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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Rice plant development: from zygote to spikelet.

Rice is becoming a model plant in monocotyledons and a model cereal crop. For better understanding of the rice plant, it is essential to elucidate the developmental programs of the life cycle. To date, several attempts have been made in rice to categorize the developmental processes of some organs into substages. These studies are based exclusively on the morphological and anatomical viewpoints. Recent advancement in genetics and molecular biology has given us new aspects of developmental processes. In this review, we first describe the phasic development of the rice plant, and then describe in detail the developmental courses of major organs, leaf, root and spikelet, and specific organs/tissues. Also, for the facility of future studies, we propose a staging system for each organ.

Flowers↗
PubMed2005

Plant development: auxin in loops.

Concentration gradients of the hormone auxin are associated with various patterning events in plants. Recent work has refined our picture of the complex and dynamic system of auxin transport underlying the formation of these gradients.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗
PubMed2025

Multi-omics analysis of ubiquitin E2 genes in Setaria: evidence for the roles of E2 genes in various aspects of plant development, stress tolerance, and domestication.

Ubiquitin E2 enzymes (E2s) are critical mediators in the ubiquitination cascade, a post-translational modification process that regulates protein stability, activity, localization, and degradation. Here, we analyzed the E2 gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica), integrating comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and functional studies. A total of 52 E2 genes were identified and classified into four subfamilies (UBC, UEV, SCE, and RCE) based on phylogenetic analysis across 49 species. Notably, foxtail millet exhibited significant gene expansion. Tissue-specific expression profiling revealed distinct roles of E2 genes in growth and development. Haplotype and quantitative trait loci analyses demonstrated that several E2 genes, including SiUBC39, are associated with key agronomic traits, such as plant height, flowering time, and stress tolerance. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we validated the functional role of SiUBC39, finding that its disruption led to phenotypes resembling wild species (Setaria viridis), such as early flowering and reduced plant height and grain yield. IP-MS and transcriptome analysis revealed SiUBC39's involvement in growth and development regulation, drought stress response, and immune response. SiPIP2;1 and SiEhd2 were identified as interactors of SiUBC39, explaining its roles in blast resistance and flowering time control. Furthermore, domestication analysis identified an A/G mutation in the SiUBC39 promoter TATA box, distinguishing domesticated and wild haplotypes and highlighting its role in domestication selection. This study underscores the essential roles of E2 genes in regulating crop agronomic traits and stress responses, providing valuable insights for genetic improvement in foxtail millet and other cereals.

Setaria Plant↗
PubMed1994

Ascorbate system in plant development.

By using lycorine, a specific inhibitor of ascorbate biosynthesis, it was possible to demonstrate that plant cells consume a high quantity of ascorbate (AA). The in vivo metabolic reactions utilizing ascorbate are the elimination of H2O2 by ascorbate peroxidase and the hydroxylation of proline residues present in the polypeptide chains by means of peptidyl-proline hydroxylase. Ascorbate acts in the cell metabolism as an electron donor, and consequently ascorbate free radical (AFR) is continuously produced. AFR can be reconverted to AA by means of AFR reductase or can undergo spontaneous disproportion, thus generating dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). During cell division and cell expansion ascorbate consumption is more or less the same; however, the AA/DHA ratio is 6-10 during cell division and 1-3 during cell expansion. This ratio depends essentially on the different AFR reductase activity in these cells. In meristematic cells AFR reductase is very high, and consequently a large amount of AFR is reduced to AA and a small amount of AFR undergoes disproportionation; in expanding cells the AFR reductase activity is lower, and therefore AFR is massively disproportionated, thus generating a large quantity of DHA. Since the transition from cell division to cell expansion is marked by a large drop of AFR reductase activity in the ER, it is suggested here that AFR formed in this compartment may be involved in the enlargement of the ER membranes and provacuole acidification. DHA is a toxic compound for the cell metabolism and as such the cell has various strategies to counteract its effects: (i) meristematic cells, having an elevated AFR reductase, prevent large DHA production, limiting the quantity of AFR undergoing disproportionation (ii) Expanding cells, which contain a lower AFR reductase, are, however, provided with a developed vacuolar system and segregate the toxic DHA in the vacuole. (iii) Chloroplast strategy against DHA toxicity is efficient DHA reduction to AA using GSH as electron donor. This strategy is usually poorly utilized by the surrounding cytoplasm. DHA reduction does play an important role at one point in the life of the plant, that is, during the early stage of seed germination. The dry seed does not store ascorbate, but contains DHA, and several DHA-reducing proteins are detectable. In this condition, DHA reduction is necessary to form a limited AA pool in the seed for the metabolic requirements of the beginning of germination. After 30-40 h ascorbate ex novo synthesis starts, DHA reduction declines until a single isoform remains, as is typical in the roots, stem, and leaves of seedlings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids↗
PubMed2005

Plant development: spacing out stomatal pores.

How do plants generate the optimal spacing of stomatal pores on their surfaces to prevent excessive water-loss, whilst allowing efficient gas exchange? New research into the ERECTA family of receptor-like-kinases has provided an important link in the cell-cell signalling pathways controlling this process.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗
PubMed2006

Plant development: multiple strategies for breaking seed dormancy.

Plant seeds will not germinate when in a dormant state. What then are the factors controlling dormancy? A recent study has uncovered two basic-helix-loop-helix proteins which repress germination and are critical for maintaining dormancy. The combined action of light and cold synergistically alleviates activity of these repressors thus stimulating germination.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2002

Conservation and diversification of gene function in plant development.

The Arabidopsis genome sequence has given us an inventory of the genes needed to specify a flowering plant. Plants are highly diverse in appearance and the mechanisms whereby this diversity has arisen need explanation. A fundamental question is to what extent diversity arises from remodelling of gene function or relocation of gene pathways, rather than from the gain or loss of genes. Similar types of genetic rewiring may be responsible for both intra- and inter-specific differences in developmental processes. Recent advances in the understanding of shoot, flower and leaf development provide insights to this question.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2003

The COP9 signalosome: regulating plant development through the control of proteolysis.

The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multiprotein complex that was initially identified in plants as a repressor of photomorphogenesis. It is now known to play major roles in several other developmental pathways, from auxin response to flower development. Furthermore, the COP9 signalosome shares homologies with the lid sibcomplex of the proteasome and is evolutionarily conserved from fission yeast to humans. It is important for the proper development of virtually all higher eukaryotes. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unraveling the molecular, cellular, and physiological mode of action of the COP9 signalosome. This review discusses our current understanding of the COP9 signalosome function with particular emphasis on its recently defined role in modulating a wide variety of cellular processes by regulating specific protein degradation events.

COP9 Signalosome Complex↗
PubMed2001

A potato tuber-expressed mRNA with homology to steroid dehydrogenases affects gibberellin levels and plant development.

Using cDNA-AFLP RNA fingerprinting throughout potato tuber development, we have isolated a transcript-derived fragment (TDF511) with strong homology to plant steroid dehydrogenases. During in vitro tuberization, the abundance profile of the TDF shows close correlation to the process of tuber formation. However, when tuberization is inhibited by the addition of gibberellins (GAs) to the growth medium, the appearance of TDF511 in the fingerprint is delayed, then steadily increases in intensity during later stages of development. TDF511 was used to isolate the corresponding cDNA (CB12). The DNA and deduced amino-acid sequences of the cDNA show high homology to a fruit-ripening gene from tomato, a series of steroid dehydrogenases, and the maize Ts2 gene. A section of the cDNA was cloned in antisense orientation behind a 35S CaMV promoter and transformed into potato. Transgenic plants expressing the antisense gene showed significantly earlier emergence, an increase in height, and longer tuber shape. In vitro tuberization experiments reveal extended stolon lengths in comparison to the controls. The analysis of endogenous GA levels showed that the transgenic antisense plants have elevated levels of biologically active GAs and their respective precursors. We propose that this gene plays a role in the metabolism of plant-growth substances important for tuber life cycle and plant development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

The ER-peroxisome connection in plants: development of the "ER semi-autonomous peroxisome maturation and replication" model for plant peroxisome biogenesis.

The perceived role of the ER in the biogenesis of plant peroxisomes has evolved significantly from the original "ER vesiculation" model, which portrayed co-translational import of proteins into peroxisomes originating from the ER, to the "ER semi-autonomous peroxisome" model wherein membrane lipids and post-translationally acquired peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) were derived from the ER. Results from more recent studies of various plant PMPs including ascorbate peroxidase, PEX10 and PEX16, as well as a viral replication protein, have since led to the formulation of a more elaborate "ER semi-autonomous peroxisome maturation and replication" model. Herein we review these results in the context of this newly proposed model and its predecessor models. We discuss also key distinct features of the new model pertaining to its central premise that the ER defines the semi-autonomous maturation (maintenance/assembly/differentiation) and duplication (division) features of specialized classes of pre-existing plant peroxisomes. This model also includes a novel peroxisome-to-ER retrograde sorting pathway that may serve as a constitutive protein retrieval/regulatory system. In addition, new plant peroxisomes are envisaged to arise primarily by duplication of the pre-existing peroxisomes that receive essential membrane components from the ER.

Endoplasmic Reticulum↗
PubMed2002

Receptor kinase signaling in plant development.

The Arabidopsis genome sequence has revealed that plants contain a much larger complement of receptor kinase genes than other organisms. Early analysis of these genes revealed involvement in a diverse array of developmental and defense functions that included gametophyte development, pollen-pistil interactions, shoot apical meristem equilibrium, hormone perception, and cell morphogenesis. Amino acid sequence motifs and binding studies indicate that the ectodomains are capable of binding, either directly or indirectly, various classes of molecules including proteins, carbohydrates, and steroids. Genetic and biochemical approaches have begun to identify other components of several signal transduction pathways. Some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) appear to function with coreceptors lacking kinase domains, and genome analysis suggests this might be true for many RLKs. The KAPP protein phosphatase functions as a negative regulator of at least two RLK systems, and in vitro studies suggest it could be a common component of more. Whether plant signaling systems display a modularity similar to animal systems remains to be determined. Future efforts will reveal unknown functions of other RLKs and elucidate the relationships among their signaling networks.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dopamine biosynthesis at different stages of plant development in Papaver somniferum.

Latex and cell-free extracts of various organs and stages of plant and capsule development in Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, synthesized dopamine, an alkaloid precursor, from 14C-dopa. The 1000 g X 30 min supernatant from latex of the pedicel-capsule junction converted more dopa than latex supernatant from the upper capsule or lower pedicel regions, although there was more protein in the latex from the capsule. Percent conversion of pedicel-capsule latex into dopamine was maximum in unopened flower buds and decreased within 14 days after flowering. Dopamine biosynthesis in latex and cell-free extracts also varied with the stage of organ development. Extracts from capsule tissue converted more labeled dopa into dopamine than did extracts from pedicels, leaves from vegetative plants at the rosette stage, leaves from flowering plants, or pedicels connected to capsules.

Biotransformation↗
PubMed2004

The plant endosomal system--its structure and role in signal transduction and plant development.

Endosomes are highly dynamic membrane systems that receive endocytosed plasma membrane proteins and sort them for either degradation or recycling back to the cell surface. In addition, they receive newly synthesised proteins destined for vacuolar/lysosomal compartments. Sorting in the endosomes is necessary for the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity and it is needed to control levels and function of receptors and transporters at the cellular surface. Both processes are crucial for correct cell behaviour during tissue and organ development and for intercellular communication in general. It has therefore become an imperative to investigate structure and function of the endosomal system if we want to obtain a deeper mechanistic understanding of signal transduction and development. This review will compare our current understanding of endosomal trafficking in animals and yeast with what is known in plants, and will highlight some important breakthroughs in our understanding of the role of endosomes in signal transduction and multicellular development in Drosophila, as well as in Arabidopsis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Plant development: YODA the stomatal switch.

The appearance of stomatal pores during plant evolution is believed to have been a crucial step in land colonisation. A recent screen for genes involved in stomatal development has identified for the first time a mutant plant with no stomata; the results implicate a MAP kinase cascade in stomatal development.

Adaptation, Physiological↗