SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “PETROLEUM PRODUCTS”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources

PubMed1980

Mono-oxygenase activities of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) liver microsomes using three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon substrates.

1. Benzo[a]pyrene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, and naphthalene were used as substrates for a coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) liver microsomal preparation. 2. The apparent Michaelis constants (Km) were as follows: benzo[a]pyrene, 2.1 microM; 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 15.3 microM; and naphthalene, 300 microM. 3. The results indicate that the microsomal preparation had a high affinity for 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene. Thus, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, an important constituent of petroleum products, is a useful substrate for research on the disposition in vivo and in vitro of xenobiotics introduced into marine environments by petroleum pollution.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Calibration and field verification of semipermeable membrane devices for measuring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water.

The use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) has become common in environmental sampling of nonpolar organic contaminants, yet few data exist for the uptake or sampling rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Two separate laboratory calibration experiments were conducted to determine the sampling rates of 28 individual PAH and 19 homologues. PAH with a log Kow > 4.5 remained in the linear uptake phase for 30 days, but PAH with a log Kow < 4.5 began to approach steady state within 15 days. Sampling rates, corrected for dissolved organic carbon, ranged from 2.11 to 6.06 L d(-1). Shear flow across the membrane had no statistically significant effect on rates over the range of 0.01-0.50 cm s(-1). Field verification of these sampling rates yielded agreement within about a factor of 2 for most PAH and a factor of 4 for all PAH. The worst agreement was for the most hydrophobic PAH, where partitioning into dissolved and particulate organic carbon pools are more important and less certain. These SPMD sampling rate data will allow quantitative estimations of freely dissolved concentrations of 47 compounds that are commonly used for PAH and petroleum product source identification and allocation.

Calibration↗

PubMed2001

Inorganic nutrient utilisation by "adapted" Pseudomonas putida strain used in the bioremediation of agricultural soil polluted with crude petroleum.

Garden soil samples polluted with crude petroleum were bioremediated by inorganic nutrient monitoring with appropriate adjustment and inoculation with crude oil-adapted strain of Pseudomonasputida (PP) isolated from oil-impacted soils. Soil samples without PP inoculation served as the control samples to compare the abilities of the native soil microflora with the adapted PP strain in biodegrading crude oil pollutant. In the experimental samples, oil concentration and all the inorganic nutrient sources tested decreased more rapidly with a proportional increase in the population densities of both PP and the native soil microflora than were observed in the control samples. This trend was particularly strong for PO4(3-) and NO3- which eventually became limiting both in all the experimental samples and in some control samples. Inoculation of crude oil-impacted agricultural soils by oil -adapted PP strain with nutrient monitoring and adjustment can be effective as bioremediation methods of agricultural land upon pollution with petroleum or petroleum products.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1996

Comparing the presence, potency, and potential hazard of genotoxins extracted from a broad range of industrial effluents.

We examined the genotoxicity of dichloromethane extracts from 50 final effluent samples collected from 42 industries, including pulp and paper, chemical manufacturing, metal refining, metal surface treatment, and municipal waste water treatment. Effluents were initially fractionated into dissolved substances, and substances adsorbed to suspended particulate matter. Acid/base partitioning was used to further fractionate aqueous extracts. Genotoxicity of extracts was found to be related to sample type, industry type, metabolic activation status, and extract fluorescence (380 nm excitation, 430 nm emission). S9 metabolic activation reduced genotoxic potency in over 90% of the extracts examined. Expression of potency values per equivalent unit of original sample revealed that effluent particulate matter is, on average, almost four orders of magnitude more potent than aqueous filtrates. Suspended particulate matter from organic and inorganic chemical production, petroleum and metal refining, and from metal surface treatment facilities, provided extracts that were significantly more genotoxic than those from sewage treatment and pulp and paper facilities. Aqueous filtrates from inorganic and organic chemical production, metal refining, and surface treatment facilities were significantly more genotoxic than those emitted by aluminum and petroleum refineries. Overall, the results suggest that pulp and paper mills emit mostly soluble genotoxins, while petroleum and aluminum refineries emit predominantly particle-associated genotoxins. Although some extracts elicited a strong SOS response, the potency of the extractable residues was low when compared to highly potent pure substances such as benzo(alpha) pyrene. On average, a mg of dichloromethane-extractable residue has an SOS genotoxicity equivalent to 0.1-1.0 microg of benzo(alpha) pyrene. Predicted Ames mutagenic potency values corresponded reasonably well with industrial waste mutagenic potency values corresponded reasonably well with industrial waste mutagenic potency values published by other researchers. Genotoxic loading values were calculated to quantify the total daily genotoxic emission and potential hazard of each industry. Highest loadings were from sewage treatment, pulp and paper, and metal refining facilities. Highest loading values were the SOS genotoxic equivalent of over 30 kg of benzo(alpha)pyrene per day. The ultimate hazard of genotoxic emissions is not known. Actual hazard assessment is complicated by a poor understanding of the postemission behavior of genotoxins. Exposure of downstream biota is likely substantial.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2003

Determination of mercury in SRM crude oils and refined products by isotope dilution cold vapor ICP-MS using closed-system combustion.

Mercury was determined by isotope dilution cold-vapor inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-CV-ICP-MS) in four different liquid petroleum SRMs. Samples of approximately 0.3 g were spiked with stable (201)Hg and wet ashed in a closed system (Carius tube) using 6 g of high-purity nitric acid. Three different types of commercial oils were measured: two Texas crude oils, SRM 2721 (41.7+/-5.7 pg g(-1)) and SRM 2722 (129+/-13 pg g(-1)), a low-sulfur diesel fuel, SRM 2724b (34+/-26 pg g(-1)), and a low-sulfur residual fuel oil, SRM 1619b (3.5+/-0.74 ng g(-1)) (mean value and 95% CI). The Hg values for the crude oils and the diesel fuel are the lowest values ever reported for these matrices. The method detection limit, which is ultimately limited by method blank uncertainty, is approximately 10 pg g(-1) for a 0.3 g sample. Accurate Hg measurements in petroleum products are needed to assess the contribution to the global Hg cycle and may be needed in the near future to comply with reporting regulations for toxic elements.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed2001

Time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of high-molecular-weight alkanes in crude oil by silver nitrate chemical ionization after laser desorption.

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for the first time to analyze the hydrocarbons in crude oil. Alkanes in the saturated fraction of a crude oil sample were chemically ionized by the laser desorption of silver nitrate, and the silver-attached C24-C60 alkanes were resolved with mass accuracy below 7 ppm. This technique was used to evaluate the biodegradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes by oil-degrading microorganisms resident in seawater. It is shown that the aliphatic hydrocarbons were degraded in the range of 60-80%, while the mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentacycloalkanes were degraded in the range of 40-55, 20-30, 10-16, 5-9, and <5%, respectively. Its high sensitivity and speed of application could result in an analysis by laser desorption silver chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry being the method of choice for determining high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in various petroleum products.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1992

Fire-eater's lung.

Acute pneumonitis following aspiration of petroleum products is usually related to accidental poisonings in children. We describe here two cases of hydrocarbon pneumonitis in fire-eaters, caused by accidental aspiration of petroleum during the performance of fire-eating. Both patients had cough, dyspnoea, chest pain and fever. Chest X-rays showed basal lung infiltrates and, 2 weeks later, pneumatocele formations. Reversible bronchial hyperresponsiveness and restrictive ventilatory limitation were demonstrated in one of the patients. The bronchoalveolar lavage specimen showed cytoplasmic vacuolation of the macrophages and neutrophilia. After treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids the symptoms disappeared and the lung function values returned to normal within 2-3 weeks. Radiological resolution of the pneumatoceles occurred within 2-12 months.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1984

[Assessment of the occupational risk to workers engaged in the manufacture of divinyl-styrene rubber].

The production of synthetic rubber, one of the varieties of petro-chemical branch in our country, is new and very prospective. The Bulgarian synthetic rubber is synthesized from petroleum products divinyl and styrene. After the hygienic assessment of the technological processes, a complete characteristic of labour conditions was made and the character of the working process was studied of the main occupations of the workers, attending the installations of Synthetic Rubber Plant. The exposure to occupational noxae was determined and the existing occupational risk was evaluated. The toxico-chemical substances, benzene, styrene and divenyl, are with the highest significance among the factors of the working environment. The data on the health state of the workers are reported and recommendations are proposed for the restriction of the effect of the occupational factors.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed2002

Extractable organic matter in PM10 from LiWan district of Guangzhou City, PR China.

PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 microm) samples were collected at LiWan District of Guangzhou, PR China during April and July 2001 using a high volume air sampler to determine the distributions of homologous compounds and biomarkers. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including non-alkylated PAHs, methyl-alkylated PAHs, and some PAHs containing S/O atoms and n-alkanes were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The sigma(n)-alkane and sigmaPAHs ranged from 26.4 to 719.2 ng/m3 and 7.4 to 159.4 ng/m3, respectively. A seasonal fluctuation was clearly evident with higher concentrations occurring during the colder months (April). In addition, some compositional differences are observed for the organic compounds in samples collected from different heights above ground level. Higher sites had a significant contribution from vascular plant wax. The presence of petroleum products with no carbon number preference, pristane, phytane and a significant unresolved complex mixture (UCM) with unresolved to resolved components ratio (U/R) of 6.2-13.2 confirm the petroleum component. The relative distribution of n-alkanes and the values of molecular diagnostic ratio, such as carbon preference index (CPI) values ranging from 1.0 to 1.4 (for the whole range of n-alkanes), indicated the importance of petroleum and diesel residues and gasoline emissions, as well as the minor contribution of n-alkanes emitted directly from epicuticular waxes. Indeed, the percent contribution of leaf 'wax' n-alkanes (5.2-19.4%) indicated a low contribution of biogenic sources. The fossil fuel biomarkers, hopanes and steranes were observed in the PM10 samples, which indicate a petroleum origin. The distribution pattern of PAHs was characteristic of anthropogenic emissions. Coupling carbon number maximum (Cmax), CPI, U/R values, molecular marker and molecular diagnostic ratios for alkanes and PAHs revealed a classification of natural biogenic and anthropogenic components of atmospheric aerosols. These analyses support the conclusion that vehicular emission was the major source of organic compounds during the study period, while the contribution of epicuticular waxes emitted by terrestrial plants was minor.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2002

Recent advances in petroleum characterization by GC field ionization time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Although mass spectrometry has been studied extensively in the past 50 years for analysis of petroleum and other fossil fuels, comprehensive characterization of total petroleum composition across a wide boiling range remains a challenge. In this work, we report our efforts in combining GC separation, field Ionization, and time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-FI-TOF HRMS) for detailed analyses of petroleum products with a carbon number range of C6-C44. GC separates hydrocarbon molecules by boiling points. FI generates intact molecular ions for both aromatic and saturate petroleum molecules eluting from the GC. The elemental compositions of these molecular ions are consequently resolved and identified by TOF HRMS with a mass resolving power up to 7000 (M/deltaMfwhm) and mass accuracy of +/-3 mDa, which in turn yields chemical information (heteroatomic content, number of rings plus double bond, and carbon number) for the petroleum molecules. The ability to resolve sulfur-containing hydrocarbons is greatly enhanced because of the unique combination.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗

PubMed1994

Screening petrochemicals for contact hypersensitivity potential: a comparison of the murine local lymph node assay with guinea pig and human test data.

Over the last few years, the Murine Local Lymph Node Assay (MLLNA) has received considerable attention as a more quantitative, less expensive alternative to the guinea pig assays currently employed to identify potential human contact allergens. At this time, several companies are involved in both independent and joint efforts to validate the MLLNA with their products. This report describes the preliminary results of an Exxon-sponsored research effort to validate the assay with selected materials that are representative of our company's diverse chemical and petroleum product groups. Nine test materials were chosen for which there already existed guinea pig and/or human patch sensitization data. When the MLLNA results were compared to those data obtained from currently used predictive tests (guinea pig, human patch test), the MLLNA showed good agreement for moderate and strong sensitizers. However, the assay may be prone to the potential confounding effects of irritation (false positives), may be insensitive to weak sensitizers, and may be influenced by vehicle selection.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Development of oil hydrocarbon fingerprinting and identification techniques.

Oil, refined product, and pyrogenic hydrocarbons are the most frequently discovered contaminants in the environment. To effectively determine the fate of spilled oil in the environment and to successfully identify source(s) of spilled oil and petroleum products is, therefore, extremely important in many oil-related environmental studies and liability cases. This article briefly reviews the recent development of chemical analysis methodologies which are most frequently used in oil spill characterization and identification studies and environmental forensic investigations. The fingerprinting and data interpretation techniques discussed include oil spill identification protocol, tiered analytical approach, generic features and chemical composition of oils, effects of weathering on hydrocarbon fingerprinting, recognition of distribution patterns of petroleum hydrocarbons, oil type screening and differentiation, analysis of "source-specific marker" compounds, determination of diagnostic ratios of specific oil constituents, stable isotopic analysis, application of various statistical and numerical analysis tools, and application of other analytical techniques. The issue of how biogenic and pyrogenic hydrocarbons are distinguished from petrogenic hydrocarbons is also addressed.

Accidents↗

PubMed1985

[Utilization of mycelial waste of antibiotic production in the technology of kilned construction materials].

At present the main part of the mycelial waste of antibiotic production is collected in sludge lagoones, discarded to the sewage treatment system or burnt. The mycelial waste is one of the causes of the environmental pollution. It contains a significant quantity of valuable substances, such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. The inorganic portion of the waste includes the compounds of calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, silicium and phosphorus. The levels of the above substances in the mycelial waste allow using it as organic mineral additives in making expanded clay aggregate gravel with the use of low quality clay and loam. It may be also used as the burn-out of the raw material charge in making burnt bricks and other burnt building materials. By its calorific value the mycelial waste is equal to brown coal or peat. It was shown that the structural and mechanical properties of the mixtures of the mycelium and clay depended on the moisture content of the composition and the proportion of its components. The mycelial waste provided a decrease in the optimal temperature of burning by 40-50 degrees C. The production tests at the expanded clay aggregate plants showed that the bulk weight of expanded clay aggregate might be lowered by 50-100 kg/m3 and the usual additives with the use of petroleum products might be completely excluded from the technological process. The use of the mycelial waste for manufacture of burnt building materials provides saving of the fuel energy sources and improvement of the quality of the finished product. It is also important from the ecological viewpoint.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1997

Cancer incidence of workers in the Swedish petroleum industry.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the risk of cancer due to occupational exposure to petroleum products in the Swedish transport and refinery industries. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study the cancer incidence in 4128 men and 191 women, who had worked for at least one year in the petroleum industry, was compared with the incidence in the general population. The job titles and employment times for each person were found in personal files in the industries. The men had on average worked in jobs exposed to petroleum for 11.6 years at the end of the observation period. The cases of cancer were identified by record linkage with the Swedish cancer register. RESULTS: In total there were 146 cases of cancer v 157.6 expected (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 0.93 90% confidence interval (90% CI) 0.80 to 1.1). Operators at refineries had an increased risk of leukaemia (6 cases v 1.7 expected, 90% CI of relative risk (RR) 1.5 to 7.0). Five of the six cases had started to work at the refineries in the 1950s or later. No other significantly increased risk of cancer was found. Distribution workers had a decreased incidence of lung cancer (no cases, 90% CI of RR 0 to 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Operators at Swedish refineries had an increased risk of leukaemia. A possible cause is exposure to benzene. There was no increased risk of leukaemia in distribution workers. Distribution workers had a decreased risk of lung cancer.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Assessment of the disposal of radioactive petroleum industry waste in nonhazardous landfills using risk-based modeling.

Certain petroleum production activities cause naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) to accumulate in concentrations above natural background levels, making safe and cost-effective management of such technologically enhanced NORM (TENORM) a key issue for the petroleum industry. As a result, both industry and regulators are interested in identifying cost-effective disposal alternatives that provide adequate protection of human health and the environment One such alternative, currently allowed in Michigan with restrictions, is the disposal of TENORM wastes in nonhazardous waste landfills. The disposal of petroleum industry wastes containing radium-226 (Ra-226) in nonhazardous landfills was modeled to evaluate the potential radiological doses and health risks to workers and the public. Multiple scenarios were considered in evaluating the potential risks associated with landfill operations and the future use of the property. The scenarios were defined, in part, to evaluate the Michigan policy; sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of key parameters on potential risks. The results indicate that the disposal of petroleum industry TENORM wastes in nonhazardous landfills in accordance with the Michigan policy and existing landfill regulations presents a negligible risk to most of the potential receptors considered in this study.

Background Radiation↗

PubMed2004

The coupling of supercritical fluid chromatography and field ionization time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry for rapid and quantitative analysis of petroleum middle distillates.

We report the first coupling of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with field ionization time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (FI-ToF HRMS), in parallel with ultraviolet (UV) detection and flame ionization detection (FID), for rapid and quantitative analysis of petroleum middle distillates. SFC separates petroleum middle distillates into saturates and 1- to 3-ring aromatics. FI generates molecular ions for hydrocarbon species eluted from the SFC. The high resolution and exact mass measurements by ToF mass spectrometry provide elemental compositions of the molecules in the petroleum product. The amounts of saturates and aromatic ring types were quantified using the parallel SFC-FID assisted by SFC-UV. With a proper carbon-number calibration, the detailed composition of the petroleum middle distillate was rapidly determined.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1983

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in workers occupationally exposed to jet fuel--a combined epidemiological and casuistic study.

Some aircraft personel and airline industry workers are exposed to jet fuel, a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons (petroleum 80%) and some organic solvents (petroleum 80%) and some organic solvents (aromatic hydrocarbons 20%). In order to evaluate the possible neuropsychiatric sequeale of such long-term occupational exposure, we examined 30 workers exposed at about 250 mg/m3 for 4-32 years at a jet motor factory. They were compared with two control groups (2 x 30) of matched non-exposed workers. The medical history was first assessed by standardized interviews and examination of medical records kept by the factory physician. The exposed subjects had, after their employment, much more often sought medical advice because of emotional dysfunctions, such as depression and anxiety, than had the control groups (P less than 0.005). When the prevalent mental symptoms, indicative of brain lesion, later were rated by psychiatrists, the exposed workers scored higher than did the controls (P less than 0.001). 14 subjects showing most symptoms were then selected for a thorough neuropsychiatric clinical investigation comprising psychosocial inquiries, psychological testing, personality assessment and neurological/neurophysiological examination. Seven were judged to suffer from mild organic brain syndrome (i.e. "organic neurasthenia") of which one subject was a severe case. The subjects had all undergone a slow but steady personality change over the years--starting from an ordinary strength without neurotic traits and moving towards an asthenic state with fatigue, anxiety and vegetative hyperreactivity. No other cause for this change could be identified as an alternative to the occupational exposure to jet fuel. It is concluded that personality changes and emotional dysfunctions are the foremost effects of such long-term exposure to petroleum products.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Assessment of chemical loadings to Newark Bay, New Jersey from petroleum and hazardous chemical accidents occurring from 1986 to 1991.

Newark Bay, New Jersey, is particularly vulnerable to ecological damage from accidental petroleum and chemical spills due to the enclosed nature of the bay and the large volume of chemical and petroleum commerce within the region. A review of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy's database of hazardous chemical spills in New Jersey waterways was conducted to determine the frequency and volume of chemical and petroleum spills in Newark Bay and its major tributaries. Accidents reported from 1986 to 1991 were extracted from the database and summarized. The compilation of records indicated that 1400 incidents, resulting in the release of more than 18 million gallons of hazardous materials to the estuary had been reported to state officials. The bulk of the chemicals released to the aquatic environment were petroleum products, specifically No. 2 Fuel Oil (4,636,512 gallons) and No. 6 Fuel Oil (12,600,683 gallons). The majority of the reported incidents occurred in the Arthur Kill and its tributaries. The results indicate that accidental discharge of petroleum and other hazardous chemicals to Newark Bay represents a significant ongoing source of chemical pollution.

Accidents↗