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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources

PubMed1968

Role of curing agents in the preservation of shelf-stable canned meat products.

Experiments were conducted to gain a better understanding of the mechanism by which sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium nitrite supplement the action of heat in preserving canned cured meat products. Heated spores of putrefactive anaerobe 3679h were less tolerant of all three curing agents in the outgrowth medium than were unheated spores. When the curing agents were added to the heating menstruum, but not to the outgrowth medium, sodium chloride and sodium nitrate tended to protect the spores against heat injury, but sodium nitrite did not. When the spores were both heated and cultured in the presence of the curing agents: (i) nitrate and salt increased the apparent heat resistance at low concentrations (0.5 to 1%) but decreased it at concentrations of 2 to 4%; (ii) nitrite was markedly inhibitory, especially at pH 6.0. At the normal pH of canned luncheon meats (approximately 6.0), nitrite appears to be the chief preservative agent against spoilage by putrefactive anaerobes.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1996

Inhibition of the accumulation of uremic toxins in the blood and their precursors in the feces after oral administration of Lebenin, a lactic acid bacteria preparation, to uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis.

The plasma levels of phenol, p-cresol, and indican are markedly increased in uremic patients, and cannot be efficiently reduced by hemodialysis. Such uremic toxins, which are produced in the intestine as bacterial putrefactive metabolites, accumulate to a great degree in the feces of hemodialysis patients. Oral administration of Lebenin, a preparation consisting of antibiotic-resistant lactic acid bacteria, reduced the levels of fecal putrefactive metabolites to levels comparable with those of healthy subjects. Moreover, the plasma level of indican also significantly decreased in these Lebenin-treated patients. An analysis of the fecal microflora revealed that a disturbed composition of the microflora characterized by an overgrowth of aerobic bacteria is restored to normal by oral administration of Lebenin in hemodialysis patients. These results thus demonstrate that oral administration of lactic acid bacteria in uremic patients is effective in reducing the levels of uremic toxins, especially that of indican, in the blood by inhibiting bacterial production by means of correcting the intestinal microflora.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of canine brain decomposition on laboratory diagnosis of rabies.

Canine brains infected with rabies virus were submitted to decomposition by being left at room temperature of 25 to 29 degrees C for up to 168 h. At 24 h intervals, brain fragments were analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF) and by the mouse intracerebral inoculation (MI) test to confirm the diagnosis of rabies and to measure the putrefaction effect on the accuracy of the diagnosis. Forty eight h after the beginning of the experiment, the MI test showed signs of impairment with four negative results, while after 72 h, 100% of the results were negative to the MI test and only one result was negative to the IF test, indicating that the threshold period for accurate diagnosis is 24 to 48 h before putrefaction. The authors recommend the shipment of suspected cases of rabies to the laboratory for confirmation, but the use of putrid materials for diagnosis is meaningless because of false-negative results.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis.

Organoleptic studies indicate that the oral cavity is usually the principal source of physiologic malodor associated with the early morning halitosis. In all individuals, regardless of the age or health status of the oral tissues, the most intense oral malodor is exhibited after prolonged periods of reduced saliva flow and abstinence from food and liquid. This results from normal metabolic activity in the oral cavity and is accentuated in cases with periodontal involvement. Physiologic oral malodor is transient in duration as it can be controlled to varying degrees in most individuals by oral hygiene measures, such as tooth brushing, dental prophylaxis, tongue scraping and rinsing with antiseptic mouth washes. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that putrefaction of sulphur-containing proteinaceous substrates by predominantly gram-negative oral microorganisms is the primary cause of oral malodor. Optimum putrefactive activity occurs in low carbohydrate environment, physiological pH, and anaerobic conditions. Salivary sediment containing the exfoliated epithelial cells is the primary source of substrate which exists in a disulphide state. Proteolysis and reduction of disulphide bonds precedes the formation of odor. The odor intensity of putrescent saliva and plaque head-space vapor has been correlated with the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds consisting of hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide. Except for dimethyl disulphide, the same sulphur-containing compounds have been found in mouth air of all tested individuals. Hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan emanate an offensive putrid odor and account for approxiamtely 90% of the total sulphur content of mouth air. In half of the population tested, methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulphide content of early morning mouth air is sufficiently high to account for the oral malodor. Brushing studies indicate that both plaque and tongue are important sources of malodor with most of the odor emanating from the dorso-posterior surface of the tongue. None of the gas chromatographic or mass spectrometric analyses have detected the presence of amines, indole, or skatole in the head-space, mouth air, or breath vapor samples.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1992

Effect of dietary fat and fiber on fecal flora, bacterial metabolites, and fecal properties in Japanese volunteers.

The effects of dietary fat and dietary fiber (DF) levels in diet on fecal flora, activities of three fecal enzymes, putrefactive metabolites, fecal mutagenicity and fecal properties were studied in eight healthy volunteers. They were given low fat and low DF diet (LF: fat energy ratio was 13.9%, and DF intake was 9.0 g/day) for 10 days, high fat and low DF diet (HF: fat energy ratio was 52.7%, and DF intake was 7.1 g/day) for 10 days, and high fat and high DF diet (HFF: fat energy ratio was 52.0%, and DF intake was 24.8 g/day) for 10 days. No change of fecal flora at the bacterial group level was observed throughout the experimental period, except that the population of lactobacilli showed a tendency to increase in HF period. Fecal activities of beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase and nitroreductase and some putrefactive products were unchanged between LF and HF, while these values decreased in HFF period. No significant change of fecal properties was observed between LF and HF, while by HFF supplementation fecal weight increased and fecal pH value was lower than that in LF and HF. Excretions of iron, zinc and calcium in feces did not increase by high DF supplementation.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Changes in K value and microorganisms of tilapia fillet during storage at high-pressure, normal temperature.

This study determined the effect of high-pressure, normal temperature (25 degrees C) storage on tilapia fillets. After pressurization, the fillets were stored at normal condition (1 atm [1 atm = 101.29 kPa] and 25 degrees C) for 12 h to evaluate the changes of microbes and K value. The fillets stored at 2,000 atm for 12 h still kept the K value, a freshness index that represents putrefaction with the value beyond 60%, still below 40%, and the K value of the meat without pressurization was up to 92%. Total plate counts of the fillets stored at below 1,000 atm for 12 h were maintained at the value of 4.7 log CFU/g of meat, which was similar to the initial level. However, the counts were obviously decreased to about 2.0 log CFU/g of meat for the fillets stored at above 2,000 atm. The same effect was obtained for psychrophilic bacteria. Enzymes and microbes reactivated apparently after 12 h of normal condition storage of mild pressurized fillets. The study demonstrates that high-pressure storage can inhibit the putrefaction of tilapia meat but no longer after that.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Postmortem dog bites after sexually motivated homicide with multiple stab wounds--differential diagnostic aspects].

The body of a 20-year-old woman that had undergone significant putrefaction was found lying on the bed of her apartment in a supine position. The legs were straddled and apart from a T-shirt, she was naked. The inner side of the right thigh showed a circumscribed 20 cm x 40 cm defect exposing the underlying muscles. The wound margin was ragged and superficial scratch-type abrasions were found in the vicinity of the injury margin. The investigating police officers classified the injuries to be caused postmortem by a crossbreed dog that was inside the apartment. No other signs of external force were found on the body at the death scene and due to the previous history of the deceased, a drug death was assumed. Autopsy revealed 13 vital stab wounds in the neck and aspiration of blood in the lungs as well as signs of manual strangulation. The observed coincidence of injuries due to postmortem animal depredation and stab wounds, although in different localization, can be regarded as a rare entity in the light of the literature. The morphological appearance of traumatic injuries due to other causes can be modified by the simultaneous presence of postmortem injuries caused by animals and difficulties can arise concerning the differential diagnosis especially under poor conditions (e.g. advanced putrefaction) at the death scene.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Bodies found in the waterways of New York City.

We reviewed the case records for all decedents recovered from the waterways of New York City over a three year period (1997-2000). The epidemiological profile, circumstances, toxicology findings, putrefactive changes, date of recovery, length of immersion, and injuries were examined. There were 123 deaths: 52 suicides, 50 undetermined, 16 accidents, and five homicides. The causes of death included: 97 drownings, 13 undetermined, and 13 other. Of all the floating decedents, 27% were without putrefactive change. All found after two or more weeks of immersion were recovered from November to May. The detection of ethanol and illicit drugs was 53% in the accident, 41% in the suicide, and 33% in the undetermined groups. Detection of ethanol and/or drugs of abuse is not a reliable criterion to distinguish suicide from accident. The identification of the deceased is pivotal for determining the manner of these deaths. Therefore, a great reliance is placed upon the medical investigator and the police (including the missing persons bureau) to determine the circumstances and identification of the decedent.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

[Effect of oral intake of an enteric capsule preparation containing Bifidobacterium longum on the progression of chronic renal failure].

Since the accumulation of intestinal putrefactive products, such as indole and phenol, is known to play a role in the exacerbation of chronic renal failure, reduction of these intestinal putrefactive products can be expected to retard the progression of renal failure. In the present study, an enteric capsule preparation containing Bifidobacterium longum(Bifidus HD) was administered orally to 27 patients with chronic renal failure(CRF) for 6 months. Though no significant effect was found in the whole group, a significant retardation of the progression of renal failure was found in patients with an initial serum creatinine level > or = 4.0 mg/dl or those with an initial serum inorganic phosphate level > or = 4.0 mg/dl. There was no adverse effect observed in any case. Bifidus HD is considered a useful tool for suppressing the progression of chronic renal failure(CRF) in the conservative period.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2005

Biological oxidation: over a century of hardship for the concept of active oxygen.

After much research in the field of biological oxidation, two main concepts of the mechanism of energy gain were consecutively proposed--the concept of direct oxygen activation (analogous to combustion), and the concept of activation of hydrogen followed by gradual energy release (analogous to putrefaction). The latter concept currently dominates. According to it, practically all the energy required in life is gained initially in the form of ATP; the latter being synthesized mostly due to the classical oxidative phosphorylation process. Direct activation of oxygen is considered to be a secondary pathway in its utilization, unrelated to bioenergetics. Besides, this pathway seems to be risky, since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced on account of it. However, evidence has been accumulated that a considerable part of all oxygen consumption undergoes direct activation; and this share increases with energy demand. Recent data also argues that ROS are indispensable for regulating biological function at all levels of biological organization. In spite of intense activation of oxygen, the usual levels of ROS in cells and tissues are extremely low due to their immediate elimination by the powerful an "antioxidant defense" system. In the process of elimination of ROS, high density energy (energy of electronic activation), equivalent to the energy of photons of visible and UV-light, is necessarily released, which has a much higher grade than the energy released in putrefaction. Both previous and more recent data argue that the energy of electronic excitation is biologically significant. The role of an aqueous environment with unusual water structuring in managing this form of energy in biology will also be discussed. Thus, the processes of oxygen activation in aqueous systems seem to be no less fundamental than the processes of activation of hydrogen atoms in organic fuels. Current bioenergetics has to consider both oxygen and hydrogen activation rather than concentrate on only one mode of energy gain and utilization.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Study on the factors affecting ABO grouping of blood stains.

The Biologist in forensic work is confronted with many problems on grouping of dry blood stains, these problems are due to many factors and environmental changes which may mislead the analysis. The present work deals with the factors affecting ABO grouping of dry blood stains in Riyad, including exposure to extremes of temperature, from refrigeration at -4 degrees C up to heating at 150 degrees C, effect of time till 6 months, occurrence of the stains on different fabrics, and effect of putrefaction. The results showed that, ABO grouping of dry blood stains was not affected by different substrata or cloth fabrics. 30% of the samples gave erroneous results when exposed to temperature at 150 degrees C for 2 hours. Storage for 6 months at room temperature ranged from 29 degrees -44 degrees C, representing the ambient temperature met with in Riyad, gave no effects. Putrefaction showed that the antigens were deteriorated in 80% of cases after 90 days. Chromatographic separation was a suitable procedure before grouping the samples which were buried in sand or mud.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1979

[Experimental poisoning with gaseous hydrocarbons: changes in concentrations of propane and butane in the lung and adipose tissue in relation to the time of death].

Postmortal changes of propane, butane and iso-butane concentration in the lung and fat of mice exposed to lethal intoxication with commercial liquid gas are studied. The hydrocarbon tissue concentrations after exposure were determined by gas liquid chromatography. The hydrocarbons progressively decreased in the lung and disappeared, depending on the degree of putrefaction; even in case of remarkable putrefaction, it was still possible to detect them in the fat tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

[Changes of ABH substances amount in human tissues after treatment with physico-chemical factors].

The forensic samples for identify testing are always affected by the environmental or the physico-chemical influence. The aim of the present study is to study whether the physico-chemical or biological factors affect the quantity of ABH substances in human tissues or not. The quantity of the ABH substances was determined by immunohistochemical ABC method. The tissues were treated by a series of methods, including immersing in water, treatment with heat, acid, alkali as well as putrefaction and mold growing. The results revealed that although the ABH substances slightly decreased in some tissues pretreated, no effect of ABO typing was observed. The correct ABO typing was performed with tissues under the following condition: the tongue and skin immersed in water for 21 days; the tongue treated with heat (100 degrees C) for 40 min; the tongue and skin treated with 0.2mol/L HCl and 0.2 mol/L NaOH for 48 h and the skin treated with 12mol/L HCl and 12mol/L NaOH for 30 min. The ABO typing of pancreas undergoing putrefaction and mold growing 21 days was carried out correctly. It is concluded that the ABC immunohistochemical technique is a good method for ABO typing of human tissues.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The diagnosis of intrauterine asphyxia by the lipid content in the lungs of the cadavers of newborn infants using fresh and putrefied material].

Lipid content was measured in lung tissue of live and stillborn newborns with and without putrefactive changes by biochemical method of lipid extraction by hexane from dried fragments. Biochemical detection of high levels of lipids in pulmonary tissue from newborns both with and without putrefactive changes was found to be an evidence of intrauterine asphyxia caused by aspiration of amniotic fluid, and, hence, this method helped assess the contribution of intrauterine asphyxia to the origin and cause of death. The results are of paramount importance for forensic medicine, particularly so in cases when putrefied corpses of newborns have to be examined and there is no data on the course of pregnancy and labor.

Autopsy↗

PubMed1994

[Species and group classification of putrefied biological material].

The author analyzes some experience in serological examinations of biological material which undergoes putrefaction. The aim of the examinations was to evaluate how long is it possible to assess species and group specific properties in material altered by putrefaction.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

The postmortem blood alcohol concentration and the water content.

Determination of blood alcohol concentration and water content were performed on blood specimens from 71 bodies. Two blood specimens were sampled from each body. First-specimens (short-time-specimens) were sampled from 0 to 9.6 hours postmortem, in mean 2.1 hours. Second-specimens (long-time-specimens) were sampled from 8.0 to 229.9 hours postmortem. The relation between the blood alcohol concentration and the blood water content in the two blood specimens (first and second) is described by a multiple regression equation. The equation gave as result: if the body had no signs of putrefaction, the difference in water content between the short-time-specimens and the long-time-specimens has a significant influence on the blood alcohol concentration. This was not the case if the body had visible signs of putrefaction. Then other factors influence the blood alcohol concentration more than the water content. Our study also indicates that if a blood alcohol determination is performed on whole blood, and the blood specimen was sampled shortly after death from a case of bleeding shock, a correction of the blood alcohol concentration should be done if the blood water content is higher than 82%.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗

PubMed1996

Application of the Triage panel for drugs of abuse to forensic blood samples.

A simple and rapid screening procedure with Triage has been developed to detect 7 classes of drugs of abuse, phencyclidine (PCP), benzodiazepines (BZO), cocaine metabolite (COC), amphetamines (AMP), cannabinoids (THC), opiates (OPI), and barbiturates (BAR), in hemolyzed blood. A clear supernatant was obtained by mixing the blood with sulfosalicylic acid. The supernatant was neutralized with ammonium acetate and then screened using Triage. The lower limits of detection of the Triage screening method for PCP, diazepam, benzolyecgonine, methamphetamine, morphine, 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH), phenobarbital, and secobarbital were 50 ng/mL, 900 ng/mL, 1,000 ng/mL, 600 ng/mL, 900 ng/mL, and 900 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity of Triage for THC-COOH in deproteinized blood samples was much lower than that in urine samples. No false positive reactions were observed for the 6 classes of the drugs of abuse with the exception of AMP when the blood was decomposed. Phenethylamine, a putrefactive amine, gave positive results for AMP at concentrations over 5,000 ng/mL. The method was applied to 9 hemolyzed blood samples and 3 turbid urine samples from 12 forensic autopsy cases suspected of drug misuse. Among these, 5 were positive for AMP, 1 for OPI, and 4 for BAR. The presence of methamphetamine is only one of the 5, codeine in 1, and phenobarbital in 4 was confirmed by gas chromatography. All 4 samples which were false positive for AMP contained phenethylamine at relatively high concentrations because of moderate to heavy putrefaction. This method, although disadvantageous to test for AMP and THC, is helpful for the forensic toxicologist because any kind of bloody fluid can be tested rapidly with Triage to detect toxic levels of PCP, BZO, COC, OPI, and BAR.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of Triage screening for drugs of abuse in postmortem blood and urine samples.

A Triage screening system that utilizes a simple and rapid deproteinizing procedure using solid sulfosalicylic acid has been evaluated in 62 blood and 27 urine samples obtained from 72 consecutive autopsy cases. Among the blood samples, 11 were positive for amphetamines (AMP), 3 for barbiturates (BAR), and 1 for opiates (OPI). Of the 11 samples that were positive for AMP, only 1 contained methamphetamine (at a concentration of 1.37 micrograms/ml). All 10 samples that were falsely positive for AMP contained phenethylamine, a putrefactive amine, at concentrations of 0.83 to 2,070 micrograms/ml. Apparent negative reactions of the Triage system for benzodiazepines (BZO), AMP, BAR and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) were observed in three, two one and one blood samples, respectively. These drugs were present in concentrations that were much lower than the lower detection limits of the device. Among the urine samples, nine were positive for AMP, three for BZO, three for BAR, two for OPI and one for TCA. Of the nine samples that were positive for AMP, only three contained methamphetamine (at concentrations of 7.95 to 44.9 micrograms/ml) and six contained no methamphetamine but did contain phenethylamine at concentrations of 0.52 to 14.3 micrograms/ml. False positive Triage reaction were observed only for AMP. There were no false negative Triage reactions from either the blood or urine samples examined for eight classes of drugs of abuse, namely phencyclidine (PCP), BZO, OPI, cocaine metabolites (COC), cannabinoids, AMP, BAR and TCA. The Triage screening system is not able to detect therapeutic or non-toxic levels of drugs of abuse in blood or to discriminate between AMP and putrefactive amines in moderately-to-heavily decomposed blood and urine samples. However, it may still be a useful tool in the field of forensic toxicology for the following reasons: 1) the deproteinizing method causes little reduction in the sensitivity of the Triage screening device to the drugs of abuse, even in turbid urine samples, and 2) it is able to detect toxic levels of PCP, BZO, COC, OPI and BAR in any kind of blood sample.

Amphetamine↗