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PubMed1999

Comparison of detection sensitivity of immuno- and genotoxicological effects of subacute cypermethrin and permethrin exposure in rats.

Immuno- and genotoxicological effects of a 28-day oral treatment by equitoxic (1/10, 1/25, 1/50 LD50) doses of cypermethrin (55.4, 22.2, and 11.1 mg/kg) and permethrin (125.7, 50.3, and 12.6 mg/kg) were compared on male Wistar rats. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity were investigated by PFC assay and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction (footpad swelling assay), and the genotoxic effects were studied by structural and numerical chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells. The experimental system also involved certain general toxicological (body weight gain, organ weights) and haematological [white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), haematocrit (Ht) and cell content of the femoral bone marrow] investigations. Among the immune function assays, only DTH reaction decreased at the two higher cypermethrin (CY) doses. These doses also increased the number of numerical chromosome aberrations of the bone marrow cells but did not change the number of structural aberrations. All CY doses decreased the mean cell volume (MCV) of RBCs and the Ht value. The two higher doses also reduced the WBC count in the peripheral blood. Permethrin (PE), in the applied dose range, had no effect on the examined immune function parameters, but all three doses increased the number of numerical chromosome aberrations. A dose-dependent increase in the liver weight, decreased MCV value, and elevated cell content of the femoral bone marrow were also observed. Under these experimental conditions, examination of chromosome aberrations proved to be less sensitive in detection of exposure by cypermethrin than applied immune function assays did. Permethrin, on the contrary, increased the number of numeric aberrations at all dose levels but had no effect on the immune function parameters examined.

Aneuploidy↗

PubMed2001

Effect of permethrin impregnated plastic strips on Dermanyssus gallinae in loose-housing systems for laying hens.

The effect of permethrin impregnated plastic strips (Die No Mite Strips) was evaluated on Dermanyssus gallinae populations in aviary systems for layers in Sweden. Two application strategies of the strips were tested: (A) attached in the housing system, allowing the birds to rub against the strips and thereby get the acaricide released onto their plumage, and (B) attached out of reach of the hens, at two different sites (perches and egg-belt lids) of the inner surfaces of the system, where the mites sheltered during the day. On two farms with 2030 (A) and 3384 (B) hens, and existing mite populations, strips were mounted for 20 and 10 weeks, respectively, and mite numbers were monitored by traps. With application A an overall mite reduction of 53% was observed, while with B the mean mite numbers decreased by 39% at the perches and 92% at the egg-belt lid. The strips were originally designed for caged hens afflicted by ectoparasites that stay on the host for most of their life cycle. However, since D. gallinae spends most of its time off the host, it was not possible to control the parasite with application A. Resistance tests performed on mites from both treated and control compartments where application A was used showed no indication of resistance to permethrin, while 95% of the mites survived a 48 h exposure to the compound where application B was performed. Thus, permethrin resistant mites appeared to be the main reason for the failure to control D. gallinae with application B.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2002

A new second-derivative spectrophotometric method for the determination of permethrin in shampoo.

Permethrin, a highly effective insecticide agent, has been widely used for the pest control in agriculture and the treatment of lice in human. A fast and reliable method for the determination of permethrin was highly desirable to support formulation screening and quality control. A second-derivative UV spectroscopic method was developed for the determination of permethrin in the shampoo dosage form after extraction. The second-derivative spectrum recorded between 250 and 310 nm, and a zero-crossing technique for second-derivative measurement at 279 nm was selected. It is found that the selectivity and sensitivity of the method to be in desirable range. In comparison with the direct UV method, second-derivative UV spectroscopy eliminates the interference from UV absorbing excipients. This method is also fast and economical in comparison with the more time-consuming GC method regularly used for formulation screening and quality control and can be used routinely by any laboratory possessing a spectrophotometer with a derivative accessory. The linear concentration ranges were 0.25-1.5 ppm (D2=0.00042Conc.+0.0018, r=0.9972, n=10). Between day of CV%</=2.81, within day of CV%</=3.50, and an analytical recovery close to 95-100% shows the suitability of the method for determination in quality control.

Hair Preparations↗

PubMed2004

The immunosuppressive effect of alpha-permethrin on Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.).

The immunosuppressive effects of bath exposure to a sub lethal concentration of the synthetic pyrethroid alpha-permethrin (3.05 x 10(-4) mg l(-1)) in the Indian Major carp, Labeo rohita was studied after 45 days' exposure. In some groups, the effects of alpha-permethrin on non-specific defences and serum enzymes of carp were investigated after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. Several nonspecific immune responses and serum enzymes were reduced after exposure of alpha-permethrin. Bactericidal activity of rohu serum was reduced significantly in pesticide and bacteria treated fish. The Glutamic Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) and Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) activity were increased in immunosuppressed fish. Blood glucose level was elevated significantly and Hb% was reduced significantly in pesticide and bacteria treated fishes as compared to the negative control.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of bednets treated with alphacypermethrin, permethrin or lambdacyhalothrin against Anopheles gambiae in the Gambia.

In the Gambian village of Saruja, where malaria is transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex, a trial was undertaken of the acceptability and efficacy of bednets treated with one of three pyrethroid insecticides--alphacypermethrin 40 mg/m2, permethrin 500 mg/m2 and lambdacyhalothrin 10 mg/ m2. Fewer mosquitoes were found alive under nets treated with insecticide than under control nets. Significantly more dead mosquitoes were found under nets treated with alphacypermethrin than under nets treated with permethrin or lambdacyhalothrin. Side-effects were reported by a proportion of the users of nets treated with each of the insecticides, but none were severe and their prevalence was similar between treatment groups. Unwashed nets treated with alphacypermethrin were more effective at killing anopheline mosquitoes in bioassays than nets treated with permethrin or lambdacyhalothrin. Killing activity was reduced when nets were washed, irrespective of which insecticide was used. Bednets treated with alphacypermethrin are well accepted, effectively killed anopheline mosquitoes and should therefore be evaluated for personal protection against malaria transmission.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Comparative repellency of commercial formulations of deet, permethrin and citronellal against the mosquito Aedes aegypti, using a collagen membrane technique compared with human arm tests.

A collagen membrane technique, based on the membrane blood-feeding system of Cosgrove et al. (1994), was used to compare repellents against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Repellency was defined in terms of inhibition of probing (ED50 and ED90) after 5 min exposure. A direct comparison was made with repellency from probing after 5 min on five male volunteers. Four repellent products were compared with technical DEET as the standard. The liquid formulations tested were: Autan (20% deet; Bayer); Repel Plus (20% deet plus 0.05% permethrin; Boots); permethrin (Zeneca) and citronellal (Sigma). Membrane and arm tests gave similar results. Deet formulations required less active compound than citronellal for the same degree of repellency. Pure deet and Autan gave similar results, dose for dose. Permethrin was highly repellent at very low doses, but Repel Plus did not enhance the immediate repellency of deet. A technique using the same membrane system was developed to evaluate persistence of Autan, which declined to 75% after 1 h against Ae. aegypti, and to about 50% after 2-4 h.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of deltamethrin tablet formulation with liquid deltamethrin and permethrin for bednet treatment in The Gambia.

The study aim was to compare three formulations, tablet deltamethrin, liquid deltamethrin and liquid permethrin, for their impact on vector behaviour and persistence. Product acceptance, perceived side-effects and user's perceptions of effectiveness were also investigated. At the beginning of the 1998 rainy season, 255 nets in a Gambian village were dipped in one of the three insecticides. Chemical residue analysis immediately after dipping showed that the target doses were reached for the liquid insecticides, but tablet deltamethrin deposited significantly less. Insecticide persistence at 5 months, however, was highest for the tablet formulation. Susceptibility tests established that Anophelines in this area were sensitive to both insecticides. All three formulations appeared effective as very few live Anophelines, or other mosquitoes, were caught under the treated nets. This conclusion was supported by the bioassay data with both deltamethrin formulations giving over 90% mortality soon after dipping and at 3 months, and at 5 months 70.8 and 79.6% were obtained for deltametrin liquid and tablet, respectively. Permethrin appeared less effective at all times (72.4, 86.8, 59.0%). There were no serious side-effects reported by the villagers following dipping. All three treatments were perceived as effective by the majority (92%) of users and most (93%) wanted to use the insecticide again. Deltamethrin tablets thus appear as good as permethrin for treating bednets in The Gambia. In addition, a tablet formulation is considerable easier to pack and distribute.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Acute oral toxicity study of pyridostigmine bromide, permethrin, and DEET in the laboratory rat.

This study investigated the lethal interaction of pyridostigmine bromide (PB), permethrin, and DEET when given to adult male rats by gavage and was separated into two phases. Phase I determined the acute oral lethal dose-response relationship of each compound with the vehicle, propylene glycol. Phase II was divided into two portions: a dose-response study using probit units obtained from phase I [lethal dose (LD) 16, 30, 50, 70, and 84], and an interaction study that contained low levels (calculated LD16, additive LD32) of the two compounds while the concentration of the third compound was varied. Rats were fasted overnight, dosed, and observed for 14 d. A significant increase in lethality occurred when PB, permethrin, and DEET were given concurrently when compared to expected additive values. Furthermore, solutions containing PB and permethrin or PB and DEET also caused a significant increase in lethality when compared to expected additive values. This information suggests that lethality in this study was more than an additive effect.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Airborne and surface residues of permethrin after high- and low-volume applications in greenhouses.

Thermal pulse, jet, mechanical aerosol and conventional hydraulic sprays containing permethrin were made in commercial greenhouses. Greenhouse air was sampled for permethrin residues after application, and permethrin deposition on glass plates was measured for each application method. Highest airborne residues were found after thermal pulse-jet applications, and lowest after hydraulic sprays. Most airborne residues were detected within 4 hr of application. Surface residues were highest after hydraulic and mechanical aerosol applications. Thermal pulse-jet applications resulted in low surface residues.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Combined exposure to DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and permethrin: pharmacokinetics and toxicological effects.

Permethrin and DEET are concurrently used for pests control inside homes, in public places, and in military shelters. Combined exposure to these compounds produced greater biochemical, behavioral, and metabolic alterations in animals compared to each individual compound. Concurrent application of DEET and permethrin induced urinary excretion of 3-nitrotyrosine and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, markers of DNA damage and oxidative stress in rats, increased the release of rat brain mitochondrial cytochrome c, disrupted the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats, decreased m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand binding density in rat brain, increased urinary excretion of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol, a marker CYP3A4 induction, altered sensorimotor and locomotor activities in rats, and changed in vivo and in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetic profiles of the individual compound. These findings show that more research is needed to examine adverse effects of the combined use of DEET and permethrin on other biochemical/physiological system(s) and to predict mechanistic pathways for these effects, particularly mechanism of action at cellular and molecular levels and alterations of genes transcription.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated uniforms in the prevention of malaria and leishmaniasis in Colombian soldiers.

We determined the efficacy of the use of permethrin-impregnated uniforms for prevention of malaria and leishmaniasis in a double-blind, randomized study of Colombian soldiers on patrol. In the study of malaria, soldiers were issued impregnated uniforms (i.e., a shirt, an undershirt, pants, socks, and a hat) or uniforms washed in water; the soldiers wore the uniforms day and night for a mean of 4.2 weeks and were observed for an additional 4 weeks. Three (3%) of 86 soldiers wearing impregnated uniforms contracted malaria, whereas 12 (14%) of 86 soldiers wearing control uniforms contracted malaria (P = .015). In the study of leishmaniasis (soldiers were in the area of endemicity for 6.6 weeks and were observed for 12 weeks thereafter), 4 (3%) of 143 soldiers wearing impregnated uniforms and 18 (12%) of 143 soldiers wearing control uniforms acquired disease (P = .002). In the leishmaniasis study, and presumably in the malaria study, breakthrough infections in the treated group were primarily due to bites in unclothed regions of the body (face and hands). Permethrin-treated uniforms were virtually nontoxic (there were only two cases of mild skin irritation among 229 subjects), and impregnation is quick and inexpensive. Impregnation of clothing with permethrin is suggested for nonimmune populations who are likely to be exposed to malaria or leishmaniasis over a period of 1-2 months.

Colombia↗

PubMed1990

Mutagenic potential of permethrin in the Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) sex-linked recessive lethal test.

When permethrin was tested for mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen with the sex-linked recessive lethal test, it was nonmutagenic under conditions of this study. The frequencies of spontaneous mutation for permethrin and the negative control were 0.135% and 0.133%, respectively; the spontaneous mutation frequency for positive control was 12.6%. The difference between the mutation frequency of permethrin and the negative control was not significant.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Effect of topically treating cattle with permethrin on blood feeding of Psorophora columbiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in a southwestern Louisiana rice-pasture ecosystem.

The percentage of resting mosquitoes that had fed on blood or were gravid-parous was determined in two pastures associated with the riceland agroecosystem in southwestern Louisiana. In one pasture, all of the cattle were treated with permethrin every 14 d over a 22-wk period, whereas cattle in the other pasture were untreated. The percentage of blood-engorged Psorophora columbiae (Dyar & Knab) was significantly lower in the vicinity of the treated herd. The effectiveness of the permethrin treatment in reducing blood feeding decreased over the interval between applications and as a result of increased rainfall. The proportion of Ps. columbiae that was gravid or parous was not significantly affected by the treatment. Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say engorgement rates also were significantly reduced by the treatment; however, Anopheles crucians Wiedemann and Culex salinarius Coquillett engorgement rates did not differ between the two areas. The results indicate that host management by permethrin treatment has potential for controlling Ps. columbia and An. quadrimaculatus populations in the Louisiana riceland-pasture agroecosystem.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1992

Clothing impregnations of dibutylphthalate and permethrin as protectants against a chigger mite, Eutrombicula hirsti (Acari: Trombiculidae).

A field study to compare the effects of wearing military uniforms treated with permethrin or dibutylphthalate as protection against the chigger Eutrombicula hirsti (Sambon) was conducted in northern Queensland, Australia, during November 1990. Volunteers who wore treated uniforms received significantly fewer chigger attachments than individuals who wore untreated uniforms. Australian military uniforms treated with dibutylphthalate provided a 97.6% increase in protection, whereas uniforms treated with 0.058-0.101 mg/cm2 permethrin provided 96.4% protection. U.S. Army uniforms treated with 0.125 mg/cm2 permethrin provided 83.2% protection. The differences between the clothing treatments were not significant. The results show that wearing clothing impregnated with either compound is an effective method for personal protection against E. hirsti.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effects of permethrin-treated screens on phlebotomine sand flies, with reference to Phlebotomus martini (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Effects of permethrin-treated screens on the sand fly, Phlebotomus martini Parrot, a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya, were evaluated after the eighth treatment. Screens treated with 0.50 g/m2 of permethrin 20% emulsifiable concentrate were fitted inside houses and re-treated every 6 mo from August 1989 to December 1993. Before application of the treated screens, a geometric mean of 0.83 P. martini were collected per trap night inside houses, whereas after the eighth treatment only 0.05 sand flies were caught. P. martini abundance was reduced by 88.8%. Analysis of the effects of treated screens on the total sand fly population (all species) indicated that 1.79 sand flies were collected per night per house before deployment of treated screens, whereas 0.16 flies were caught after the eighth treatment. The percentage of sand fly reduction inside treated houses increased with successive treatment of the screens, and a reduction of 81.4% was observed after the eighth treatment. Permethrin-treated screens did not reduce the sand fly engorgement rate inside houses.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Comparative toxicity of deltamethrin and cis-permethrin on first instars of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).

We evaluated the toxicity of deltamethrin and cis-permethrin at 3 temperatures on instars of Triatoma infestans (Klug). After treatment, temperature had an important effect on LD50s of both insecticides, which tended to decrease when temperature decreased. However, the effect of temperature on LT50s was small. Cis-permethrin was slightly more lethal than deltamethrin only at 26 degrees C. Lethal action of deltamethrin was faster than cis-permethrin at all temperatures assayed. The toxicity of both pyrethroids was affected by the age and the nutritional state of the nymphs. We evaluated sublethal effects on blood meal ingestion and moulting. Only deltamethrin yielded a substantial decrease in the number of moulted nymphs.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a strain of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) selected for resistance to permethrin.

A strain of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) was selected fro resistance to permethrin by pressuring larvae with increasing doses (range, 0.05-0.35% [AI]) through successive generations (generations F2-F7). At the beginning of the selection process (F2), the pyrethroid resistant (PR) strain was 5.4 times more resistant to permethrin than the pyrethroid susceptible (PS) strain, and the level of resistance increased in each successive generation of the PR strain, reaching a resistance factor (resistance factor) of 20.9 in the F7 generation. Thus, in only 5 generations the level of resistance in the PR strain was increased by 4-fold. The efficacy of permethrin was evaluated by dipping cattle infested with the PS strain and cattle infested with the F7 generation of the PR strain in a vat at 0.057% (AI) (Coopers Animal Health, Mundelein, IL; recommended concentration). Evaluation of the PS strain showed that untreated cattle produced significantly (P < 0.05) more females with a higher index of reproduction than treated cattle. Additionally, biological factors (female weight, egg mass weight, and percent egg hatch) associated with the untreated females were all significantly (P < 0.05) greater than treated females. Conversely, results obtained from the PR strain showed that tick numbers, index of reproduction value, and biological parameters of females in the untreated group were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of the treated group. The overall control achieved in the PS strain (99.2%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the PR strain (35.7%). The results of the study as they relate to the United States Boophilus Eradication Program are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of in vitro and in vivo ectoparasiticide activity of experimental benzimidazole-carbamate with permethrin and amitraz.

A series of in vitro and in vivo bioassays were conducted to assess the ectoparasiticide activity of isopropyl-4-nitro-2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzimidazole-carbamate, an experimental benzimidazole-carbamate class compound. This compound was less potent than permethrin against ectoparasiticide-susceptible larvae of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae); larvae of the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini); and adult stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) in vitro, but it was significantly more potent than permethrin against the Santa Luiza strain of B. microplus known to possess high-level resistance to amitraz and pyrethroids. In contrast, the benzimidazole-carbamate was substantially more efficacious than permethrin when applied topically onto rats that were infested with A. americanum nymphs. These results suggest that this experimental compound may be a viable candidate ectoparasiticide that retains significant activity against resistant B. microplus and also suggests that the benzimidazole-carbamate chemistry may be useful for addressing the growing problem of resistance in ectoparasites.

Animals↗