonds where X is a main group element from groups IVa-IIa is presented. The acceptor ability of the C-X sigma bonds in monosubstituted ethanes increases when going to the end of a period and down a group. Enhancement of acceptor ability of C-X sigma bonds as one moves from left to right in periods parallels the increase in electronegativity of X, whereas augmentation of acceptor ability in groups is opposite to the changes in electronegativity of X and in the C-X bond polarization, following instead the decrease in the energy of sigma(C)(-)(X) orbitals when one moves from the top to the bottom within a group. This simple picture of acceptor ability of sigma bonds being controlled by electronegativity in periods and by sigma orbital energy in groups is changed in monosubstituted ethenes where the role of electronegativity of the substituent X becomes more important due to increased overlap between sigma orbitals. The combination of several effects of similar magnitude influences acceptor ability of sigma bonds in monosubstituted ethenes in a complex way. As a result, the acceptor ability of sigma bonds can be significantly modified by substitution and is conformer dependent. Stereoelectronic effects displayed by C-X bonds with X from second and third periods are highly anisotropic. For example, C-chalcogen bonds are excellent sigma acceptors at the carbon end but poor sigma acceptors at the chalcogen end. This effect can be relied upon in the design of molecular diodes with sigma bridges with unidirectional electron conductivity. While the general trends revealed in this work should be useful for the qualitative understanding of stereoelectronic effects, one should bear in mind that the magnitude of hyperconjugative effects is extremely sensitive to small variations in structure and in substitution. This advocates for the increased role of theoretical methods in analysis of stereoelectronic effects.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

A possible explanation for the nuclease limit digestion pattern of chromatin.

The general pattern of DNA fragments in the limit digest of nuclease-treated chromatin could arise from a single, unique nuclease-susceptible site per nucleosome. If DNA binds to the histone core of the nucleosome along a circularly re-entrant path, the location of the DNA entrance and exit can occur at any of a number of distinct sites. This very specific type of heterogeneity together with the natural 10-fold periodicity of DNA B can account for the observed digestion pattern. Such a general picture of the nucleosome structure could also easily explain how nucleosomes might move along the DNA. This type of structure should be easy to distinguish experimentally form more conventional explanations of the origin of the limit digest pattern of chromatin.

Chromatin↗
PubMed1992

PACS mini refresher course. Network and ACR-NEMA protocols.

The backbone of the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) is the electronic network used to move information. Communications networks require electronic rules of operation or protocols so that a set of data being transmitted reaches the intended destination and does not collide with another set of transmitted data. The most efficient protocol is flexible and can respond to the fluctuations in volume of data transmitted via the network. Successful network connection of PACS devices requires standardized interfaces so that equipment from multiple vendors can use the network protocol. The American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) have developed a standard for imaging equipment interfaces: DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine). The DICOM standard allows interoperability among different computers and operating systems. It is flexible and will allow modification and expansions as new imaging techniques evolve. The authors and the ACR-NEMA committee believe that the DICOM standard represents an important choice for radiologists, since it was developed with their interests in mind.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

General medical practitioners need to be aware of the theories on which our work depend.

When general practitioners and family physicians listen, reflect, and diagnose, we use 3 different theories of knowledge. This essay explores these theories to highlight an approach to clinical practice, inquiry, and learning that can do justice to the complex and uncertain world we experience. The following points are made: (1) A variety of approaches to research and audit are needed to illuminate the richness of experience witnessed by general medical practitioners. (2) Evidence about the past cannot predict the future except in simple, short-term, or slowly changing situations. (3) We consciously or unconsciously weave together evidence generated through 3 fundamental theories of knowledge, termed postpositivism, critical theory, and constructivism, to make sense of everyday experience. We call it listening, reflecting, and diagnosing. (4) These 3 fundamental theories of knowledge highlight different aspects within a world that is more complex, integrated, and changing than any single theory can reveal on its own; they frame what we see and how we act in everyday situations. (5) Moving appropriately between these different theories helps us to see a fuller picture and provides a framework for improving our skills as clinicians, researchers, and learners. (6) Narrative unity offers a way to bring together different kinds of evidence to understand the overall health of patients and of communities; evidence of all kinds provides discrete snapshots of more complex stories in evolution. (7) We need to understand these issues so we can create an agenda for clinical practice, inquiry, and learning appropriate to our discipline.

Family Practice↗