SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “PECTORALIS MUSCLES”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources

PubMed1994

Pectoralis major muscle free flap in rat model.

The rat pectoralis muscle can serve as a vascularized, innervated muscle flap model. The muscle, consisting of superficialis and profundus portions, is supplied by separate neurovascular systems. The vessels to pectoralis profundus (averaging 0.3 mm in diameter) can be taken in continuity with the axillary vessels (averaging 11 mm in diameter), which are used for transplantation. The profundus portion of muscle weighed an average of 1.8 g, and the average pedicle length was 0.9 cm. Nine of 11 transplanted muscles were viable, with intact circulation at 72 hours. An example of muscle transplantation for tissue defect coverage was attempted. The pectoralis profundus transplant was technically reliable, and the muscle bulk and contour could allow biochemical and functional studies.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed2006

The "bench-presser's shoulder": an overuse insertional tendinopathy of the pectoralis minor muscle.

BACKGROUND: Tendinopathies of the rotator cuff muscles, biceps tendon and pectoralis major muscle are common causes of shoulder pain in athletes. Overuse insertional tendinopathy of pectoralis minor is a previously undescribed cause of shoulder pain in weightlifters/sportsmen. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical features, diagnostic tests and results of an overuse insertional tendinopathy of the pectoralis minor muscle. To also present a new technique of ultrasonographic evaluation and injection of the pectoralis minor muscle/tendon based on use of standard anatomical landmarks (subscapularis, coracoid process and axillary artery) as stepwise reference points for ultrasonographic orientation. METHODS: Between 2005 and 2006, seven sportsmen presenting with this condition were diagnosed and treated at the Cape Shoulder Institute, Cape Town, South Africa. RESULTS: In five patients, the initiating and aggravating factor was performance of the bench-press exercise (hence the term "bench-presser's shoulder"). Medial juxta-coracoid tenderness, a painful active-contraction test and bench-press manoeuvre, and decrease in pain after ultrasound-guided injection of a local anaesthetic agent into the enthesis, in the absence of any other clinically/radiologically apparent pathology, were diagnostic of pectoralis minor insertional tendinopathy. All seven patients were successfully treated with a single ultrasound-guided injection of a corticosteroid into the enthesis of pectoralis minor followed by a period of rest and stretching exercises. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the clinical features and management of pectoralis minor insertional tendinopathy, secondary to the bench-press type of weightlifting. A new pain site-based classification of shoulder pathology in weightlifters is suggested.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Oral cavity reconstruction using pectoralis major muscle and amnion.

The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap has become the mainstay of major oral cavity reconstruction. The flap provides excellent soft-tissue bulk and cavity or surface lining for major defects. There is a high rate of primary take. However, the flap has some deficiencies. A group of patients were identified that are likely to have less than ideal results with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap technique. In these cases, the flap has been modified and amnion has been added. Initial results indicate enhancement of reconstruction with the modified technique.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Unusual variation of the inferior attachment of the pectoralis minor muscle.

An unusual inferior attachment of pectoralis minor muscle was found on the right side of a male cadaver. The tendinous attachment, originating only from the 5th rib, was detected during the routine practical dissections. There were no other associated features in the thoracic region of this cadaver. We believe that this variation that has not been reported previously in the literature, should be taken into consideration by the surgeons.

Cadaver↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pectoralis major muscle injuries: evaluation and management.

Pectoralis major muscle tears are relatively rare injuries that primarily occur while lifting weights, particularly when doing a bench press. Complete ruptures are most commonly avulsions at or near the humeral insertion. Ruptures at the musculo-tendinous junction and intramuscular tears usually are caused by a direct blow. The patient may hear a snap at the time of injury and report pain, weakness, swelling, or muscular deformity. Physical examination can reveal ecchymosis, a palpable defect, asymmetric webbing of the axillary fold, and weakness on resisted shoulder adduction and internal rotation. A detailed history and physical examination can be augmented by radiologic studies, including magnetic resonance imaging. Nonsurgical treatment is now recommended only for the older, sedentary patient or for proximal muscle belly tears. Surgery, whether early or delayed, consistently yields superior results compared with nonsurgical management. Prompt diagnosis and timely intervention likely will produce improved results.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed1979

Pectoralis major muscle defect and Poland complex.

Pectoralis major muscle defect (PMD) was diagnosed in 27 infants from a series of 599,109 live births in South America (1/22,189). In all 27 cases the PMD was unilateral, mainly affecting the right side (20/27), and there were more male (19/27) than female cases. No familial cases and no parental consanguinity were recorded. A positive correlation was observed between PMD and sex hormone intake and vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy. In 12 (1/49,925) of the 27 PMD cases hypoplasia and/or syndactyly of the ipsilateral hand was also diagnosed. The index-middle interdigital space was affected in all 11 cases with symbrachydactyly. Additional congenital anomalies were observed in 4/27 cases, and they were: hemangiomas, hypospadias, and clubfeet. Poland complex (12 cases), isolated PMD (15 cases), and isolated symbrachydactyly (18 cases), showed a similar pattern for symmetry, sidedness, syndactyly type, and sex ratio.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Case reports on the pectoralis quartus and the pectoralis intermedius muscles].

Each one case of the pectoralis quartus and the pectoralis intermedius muscles was found on the left thoracic wall in a 73 year old male and on the right thoracic wall in a 57 year old female respectively. The pectoralis quartus was a thin muscle of triangular shape, the base of which was the origin arising from the left thoracic wall at the level of the 6th rib between the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi, being separated from both margins of the muscles. The aberrant muscle ascended left-upwards about 10 cm to insert to the inner surface of the pectoralis major near its lower margin. The muscle was innervated by the most caudal pectoral nerve, passing around the lower margin of the pectoralis minor. The pectoralis quartus is extremely rare in man, and only two cases were reported by Bluntschli (1906) and Frey (1921). From the comparative anatomical point of view, the pectoralis quartus muscle was supposed to be a remnant of the ventral part of the subcutaneous trunci muscle in lower mammals, differing from the ordinary muscular arch of the axilla which was believed to derive from the dorso-cranial part of the muscle. The pectoralis intermedius was located in the deep layer of the right pectoralis major, lying about 2 cm below the lower margin of the pectoralis minor. It arose in the 4th and 5th ribs and extended right-upwards, running almost parallel with the pectoralis minor. The origin of the pectoralis minor shifted cranially to the 2nd and 3rd ribs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1984

Total rupture of pectoralis major muscle in athletes.

Total rupture of the pectoralis major muscle is rare. It may follow a severe trauma or strenuous athletic exercise or performance. Five cases of total rupture of the pectoralis major muscle treated in athletes are reported. Two of them had made an extremely exerted effort in weight lifting, one was injured during a parachute landing, one was tackled in an ice hockey match, and one injured his pectoralis major muscle while pushing himself up from a swimming pool. In two cases the diagnosis was made early and in three cases 2-4 months after the injury. All of the patients were male and were treated successfully with surgery. Later they were able to exercise their sports. The weight lifters did not go on with competitive sports.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Pectoralis major muscle flap in head and neck reconstruction.

Pectoralis major muscle flaps have rarely been used on their own for head and neck reconstruction. Some of the problems experienced with myocutaneous flaps can be avoided by the judicious use of muscle flaps. These include suture line separation, excessive bulk, hair growth from the flap, and alteration of breast position. In contrast to the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, the pectoralis major muscle flap is light and pliable. When it is employed for reconstruction in the oral cavity, oropharynx, or hypopharynx, it can be covered by a "quilted" skin graft or used on its own. We believe that pectoralis major muscle flaps provide a valuable alternative to the more bulky myocutaneous flaps in head and neck reconstruction.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle.

Nineteen cases of rupture of the pectoralis major muscle are presented. In 16 cases the rupture was repaired; in 3 cases repair was not performed. Physical findings and surgical technique are described and the anatomy of the insertion of the pectoralis major muscle is reviewed. Nine of the patients in this series sustained their injury while performing the bench press. The majority of the remaining patients were also involved in sports when injury occurred. Eleven of the ruptures were in the nondominant arm and eight in the dominant arm. All of the patients complained of weakness, pain, and deformity, with weakness being the major complaint. Following surgery and rehabilitation, all 16 patients who underwent repair were relieved of pain. The deformity was corrected in all 16 patients, although 2 patients who had a 5 year interval from repair to rupture did not achieve a completely normal contour. Thirteen of the 16 patients reported a full return to strength. The others had significant improvements. Ruptures of the pectoralis major muscle are uncommon, but not rare. Ruptures occurring under tension tear at or near the insertion onto the humerus, as in all 19 cases in this series. Distal ruptures are usually complete, despite physical signs that may be misleading. Distal tears are reparable, even after a delay to treatment. After surgical repair, the majority of patients may expect relief of pain, return of strength and normal contour, and maintenance of range of motion.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle in a paratrooper.

Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle is a very rare injury. Excessive contraction of muscle fibers during certain forms of sports, such as weightlifting and bench pressing, is the most common cause. Among the 150 reported cases in the literature, in only 1 case did the injury happen during the landing phase of parachuting. Here we report a case of pectoralis major muscle rupture caused by a different mechanism than published previously. A paratrooper was injured during a tactical jump out of an aircraft after becoming entangled with the risers. The mechanism of injury was excessive traction and malpositioning of his shoulder when the parachute deployed. A three-phase conservative treatment regimen was performed and results were assessed by dynamometry. The patient was satisfied with the treatment and the dynamometric results were good at 9 mo after injury and at the end of a 20-mo follow-up period. We suggest that three-phase rehabilitation can be an effective treatment option for pectoralis major muscle rupture in selected patients. Prevention of this type of altitude injury would be possible by applying the fundamentals of parachuting.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1993

Body and muscle growth of domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in breast muscle.

Growth characteristics of breast (pectoralis) muscle of male Large White hybrid turkeys were described using the von Bertalanffy model and Huxley's allometric growth analysis, and the cellular maturation process of breast muscle was studied by examining the relationship between the timing of appearance of myosin heavy chain isoforms and circulating levels of thyroid hormones. The inflection points at which the maximum growth rate occurred were estimated to be 112 days for the body weight and 159 days for the breast-muscle weight. The allometric growth coefficient for pectoralis muscle, relative to the whole-body growth, was 1.23 and significantly greater than those of the gastrocnemius, sartorius, latissimus dorsi and extensor digiti muscles during the first 12 weeks posthatch. Myosin was prepared from pectoralis muscle of turkeys at ages ranging from 15 days of incubation (embryos) to 308 days (adult), and embryonic, neonatal and adult isoforms of myosin heavy chain were detected by monoclonal antibodies in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In turkey embryos, the embryonic myosin heavy chain isoform appeared by 22 days of incubation. The transition from embryonic isoform expression to neonatal isoform expression was noted shortly after hatch, and the transition from neonatal to adult was initiated at 7 days posthatch and was nearly completed by 28 days posthatch. The circulating thyroxine concentration rose and fell markedly around the time of hatch and fluctuated within the range of 11 to 19 ng/ml. The triiodothyronine concentration fluctuated within the range of 5 to 7 ng/ml after hatch and started to fall at 14 days posthatch to reach the adult level of 3 to 5 ng/ml.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Effect of low dose x-irradiation on the succinate dehydrogenase activity of guinea pig, rat and mouse tissues.

The histochemical changes in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were investigated in pectoralis major muscle of guinea pig, rat and mouse after low level X-irradiation (72 R and 240 R) and compared with control animals. Biochemical studies were carried out on liver, kidney, muscle (pectoralis major), adrenal and spleen of these animals after low dose local X-irradiation and compared with control animals. Changes in SDH activity were studied up to 72-h post-irradiation, which shows that low dose local X-irradiation leads to increased enzymic activity. The increase in enzymic activity was remarkable in mouse tissues as compared with guinea pig and rat. Adrenals of all the three animals showed significant activation after all the doses of radiation studied. The significance of these results, with special reference to oxidative metabolism, has been discussed.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed2000

Relationship between early post-mortem muscle pH and shortening-induced toughness in the Pectoralis major muscle of processed broilers air-chilled at 0 degrees C and -12 degrees C.

1. An experiment was conducted to investigate the development of shortening-induced toughness in the Pectoralis major (PM) muscles of commercially processed broilers, air-chilled at 0 degrees C and -12 degrees C, as a function of muscle pH early post-mortem. Electrical stimulation was used immediately after stunning and neck cutting to provide carcases with pH values 15 min post-mortem (pH15 min) ranging between 6.79 and 5.85. 2. The deep PM muscle temperatures of carcases chilled at -12 degrees C were lower (cooler) after primary chilling and at 215 min post-mortem than those chilled at 0 degrees C, although chilling regimen had no major effect on pH values over the 24 h post-mortem period. However, carcases chilled at -12 degrees C had longer sarcomeres, lower cooking losses and lower shear force values than those chilled at 0 degrees C. 3. Correlation analysis of the results for both chilling regimens clearly demonstrated that over the pH15min range 6.79 to 5.85, carcases with the lowest pH15min values had the shortest sarcomeres, the highest cooking losses and the toughest meat. In addition, there was no evidence to support the occurrence of cold shortening within this population. This suggests that an early onset of rigor at higher temperatures in broiler carcases, as well as inducing rigor shortening and toughness, might also induce greater protein denaturation and subsequent loss of water holding capacity as manifested in increased cooking losses. 4. Quadratic regression curves showed that over the pH15min range 6.80 to 6.30, only the fast chilling regimen at -12 degrees C could inhibit rigor shortening and minimise changes in cooking loss and shear force values. However, neither chilling regimen was effective in preventing severe rigor shortening, increased cooking losses and adverse toughness in carcases with pH15min values below 6.30. 5. The benefits of fast chilling carcases with pH15min values above 6.3 can also be quantified in terms of carcases exceeding a 4.00 kg/cm2 toughness threshold. Only 1.9% of these carcases chilled at -12 degrees C exceeded this limit (maximum shear force value of 4.72 kg/cm2) compared to 34.9% of the carcases chilled at 0 degrees C (maximum shear force value of 8.46 kg/cm2), further emphasising the considerable reduction in textural variability and improvement in tenderness gained by fast air-chilling at -12 degrees C.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Delayed repair of a ruptured pectoralis major muscle. A case report.

Repair of a pectoralis major muscle rupture at the tendinous insertion into the humerus was successfully performed 13 years after the initial injury. Repair was possible only because the ruptured sternal portion of the muscle was scarred to the intact clavicular portion and therefore had not retracted. The attachment of the avulsed sternal head to the intact clavicular head enabled successful restoration of strength and function, as well as normal contour and appearance of the pectoralis major muscle complex.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ruptures of the pectoralis major muscle. An anatomic and clinical analysis.

We evaluated 12 patients with 14 ruptures of the pectoralis major muscle to compare surgical and conservative management of this injury. Because 9 of the injuries occurred while weight lifting, we performed an anatomic study on human hemithorax specimens during a simulated bench press to determine the mechanism of this rare occurrence. Excursion of individual pectoralis muscle fibers was measured at seven points along the broad muscle origin by the use of fine wires connected to the humeral insertion and to dial gauges on the study apparatus. Excursions in the concentric and eccentric phases of the lift were expressed as a percentage of resting fiber length. The short, inferior fibers of the muscle lengthened disproportionately during the final 30 degrees of humeral extension. We concluded that the inferior fibers have a mechanical disadvantage in the final portion of the eccentric phase of the lift, and application of high loads to these maximally stretched fibers produces rupture. We repaired five acute and two chronic ruptures, and measured peak torque and work production against the contralateral side using Cybex isokinetic testing. Surgically treated patients showed comparable torque and work measurements, while conservatively treated individuals demonstrated and marked deficit in both peak torque and work/repetition. We recommend repair of complete pectoralis muscle ruptures in active patients who require maximum strength in vocational or avocational activities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Partial rupture of the pectoralis major muscle in athletes.

Partial rupture of the pectoralis major muscle is quite a rare event in sports traumatology and information about its treatment is lacking in literature. In this paper the long term effect of conservative non-surgical treatment in two body-builders and one shot-putter is discussed, who reported the partial rupture while performing bench lifts with barbells. Functional recovery was evaluated a few years after the injury (from 4 to 7) with an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex II, Lumex INC N.Y.), measuring maximal shoulder adduction-abduction torques at different angular speeds (60, 180, and 300 degrees/s). The results were compared with those of five healthy athletes practicing either body-building or weight-lifting. From the present study we conclude the following: the non-invasive treatment of a partial rupture of the pectoralis major muscle may produce almost complete functional recovery; in normal subjects adduction muscles are advantageous in comparison to the abduction ones.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed2006

Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle: surgical treatment in athletes.

Pectoralis major tendon rupture is a relatively rare injury, resulting from violent, eccentric contraction of the muscle. Over 50% of these injuries occur in athletes, classically in weight-lifters during the 'bench press' manoeuvre. We present 13 cases of distal rupture of the pectoralis major muscle in athletes. All patients underwent open surgical repair. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to confirm the diagnosis in all patients. The results were analysed using (1) the visual analogue pain score, (2) functional shoulder evaluation and (3) isokinetic strength measurements. At the final follow-up of 23.6 months (14-34 months), the results were excellent in six patients, good in six and one had a poor result. Eleven patients were able to return to their pre-injury level of sports. The mean time for a return to sports was 8.5 months. The intraoperative findings correlated perfectly with the reported MRI scans in 11 patients and with minor differences in 2 patients. We wish to emphasise the importance of accurate clinical diagnosis, appropriate investigations, early surgical repair and an accelerated rehabilitation protocol for the distal rupture of the pectoralis major muscle as this allows complete functional recovery and restoration of full strength of the muscle, which is essential for the active athlete.

Accidental Falls↗