PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Models, Psychological”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

The future of dynamic systems models in developmental psychology in the light of the past.

A compact glance at the history and impact of mathematical models in development provides background for predicting the fate of dynamical systems modeling in developmental psychology. Dynamic models are considered and the articles by Thelen and Ulrich (1991) and van Geert (1991) are summarized. Deterministic and probabilistic models are compared and some cautions are presented along with a consideration of forms that can be attained by linear models in comparison to those well known in logistic difference models. Reactions to the research by Rabinowitz, Grant, Howe, and Walsh; Kreindler and Lumsden; and Cooney and Troyer are given, with some concluding remarks on survival of dynamical systems modeling in developmental psychology.

Child↗
PubMed1994

The cognitive model and treatment of depression.

1. Research indicates that depression is best treated using a combination of drugs and psychological interventions. 2. The Beck psychological model of depression has led to a specific treatment formulation. 3. Beck sees the dysfunctional cognitions which arise in how person sees him- or herself, the world, the future, as contributory to the illness. 4. Research using both qualitative and quantitative analysis has shown cognitive therapy to be an effective form of treatment for depression.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring treatment philosophy: a scale for substance abuse recovery programs.

The assessment of the philosophy that guides substance abuse treatment programs has been a difficult subject to approach by those working in treatment research. Differing treatment philosophies are generally represented by multi-dimensional theoretical constructs that do not easily lend themselves to assessment by quantitative means. In the U.S., substance abuse treatment programs have been suggested as fitting into a disease (or medical) model, a social learning (or psychological) model, or a social community model in designing a treatment regime for clients. This paper presents a Social Model Philosophy Scale (SMPS) to classify the extent to which a given treatment program follows a social model approach to treatment. The final version of the SMPS (available from the first author) contains 33 questions for use in residential programs, divided into six conceptual domains: physical environment, staff role, authority base, view of substance abuse problems, governance, and community orientation. Overall internal reliability is high (alpha = .92), with subscale alphas ranging between .57 and .79. Test-retest analyses showed that the information obtained from the SMPS is consistent across time, administrators, and respondents. In addition, the SMPS is brief and easy to administer. Methodology used in item creation and final item selection is reported. Although not designed to distinguish philosophies other than social model, early results suggest that the SMPS may also be used to classify other program philosophies.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

[Integrated psychological parental assistance in the neonatal intensive care unit: concepts and first experiences].

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Psychosocial support programs have been established in view of the burden caused to parents having their newborn admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Due to limited resources, preventive programs can only be offered to parents who are identified by the staff to be at risk. Based on the results of a parent questionnaire, the University Children's Hospital Vienna has developed a standardized concept of integrated psychological support. The program and first results are presented. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The psychological support is offered to parents of newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. The aim of the support is to avoid later psychosocial problems for child and parents. In an interdisciplinary collaboration, the psychologist facilitates parent-child bonding, family development and coping with the baby's illness. The standardized psychological support consists of a consultation at the beginning and end of the hospital stay. Parents are offered optional psychological support or intensive assistance. RESULTS: Parents from 152 patients received the standardized basic psychological support. The majority of the parents took advantage of the additional optional assistance. Because of external transfers (42.1 %) or infant death (18.4 %), only 39.5 % of the parents could be accompanied until discharge. CONCLUSIONS: A standardized psychological model provides parents with the psychological support as one important part of the overall concept of neonatal treatment. Additionally, the medical and nursing staff were sensitized to psychological factors. An effective psychosocial prevention requires psychological support as an essential part of intensive neonatal care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Use of the transtheoretical model in the medication use process.

OBJECTIVE: To review articles published during the past 10 years relating to the transtheoretical model (TTM) and the medication use process, focusing on prescribing, dispensing, and using prescription and nonprescription medications for legitimate purposes. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Cochrane database, PsychINFO, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and PubMed were searched from 1995 to August 2004 using the key terms models, psychological; prescriptions, drug; drugs, nonprescription; models, theoretical; self medication; patient compliance; medication compliance; decision making; drug therapy and behavior change. Additional searches included the following terms: pharmacists, community; TTM; transtheoretical model, pharmacy services, new practice patterns and physician practice patterns. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies with empirical application of any aspect of TTM were included. Abstracts were reviewed by both authors, and data were independently abstracted including, for example, specific aspects of TTM used or tested, context for model use or setting, and results and authors' suggestions for future use of TTM. The reviewers came to consensus on all abstracted information. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eleven articles were identified that contained TTM and drug use; however, only 5 were empirical applications. There were 2 types of applications of TTM in medication use: measurement of stage of change regarding adherence and prediction of adherence using TTM concepts. A 1- and 2-item measure of adherence stage of change have been validated. Medication adherence stage of change varied by type of drug. The pros and cons of taking the medicine and stage of change were useful in predicting adherence. No intervention studies to improve adherence were identified. CONCLUSIONS: TTM has not been used extensively to examine the medication use process. Without further research, no clear recommendation can be provided as to the effectiveness of TTM in improving the drug use process, but it remains promising.

Drug Therapy↗
PubMed1992

Selectivity, scope, and simplicity of models: a lesson from fitting judgments of perceived depth.

When comparing psychological models a researcher should assess their relative selectivity, scope, and simplicity. The third of these considerations can be measured by the models' parameter counts or equation length, the second by their ability to fit random data, and the first by their differential ability to fit patterned data over random data. These conclusions are based on exploration of integration models reflecting depth judgments. Replication of Massaro's (1988a) results revealed an additive model (Bruno & Cutting, 1988), and Massaro's fuzzy-logical model of perception (FLMP) fit data equally well, but further exploration showed that the FLMP fit random data better. The FLMP's successes may reflect not its sensitivity in capturing psychological process but its scope in fitting any data and its complexity as measured by equation length.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Psychological profile to become and to stay obese.

OBJECTIVE: The presentation will successively deal with the psychological models to explain for the onset or maintenance of child obesity. DESIGN: Five psychological perspectives on childhood obesity are selected. The boundary model of Herman and Polivy (1980) was brought forward as an explanation model for understanding the overeating behaviour in obese people. Others describe obese children as over-responsive to external cues and this over-responsiveness is seen as a personality trait. Learning theories put forward how (dysfunctional) learning mechanisms can explain also why obese people eat in front of food cues, without feeling hungry. Finally, obesity can be seen as an expression of a family pathology or an emotional problem. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological explanation models are still subject of discussion. Personality variables, eating behaviour, restraint attitudes, psychopathlogy and emotional factors, learning mechanisms as well as the role of the family are to be considered in an assessment process. It may help to better empathize with both parent and child. Furthermore, it can help to tailor the treatment program to the individual needs of an obese child. Further research is needed to find out whether already during the intake psychological indicators can be found that are predictors of negative therapy outcome.

Child↗
PubMed2001

[Psychological aspects of aging--a review].

A number of models of aging have identified predictors of longevity, well-being and life quality among the elderly. The predictive patterns are multifactorial, and in all models psychological aspects are important. Most of all it is a matter of personality, intellectual functioning, adaptive capacity and coping, as well as making use of one's life-spain experiences. Personality, by consensus deemed to be essentially stable all through life, exerts a constant influence on the individual for better or for worse, steering the individual toward excessive wear and tear or constructive development and maturity. Some aspects of intellectual functioning are more important than others in this context, e.g. crystallized and fluid intelligence and episodic short term memory. Crystallized intelligence usually remains unchanged throughout life and even improves with age, while fluid intelligence and episodic memory decline. In very old age as for instance in centenarians, fluid intelligence is found to be a very strong predictor of future survival. Among the elderly in general, terminal decline is evident shortly before death. Coping strategies and capacity combined with type of incidents, change or threat are found to be strong predictors of both life satisfaction and survival after 80 years of age. Identifying the importance of coping in old age has brought about a change in perspective in caring for the elderly in which the psychological aspects become more important as a complement to the medical model. Increasingly, autobiographical reflections or life-story telling, also when used in group sessions, is shown to be one way of increasing well-being and life satisfaction among the elderly.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Stress-specific regulation of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor expression in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the rat.

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a major regulator of pituitary ACTH secretion, also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. To determine whether CRH is involved in the regulation of hypothalamic function during stress, CRH receptor binding and CRH receptor mRNA levels were studied in the hypothalamus of rats subjected to different stress paradigms: immobilization, a physical-psychological model; water deprivation and 2% saline intake, osmotic models; and i.p. hypertonic saline injection, a combined physical-psychological and osmotic model. In agreement with the distribution of CRH receptor binding in the brain, in situ hybridization studies using 35S-labeled cRNA probes revealed low levels of CRH receptor mRNA in the anterior hypothalamic area, which were unaffected after acute or chronic exposure to any of the stress paradigms used. Under basal conditions, there was no CRH binding or CRH receptor mRNA in the supraoptic (SON) or paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. However, 2 h after the initiation of acute immobilization, CRH receptor mRNA hybridization became evident in the parvicellular division of the PVN, with levels substantially increasing from 2 to 4 h, decreasing at 8 h and disappearing by 24 h. Identical hybridization patterns of CRH receptor mRNA were found in the parvicellular PVN after repeated immobilization; levels were similar to those after 2 h single stress following immobilization at 8-hourly intervals for 24 h (3 times), and very low, but clearly detectable 24 h after 8 or 14 days daily immobilization for 2 h. On the other hand, water deprivation for 24 or 60 h and intake of 2% NaCl for 12 days induced expression of CRH receptor mRNA in the SON and magnocellular PVN, but not in the parvicellular pars of the PVN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis and cognitive modelling of the analogical process in psychosis].

The disturbances of cognitive processes in psychotic patients are well known: the delusional interpretation is "the inference from a right perception into a wrong concept" (Dromard), "an wrong intuition about the meaning of what is perceived, seen or heard" (H. Ey). Analogy is the very core of any cognitive process: relating a strange thing to some object already part of the experience enables to set up differences, oppositions, connections, classes. Any semantic process (something stands for another thing) originates in analogy. It is the basis of every interpretation and world's knowledge. Its soundness is by no means reliable, but for the inner strength of the analogical network and its power to integrate new objects. It's easy to fall out of the track... A wrong analogy, better, a wrong one that would not be acknowledged as a mistake, would be enough: the gap is quite narrow between interpretations leading either to understanding or to misreading, only filled through the relation of other people providing the necessary clues. The contemporary papers about cognitive process are driving towards two main trends: 1) Neuromimetic models, and the building of neuronal networks, whose emergent properties point out the basically analogical character of representations, learning and memory. 2) Cognitive models, dealing with representations and algorithms, and leading to Artificial Intelligence Programs. We tried to build a model (both cognitive and AI) of the analogical process and its psychotic disturbances. Our model describes how simple analogical problems are solved: If (A) becomes (B), what about (C)? Making up the psychological model and its AI translation led to propound the concept of Universes as sets consisting of ONE likely or relevant link between two objects, and such intrinsic of extrinsic properties of the objects as are involved in this relation. The model uses 3 different universes: Universe U1, made up of one of the possible transformation kinks from (A) to (B) and (A)'s properties involved in this actual transformation. Universe U2, made out of the likeness link between Universe U1 and (C). Universe U3, performing in fact the validation procedure of the result. The analogical reasoning goes through the three universes, along an iterative loop again and again until a nice result is found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1982

Charismatic religious sects and psychiatry: an overview.

Phenomena associated with contemporary charismatic religious sects raise questions about the combined impact of group influence and intensely held beliefs on group members' psychological functioning. The author considers the stages of membership in these sects, with emphasis on psychiatric aspects of conversion, long-term membership, and leaving. He discusses options for psychiatric intervention, including psychotherapy, conservatorships, and deprogramming. Systems theory is used to provide a psychological model for the relationship between group influence in these sects and current conceptions of individual psychopathology and normal adaptation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Speech and language in first onset psychosis differences between people with schizophrenia, mania, and controls.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have revealed linguistic differences between diagnostic groups. This study investigates the extent to which these differences are accounted for by factors such as chronicity, or disturbances in cognition associated with acute psychosis. METHOD: Transcripts of interviews with patients suffering from RDC schizophrenia (n=38), mania (n=11) and controls (n=16) were examined using the Brief Syntactic Analysis (BSA). Patients were within two years of first onset of psychotic symptoms, and received tests of working memory and attention. RESULTS: The speech of patients with schizophrenia was syntactically less complex than that of controls. Patients with schizophrenia and mania made more errors than controls. These differences were, to some extent, related to group differences in social class, working memory and attention, although significant group differences in language persisted after the effects of covariates were removed. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the existence of differences in the speech of psychiatric patients. Low complexity appears to be a particular feature of speech in schizophrenia, even in the earliest stages of the condition. The importance of this finding is discussed in relation to two recent theories of schizophrenia: Crow's evolutionary model, and Frith's neuro-psychological model.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2004

Simulation of rat behavior by a reinforcement learning algorithm in consideration of appearance probabilities of reinforcement signals.

Brown and Wanger [Brown, R.T., Wanger, A.R., 1964. Resistance to punishment and extinction following training with shock or nonreinforcement. J. Exp. Psychol. 68, 503-507] investigated rat behaviors with the following features: (1) rats were exposed to reward and punishment at the same time, (2) environment changed and rats relearned, and (3) rats were stochastically exposed to reward and punishment. The results are that exposure to nonreinforcement produces resistance to the decremental effects of behavior after stochastic reward schedule and that exposure to both punishment and reinforcement produces resistance to the decremental effects of behavior after stochastic punishment schedule. This paper aims to simulate the rat behaviors by a reinforcement learning algorithm in consideration of appearance probabilities of reinforcement signals. The former algorithms of reinforcement learning were unable to simulate the behavior of the feature (3). We improve the former reinforcement learning algorithms by controlling learning parameters in consideration of the acquisition probabilities of reinforcement signals. The proposed algorithm qualitatively simulates the result of the animal experiment of Brown and Wanger.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Burnout in psychiatric nursing.

INTRODUCTION: Burnout in nursing is of both individual and organizational concern with ramifications for well-being, job performance, absenteeism and turnover. Burnout is rarely assessed as part of a comprehensive model of occupational stress, a short-coming which this paper attempts to redress. METHOD: A randomly selected sample of 510 psychiatric nurses from one Scottish Trust completed a questionnaire based on a psychological model of occupational stress which included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) as the dependent variable. FINDINGS: The respondents reported average, low and average levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment, respectively. The study sample had significantly lower scores on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization than normative data but also significantly lower levels of personal accomplishment than a normative group of physicians and nurses. Only 2.0% of the study sample could be categorized as having high burnout overall (i.e. high emotional exhaustion, high depersonalization, low personal accomplishment) and they differed significantly from the rest only in terms of males being over-represented. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that selected explanatory variables accounted for 41.9% of emotional exhaustion, 16.4% of depersonalization and 25.6% of personal accomplishment in the study sample. IMPLICATIONS: The paper discusses the implications of the findings in terms of a comprehensive approach to intervention aimed at minimizing the risk of burnout in psychiatric nurses. Such an approach will involve interventions at the organizational and individual level.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Attachment, social rank, and affect regulation: speculations on an ethological approach to family interaction.

The attachment and social rank systems are biological-evolutionary systems that can serve as models for conceptualizing family interaction. By exploring both their unique and interrelated impact on affect regulation, we can differentiate between processes that foster healthy growth and those leading to individual psychopathology. This perspective facilitates the integration of biological and psychological models, and has therapeutic implications. It also integrates well with other family therapy models.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Environmental knowledge is subserved by separable dorsal/ventral neural areas.

Environmental psychology models propose that knowledge of large-scale space is stored as distinct landmark (place appearance) and survey (place position) information. Studies of brain-damaged patients suffering from "topographical disorientation" tentatively support this proposal. In order to determine if the components of psychologically derived models of environmental representation are realized as distinct functional, neuroanatomical regions, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of environmental knowledge was performed. During scanning, subjects made judgments regarding the appearance and position of familiar locations within a virtual reality environment. The fMRI data were analyzed in a manner that has been empirically demonstrated to rigorously control type I error and provide optimum sensitivity, allowing meaningful results in the single subject. A direct comparison of the survey position and landmark appearance conditions revealed a dorsal/ventral dissociation in three of four subjects. These results are discussed in the context of the observed forms of topographical disorientation and are found to be in good agreement with the human lesion studies. This experiment confirms that environmental knowledge is not represented by a unitary system but is instead functionally distributed across the neocortex.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Predicting short-term outcome in well-being following suicidal behaviour: the conjoint effects of social perfectionism and positive future thinking.

This study investigated an integrative, psychological model of suicidality involving the relationship between perfectionism and future thinking to predict short-term outcome in well-being following a suicidal episode. Two hundred and sixty-seven adults hospitalized following a self-harm episode completed a range of clinical and psychological measures in hospital and were followed up approximately two months after discharge. Hierarchical regression analyses confirmed that, among the suicidal self-harmers who had a history of repetitive self-harm (n=65), outcome among low social perfectionists changed as a function of positive future thinking such that outcome was better for those high on positive thoughts compared with those low on positive future thoughts. There was no such positive change in outcome among the high social perfectionists. There were also no significant interactive effects evident among the non-repetitive self-harmers (n=61). These findings extend recent research to suggest that socially prescribed perfectionism and positive future thinking (but not negative future thinking) are implicated in outcome following repetitive suicidality. Implications for theory and clinical practice are discussed.

Adolescent↗