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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Role of autonomic function in the antihypertensive effect of vasopressin withdrawal in spontaneous hypertension.

The importance of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the withdrawal-induced antihypertensive phenomenon (WAP) to arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) was investigated by studying the response to AVP infusion and withdrawal in the presence and absence of ganglionic blockade. In the absence of autonomic blockade, AVP infusion (20 ng/kg/min for 3 h) produced similar pressor responses initially in the SHR (45 +/- 2.0 mm Hg) and in the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) (43 +/- 3.3 mm Hg). The pressor response was not well-maintained in SHR, falling to 21 +/- 0.8 mm Hg above preinfusion basal values by the end of the 3-h infusion. Cessation of the infusion was associated with a dramatic decrease in pressure below basal levels in the SHR: 3 h after the withdrawal of AVP, pressure had dropped from the preinfusion level of 171 +/- 4.0 mm Hg to 141 +/- 4.5 mm Hg, whereas pressure had returned to control levels in the WKY. In the presence of the ganglionic blocking agent, the changes in pressure both during and after the AVP infusion were similar in SHR and WKY: 3 h after the withdrawal of the AVP infusion, pressure was only slightly reduced below preinfusion levels in SHR (from 112 +/- 4.6 to 100 +/- 2.9 mm Hg) and WKY (from 76 +/- 2.7 to 75 +/- 2.6 mm Hg). The results suggest that an intact ANS is important to the expression of the WAP in the SHR, in that the WAP may require a withdrawal of sympathetic tone.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of pentolinium on blood sugar and serum potassium concentrations during anaesthesia and surgery.

Blood surgar and serum potassium (K+) concentrations were measured before, during and 60 min after surgery in two groups of 10 non-diabetic patients during nitrous oxide/halothane/tubocurarine anaesthesia. In the control group the arterial pressure was maintained within the patients' normal ranges, while in the study group pentolinium was administered i.v. (average 22 mg per patient) to achieve and maintain a mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg (+/-10 SEM). In the normotensive group the blood sugar concentration increased markedly and significantly during surgery and in the early postoperative period while the serum K+ concentration was essentially unchanged. In the hypotensive group pentolinium produced a striking modification of the surgery-induced hyperglycaemic response (but not to hypoglycaemic values) as well as a small but significant decrease in serum K+ concentration. The observed increase in the blood sugar concentration may be part of the autonomic response to surgical stress. Two mechanisms can explain the reduction in serum K+ concentration: (1) decreased hepatic glycogenolysis and (2) attenuation of the suppressive effect of adrenaline on insulin release, both effects being secondary to the ganglion-blocking property of pentolinium. These results are in contrast to the widely held belief that ganglion-blocking drugs cause hypoglycaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Haemodynamic responses to induced arterial hypotension in children.

Cardiovascular measurements were made in 12 children in whom arterial hypotension was induced with pentolinium and halothane. Propranolol was given to five patients who exhibited tachycardia. Measurements were made at the following stages: before induction of hypotension, 5 min after the administration of pentolinium, when a "dry" opening field was obtained, at the time of maximum hypotension and when arterial pressure had returned to 90% of the control values. The decrease in arterial pressure 5 min after the administration of pentolinium was accompanied by tachycardia, but there was no significant change in cardiac index and the operative field was congested. A substantial decrease in cardiac output occurred when a "dry" field was obtained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Use of pentolinium in postoperative hypertension resistant to sodium nitroprusside.

Five patients with systemic arterial hypertension occurring in the postoperative period and resistant to sodium nitroprusside are described. The hypertension was associated with evidence of increased activity of the autonomic and renin-angiotensin systems. Sympathetic blockade using the ganglion blocking agent, pentolinium, enabled the arterial pressure to be controlled adequately in all patients. This was associated with a decrease in catecholamine concentrations, plasma renin activity and angiotensin II concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Effect of some i.v. anaesthetic agents on canine gastrointestinal motility.

Thiopentone 20 mg kg-1, ketamine 8 mg kg-1 and minaxolone 2 mg kg-1 were administered to fasting greyhound dogs. Mechanical and electrical activities from stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were recorded using strain gauge force transducers and implanted bipolar electrodes. Thiopentone and minaxolone caused intense activity in the duodenum and jejunum (phase I and phase II of the interdigestive cycle), but not the stomach or ileum. The activity following injection of thiopentone or minaxolone was prevented by premedication with either atropine 0.05 mg kg-1 or pentolinium 0.2 mg kg-1. Ketamine had no influence on gastrointestinal activity or the response to thiopentone or minaxolone. None of these drugs altered the basal electrical rhythm of the intestine.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1991

Noradrenaline turnover and metabolism in myocardium following aortic constriction in rats.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to provide meaningful information on the function of the sympathetic system soon after an increased pressure overload on the heart. DESIGN: Noradrenaline storage, turnover, uptake, and synthesis were investigated at 3, 14, and 28 d after aortic banding in rats. Sham operated rats without aortic banding were used as control group. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL: Left ventricle, spleen, and kidney from male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-200 g) were used in this study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cardiac noradrenaline concentration was decreased at 3 d and 28 d after banding and increased at 14 d; left ventricular mass was increased from 14 d onwards. The rate of change in the specific activity of myocardial noradrenaline (noradrenaline turnover) as well as dopamine beta hydroxylase, an enzyme for noradrenaline synthesis, was unaltered at 3 d, increased at 14 d, and decreased at 28 d after aortic banding. Myocardial [3H]noradrenaline uptake, on the other hand, was decreased at all time points studied. The changes observed in the myocardium at day 14 were specific since noradrenaline turnover rate was unaltered in other peripheral organs such as spleen and kidney. Furthermore, after ganglionic blockade with pentolinium, both sham operated control and banded animals had identical, low noradrenaline turnover rate constants, and significant restoration of cardiac weight and noradrenaline stores was observed in the hearts from banded animals. CONCLUSIONS: Noradrenaline turnover and metabolism are altered soon after imposing increased workload on heart. Whether or not the changes in the sympathetic activity are a prerequisites for hypertrophy still remains to be seen.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Pulmonary vasomotor tone during general anesthesia and deliberate hypotension in man.

Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses to administration of pentolinium (0.3 mg/kg) were studied in eight patients undergoing total hip replacement during N2O-halothane anesthesia with PaCO2 maintained at 35-40 mm Hg. Measurements were made prior to induction of anesthesia; 20 minutes after induction; 45 minutes after induction but prior to pentolinium administration; 10, 20, and 60 minutes after administration of pentolinium; 15 minutes after AP recovered to within 10 per cent of baseline values. The reduction in AP produced by pentolinium was associated with significant decreases in both SVR and LVFP (estimated by measuring PA0 via a Swan-Ganz catheter). The profound and significant reductions in calculated PVR were more pronounced than those in SVR. Since PVR decreased in the face of reductions in both pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures despite a significant increase (at 10 minutes) or no change (at 20 and 60 minutes) in pulmonary blood flow, the results suggest an active decrease in pulmonary vascular tone, presumably due to autonomic inhibition by pentolinium. Both LVSWI and RVSWI decreased significantly following injection of pentolinium. HR X SAP, an indirect index of MV02, decreased significantly following an initial increase at 10 minutes. Presumably these effects of pentolinium were conspicuous because N2O-halothane anesthesia altered the baseline of pulmonary vascular tone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Catecholamine and oxytocin cells respond to hypovolaemia as well as hypotension.

Medullary catecholamine and hypothalamic neurosecretory oxytocin cells are activated by hypotension, but previous studies have provided uncertain outcomes concerning their ability to respond to a purely hypovolaemic stimulus. In the present study, injections of PEG/water and pentolinium were used to elicit non-hypotensive, isosmotic hypovolaemia and isovolaemic, isosmotic hypotension, respectively, in conscious rats. Animals were sacrificed 2 h after treatment. Immunolabelling for Fos, tyrosine hydroxylase and oxytocin established that these two stimuli activate almost identical populations of catecholamine neurons in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial medulla, and very similar populations of oxytocin cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Animals↗