PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Prostatitis”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Analysis of relations between serum levels of epitestosterone, estradiol, testosterone, IGF-1 and prostatic specific antigen in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate.

Epitestosterone competes with testosterone for androgen receptors and inhibits several enzymes of steroidogenesis. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate the growth of prostate cells and directly activate androgen receptors in prostatic tumor cell lines. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decreases the affinity of IGF-binding protein-3. The samples were collected from 71 patients suffering from various diseases of the prostate (56 patients without prostate cancer but with benign prostatic hyperplasia and 15 patients with prostate cancer). Correlations between age and IGF-1 (r = -0.281, p<0.05), age and serum epitestosterone (r = -0.261, p<0.05), estradiol and testosterone (r = 0.367, p<0.01), and between estradiol and epitestosterone (r = -0.414, p<0.001) were found. After age adjustment, IGF-I correlated with epitestosterone (r = -0.277, p<0.05). The age correlated positively with PSA (r = 0.286, p<0.05) and negatively with IGF-1 (r = -0.377, p<0.01) in partial correlations. PSA levels were higher in patients with prostate cancer (p<0.00001). Epitestosterone, which is negatively correlating with estradiol and IGF-1, may modulate the development of prostate diseases.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

[Prostate cancer detection by prostate biopsy among Japanese with prostate-specific antigen below 4.0 ng/ml].

The cases of prostate cancer diagnosed at our hospital after the introduction of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy were analyzed to ascertain the cancer detection rate among individuals with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) below 4.0 ng/ml and to assess the pathological characteristics of the prostatectomy specimens. During the period from January 1997 to December 2003, 1,167 individuals received prostate biopsies at our hospital. Before March 2003, the PSA cut-off level for biopsy was set at 4.0 ng/ml, but a biopsy was sometimes performed if a rectal examination revealed abnormalities or the patient desired a biopsy with a PSA below 4.0 ng/ml. After April 2003, all individuals with a PSA over 3.1 ng/ml were biopsied. The results of the prostate biopsy and the pathology data on radical prostatectomy specimens were compared between individuals with a PSA below 4.0 ng/ml and those with a PSA of 4.1-10 ng/ml. The prostate cancer detection rate among individuals with a PSA between 3.1 and 4.0 ng/ml was 19.4% (12/62) before March 2003 and 15.6% (7/45) after April 2003. The number of cancer-positive core was significantly lower among individuals with a PSA below 4.0 ng/ml. On prostatectomy specimens the percentage of surgical margin positive cases was significantly higher among individuals with a PSA below 4.0ng/ml (17 cases) than those with a PSA of 4.1-10 ng/ml (67 cases), although there was no significant difference between these two groups in terms of the pathological stage and Gleason score. Our results indicate that the prostate cancer detection rate is also high among Japanese men with a PSA below 4.0 ng/ml. The biopsy results and pathological features for prostate cancer with a PSA below 4.0 ng/ml did not differ markedly from prostate cancer with a PSA in the gray zone (4.1-10.0 ng/ml).

Aged↗
PubMed1997

A multicenter study on the detection of prostate cancer by digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen in men with or without urinary symptoms. Cooperative Group for Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostatic cancer screening and the practical utility of the concept of PSA density are controversial. The aim this multicenter study was to assess the usefulness of PSA as a diagnostic procedure for prostate cancer in patients with urinary symptoms, and compare it with digital rectal examination (DRE). METHODS: We performed a multicenter study in 18 hospitals to assess the value of PSA in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. 2,054 outpatients, aged above 50 years, were included in the study. Patients with suspected prostatitis or severe systemic disease were excluded. PSA levels were measured in all patients (IMx) and a DRE was also performed. Patients with PSA levels > 3 ng/ml and/or a suspicious DRE underwent transrectal ultrasound and a prostate biopsy. RESULTS: PSA levels > 3 ng/ml and/or a suspect DRE were found in 680 (33%) patients, in 587 (29%) of whom a biopsy was performed. A cancer of the prostate was diagnosed in 131 patients. The cancer detection rate was 5.89% for PSA > 4 ng/ml, 4.38% for DRE and 6.37% for the combination of both methods. The combination of PSA and DRE allows for increasing the diagnostic sensitivity which would be achieved with either test alone. CONCLUSION: We recommended the use of PSA and DRE in combination as a diagnostic procedure for prostate cancer, since these are complementary methods which allow for detecting a population at a high risk of suffering prostate cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Combined nested reverse transcription-PCR assay for prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen in detecting circulating prostatic cells.

Accurate staging is an important issue in managing patients with prostate cancer. Current staging modalities are poor predictors for locally advanced disease. In the present study, we investigated the role of a peripheral blood-based, nested reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) in prostate cancer staging. Our nested RT-PCR could detect both PSA and PSM mRNA in one LNCaP cell diluted in 10(6) mononuclear cells. None of the controls, including patients with benign prostate hyperplasia, normal male subjects, and female subjects, were positive for either marker, confirming the assay's specificity for prostate cancer. In patients with bony metastases, 100% were positive by combined PSA/PSM assays (64% by PSA and 91% by PSM). In patients with clinically localized prostate cancer, 29% were positive by combined PSA/PSM assays (13% by PSA and 23% by PSM). The combined PSA/PSM assay is more sensitive than the PSA assay alone in detecting circulating prostatic cells (P = 0.0071). PSM is a more sensitive marker than PSA (P = 0.042). We also correlated preoperative nested RT-PCR results with pathological findings in prostatectomy patients. Nested RT-PCR for PSA/PSM has an odds ratio of 20 in predicting tumor extracapsular penetration (P = 0.017). These results indicate that a nested RT-PCR result may provide the staging information unavailable from other modalities, including the clinical stage, initial serum PSA, and Gleason score. Additional investigation is needed to determine the ultimate role of this assay in the management of patients with prostate cancer.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1990

Correlation between prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume, evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography: usefulness in diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The authors calculated the volume of the prostate by transrectal ultrasonography and evaluated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in 108 patients with benign prostatic disease or with clinically suspected carcinoma and in 35 normal subjects. In each case the PSA value was related to the corresponding gland volume (V), which gives a PSA/V index. 32 patients underwent transurethral resection, 23 underwent open prostatectomy and biopsy was performed in 53. Histological examination revealed benign prostatic hyperplasia in 63, prostatitis in 12 and carcinoma in 33. In normal subjects and in those with benign prostatic diseases, the mean PSA/V index was 0.090 and 0.099, respectively. In patients with prostatic carcinoma the ratio was 1.73. The authors propose that this ratio be used, as an alternative to the absolute value of PSA, to differentiate patients with benign and malignant diseases of the prostate.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Pathological features of prostate cancer detected on initial and repeat prostate biopsy: results of the prospective European Prostate Cancer Detection study.

PURPOSE: We evaluated pathological features of prostate cancer detected on repeat prostate biopsy in men with a serum total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level between 4 and 10 ng/ml who were diagnosed with benign prostatic tissue after an initial biopsy and compared them to those cancers detected on initial prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective European prostate cancer detection study, 1,051 men with a total PSA level between 4 and 10 ng/ml underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided sextant biopsy and two additional transition zone biopsies. All subjects whose biopsy samples were negative for prostate cancer (CaP) underwent a repeat biopsy after 6 weeks. Those with clinically localized cancers underwent radical prostatectomy. Pathological and clinical features of patients diagnosed with cancer on either initial or repeat biopsy and clinically organ confined disease who agreed to undergo radical prostatectomy were compared. RESULTS: Initial biopsy was positive (CaP) in 231 of 1,051 enrolled subjects and negative (benign histology) in 820 subjects. Of these 820 subjects, CaP was detected in 10% (83/820) upon repeat biopsy. Of cancers detected on initial and repeat biopsy, 148/231 (64%) and 56/83 (67.5%) had clinically localized disease, respectively, and were offered radical prostatectomy. 10/148 (6.7%) and 3/56 (5.3%), respectively, opted for radiation therapy and thus, 138/148 (93.3%) and 53/56 (94.7%), respectively, underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. There were statistically significant differences with respect to multifocality (P = 0.009) and cancer location (P < 0.001) with cancers on repeat biopsy showing a lower rate of multifocality and a more apico-dorsal location. In contrast, there were no differences with respect to stage (P = 0.2), Gleason score (P = 0.36), percentage Gleason grade 4/5 (P = 0.1), serum PSA (P = 0.62), and patient age (P = 0.517). CONCLUSIONS: At least 10% of patients with negative prostatic biopsy results will be diagnosed with CaP on repeat biopsy. Despite differences in location and multifocality, pathological and biochemical features of cancers detected on initial and repeat biopsy are similar, suggesting similar biological behavior and thus advocating for a repeat prostate biopsy in case of a negative finding on initial biopsy. Cancers missed on initial biopsy and subsequently detected on repeat biopsy are located in a more apico-dorsal location. Repeat biopsies should thus be directed to this rather spared area in order to improve cancer detection rates.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Serum free prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen density measurements for predicting cancer in men with prior negative prostatic biopsies.

PURPOSE: We examined the usefulness of measurements of free prostate specific antigen (PSA) and PSA density for predicting prostate cancer in men who had had a prior negative biopsy, a serum PSA level of 4.1 to 10.0 ng./ml. and benign findings on prostate examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured percent free serum PSA and PSA density in 163 male volunteers age 50 years or older who were advised to have repeat prostatic biopsies for a serum PSA level of 4.1 to 10.0 ng./ml. RESULTS: Of 99 men who had repeat biopsies 20 (20%) had prostate cancer detected. Prostate cancer was significantly associated with lower free PSA level and higher PSA density, with overlap in 83% of the cases. The use of percent free PSA cutoffs of 28 and 30% would have detected 90 and 95% of cancers, respectively, and avoided 13 and 12% of the biopsies, respectively. PSA density cutoffs of 0.10 and 0.08 would have detected 90 and 95% of cancers, respectively, and avoided 31 and 12% of biopsies, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Free PSA and PSA density predict prostate cancer in men who have had prior negative prostatic biopsies, serum PSA levels of 4.1 to 10.0 ng./ml. and a benign prostate examination. Both parameters may be used to avoid unnecessary biopsies with an acceptable decrease in sensitivity. Further studies are needed to determine cutoffs to be used in clinical practice.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Allopurinol treatment results in elevated prostate-specific antigen levels in prostatic fluid and serum of patients with non-bacterial prostatitis.

Non-bacterial prostatitis is a common problem in young men. It is a disease which is often recurrent and each episode lasts for several months. Different causative mechanisms of the disease have been discussed including identified and non-identified microorganisms, stone formation and psychological factors. It was shown in an earlier study that urinary reflux (as shown by a high creatinine concentration in prostatic fluid) took place to a varying extent in the prostatic ducts and this reflux was related to prostatic pain and urate concentration in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS). Allopurinol treatment lowered the urate concentration in EPS and relieved the subjective discomfort. This study reports serum (S) levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with non-bacterial prostatitis and the way in which S-PSA was affected by allopurinol treatment. It is also shown that the S-PSA level is age dependent. A correlation existed between the S-PSA concentration and EPS content of white blood cells. Patients with high EPS urate concentrations corresponded to low S-PSA levels and allopurinol treatment resulted in elevated S-PSA levels. PSA in EPS was also increased by allopurinol treatment. Hence, an increased release of PSA from the prostate gland was noted upon allopurinol treatment. The mechanism of the allopurinol-induced release is obscure. It might be explained by an induction of PSA synthesis via an allopurinol effect on the genome but an increased leakage of the prostatic cells elicited by allopurinol could no be ruled out.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Enhanced detection of hematogenous circulating prostatic cells in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma by using nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay based on prostate-specific membrane antigen.

We report the development of a new sensitive nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, using primers derived from the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) cDNA sequence, to detect an hematogenous spread of prostate adenocarcinoma cells. In 60 patients with a biopsy-proven prostate cancer, PSM and PSA RT-PCR detected circulating prostate cells in 40 and 20 patients, respectively. In pT4 M+ and pT3 M+ disease patients, nested PSM primers detected cells in 28 of 33 patients (85%), whereas nested PSA primers detected cells in 17 of 33 (51%). In patients with organ-confined cancer spread (pT2a and pT2b patients) before radical prostatectomy, nested PSM RT-PCR detected circulating prostatic epithelial cells in 6 of 17 patients (35%), which suggests that an hematogenous spread of prostate cells may occur early in prostate cancer history. Altogether, these results suggest that the detection of PSM-expressing cells in blood may predict the development of cancer in patients without clinically apparent prostate cancer. Nevertheless, the potential application and the clinical significance of detection of hematogenous prostate cells through the use of nested PSM primers need an extensive longitudinal study.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1985

Prostatic carcinoma metastatic to bone: sensitivity and specificity of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in decalcified material.

Decalcified bone marrow biopsies containing metastatic tumor from 36 patients were stained for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) using the avidin biotin complex (ABC) immunoperoxidase technique. Of these patients, 22 had known prostate primaries, ten had known nonprostatic, and four female patients had unknown primaries. Prostate-specific antigen was identified in 86% (19/22) of the metastatic prostatic carcinomas. Prostatic acid phosphatase was present in only 36% (8/22). None of the patients with nonprostatic primaries or unknown primaries showed positive staining for either antigen (0/14). This study indicates that immunoperoxidase staining for PSA is very sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma, while PAP was less sensitive using decalcified bone marrow specimens. We believe that immunostaining with PSA should be of great value in diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma metastatic to the bone.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1985

The ultrastructural localization of prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates.

A low temperature embedding, protein A-gold technique was used to localize prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase at the ultrastructural level in hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostates. Prostatic specific antigen immunoreactivity was localized over the endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles, and within the lumina of prostatic glands. In contrast, prostatic acid phosphatase immunoreactivity was localized to lysosomal granules. The pattern of labelling was similar in both hyperplastic glands and adenocarcinomas. This is the first localization of prostatic specific antigen at the ultrastructural level. The localization of prostatic acid phosphatase by an immunochemical technique confirms and expands previous histochemical observations.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Influence of prostatic disease and prostatic manipulations on the concentration of prostate-specific antigen.

We examined the influence of different factors [benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic carcinoma (PCA), organ volume, weight of resected tissue, transurethral catheter] on the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in 253 patients with BPH (n = 138; 54%) and PCA (n = 115; 46%). Only in 57.2% of the BPH patients, PSA values were < 4 ng/ml, in 74.6% < 7 ng/ml. In 108 patients with BPH, a transurethral prostatectomy was performed. PSA values correlated significantly with the sonographically determined prostatic volumes and less precisely with the weight of the resected tissue. The PSA concentration per milliliter of prostatic volume was 0.12 ng/ml, per gram of resected tissue it was 0.21 ng/ml. An incidental PCA was found in 12/108 patients (11%). The PSA values were identical with those of the total collective in regard to volume and tissue weight. In 11 patients, we examined possible alterations of the PSA values before and until 24 h after prostatic massage. Only insignificant alterations were seen, a massive increase was not found in any patient. Searching for an absolutely valid 'normal value' appears hardly appropriate. However, the usefulness of PSA is increased when the sonographically determined prostatic volume is included. A rectal examination of the prostate has no influence on the PSA value.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Serum prostate-specific antigen discriminates weakly between men with benign prostatic hyperplasia and patients with organ-confined prostate cancer.

To determine if serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can identify those patients harboring an organ-confined prostate cancer prior to treatment for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), we examined retrospectively the preoperative serum PSA level for two groups of men. Group 1 consisted of 187 consecutive patients with a histologic diagnosis of BPH as determined from complete pathologic analysis of the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) specimen. Group 2 included 198 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed organ-confined prostate cancer as determined from step-section analysis of the retropubic radical prostatectomy specimen. The median serum PSA value for group 1 was 3.9 ng/ml (range 0.2-55 ng/ml), whereas the median serum PSA level for group 2 was 5.9 ng/ml (range 0.4-58 ng/ml). Although this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001), the distribution of serum PSA values for group 1 overlapped considerably with the distribution for group 2. For both groups, there was a clustering of PSA values below 10.0 ng/ml (group 1: 90%; group 2: 73%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for log PSA values to discriminate men with BPH from patients with organ-confined prostate cancer was 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.60-0.72); a 'perfect' test has an area of 1.0, whereas a test with 'no information value' has an area of 0.5. These findings suggest that serum PSA has only a modest ability to distinguish men with BPH from patients with organ-confined prostate cancer. As a result, some symptomatic BPH patients choosing a non-TURP therapy may harbor a clinically significant prostate cancer despite being evaluated with a serum PSA determination.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical study of tumor markers in prostatic carcinoma--an investigation on the simultaneous measurement of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostatic antigen (PA) and gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm)].

Measurements of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostatic antigen (PA) and gamma-seminoprotein (gamma-Sm) have been found to be clinically useful in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma, but, the usefulness of simultaneous measurement has not yet been elucidated. We determined the clinical significance of simultaneous measurement of these markers, especially, the additional measurement of PA or gamma-Sm to PAP in prostatic carcinoma. Each measurement of PAP, PA and gamma-Sm yielded a very low "false" positive rate (0-6.5%) in patients with non-prostatic urogenital disease or benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), which was consistent with the results reported so far by other researchers. Eighteen patients with newly diagnosed prostatic carcinoma of a low stage showed a positive rate of PAP in 16.7%, PA in 33.3% and gamma-Sm in 38.9%. Forty patients having a high stage had a positive rate of 67.5% for each of the markers. In patients with BPH, the positive rate was elevated in only 2.6, 5.2 or 3.9% by the additional measurement of PA or gamma-Sm to PAP, or that of gamma-Sm to PA, respectively. This implied that the additional measurement of other markers to PAP or PA produced only a low elevation of the "false" positive rate. The positive rate in patients with prostatic carcinoma of low stage was increased by the additional measurement of PA or gamma-Sm to PAP or that of gamma-Sm to PA. This suggests that in patients with low stage carcinoma, assay with these combinations would be clinically useful to monitor the patient's clinical course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Can free and total prostate specific antigen and prostatic volume distinguish between men with negative and positive systematic ultrasound guided prostate biopsies?

PURPOSE: We evaluated the role of free and total serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate volume in discriminating between men with negative and positive transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 104 consecutive men with a positive biopsy and at least 3 mm. of prostate cancer was compared to 110 consecutive men with a negative biopsy. Prostate volume was determined by transrectal ultrasound. Total PSA was determined by the Tosoh AIA-600 PSA assay and free PSA was measured by the PSA II Dianon assay. We determined the free-to-total PSA ratio, free and total PSA densities, and the relationship of free PSA and free-to-total PSA ratio to prostate volume. RESULTS: Using a 23% cutoff value of free-to-total PSA, only 22.7% of biopsies were preventable in patients with a negative biopsy but 9.6% of the cancers were missed. At a total PSA of 4 to 10 ng./ml. 44.4% of the biopsy negative cases were correctly identified while missing 9.1% of the cancers if a 20% free PSA cutoff is used. For total PSA more than 10 ng./ml. an 18% free PSA cutoff properly identified 30.2% of the biopsy negative cases while missing 9.3% of the cancers. Percent free PSA is a better discriminant than prostate volume for total PSA more than 4 ng./ml. and the combination was not helpful. Free PSA density was identical in patients with negative and positive biopsies. There was no relationship between free PSA or free-to-total PSA ratio levels and prostate volume. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a single discriminant criterion of free-to-total PSA ratio in the practical clinical setting of distinguishing negative and positive biopsies appears useful in patients with a total PSA of 4 to 10 ng./ml. Since free PSA is unrelated to prostate volume in biopsy negative and positive cases the physiological basis of free PSA is an enigma.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1997

[Impact of prostatic benign hyperplasia and prostatic inflammation on the increase of prostate specific antigen levels].

PSA is currently the best marker in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer, although it has a low specificity when trying to distinguish between BPH and prostate cancer. Between January 1994 and December 1995, 243 BPHs were diagnosed after prostate TUR and retropubic adenomectomy. A selection of 131 cases were analyzed based on PSA higher than 4 and normal rectal examination pre-surgery. After surgery PSA was determined again with a time interval from the earlier one ranging between 103-211 days, noting that in about 70% cases PSA levels were normalized and 64% of these also presented focused acute prostatitis, chronic prostatitis, prostate infarction, lithiasis or areas of abscess formation. In spite of a significant number of patients with high PSA levels, this elevation should be interpreted cautiously considering the large percentage of cases where posterior pathological anatomy is a sign of BPH. We believe that among the conditions that could justify such abnormal PSA elevations are those described of areas of chronic or acute prostatitis, prostate infarctions, areas of abscess formation and presence of intraprostate lithiasis.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Randomized trial comparing holmium laser enucleation of prostate with plasmakinetic enucleation of prostate for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the alternative energy sources of the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser and bipolar plasmakinetic energy for endoscopic enucleation. METHODS: A prospective, randomized controlled trial was undertaken, with 20 patients assigned to each group. The preoperative and postoperative measures included transrectal ultrasound-assessed prostate volume, postvoid residual urine volume, and urodynamic evaluation findings. The intraoperative measures included procedure length, energy use, and specimen weight. All adverse events were recorded at each postoperative visit in a 1, 3, 6, and 12-month protocol. RESULTS: No differences were found in the preoperative characteristics between the two groups. The significant differences favoring holmium laser enucleation of the prostate compared with plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate were seen in the operative time (43.6 versus 60.5 minutes), recovery room time (47.1 versus 65.6 minutes), and bladder irrigation requirement (5% versus 35%). The outcomes after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate were in all other respects similar by the postoperative outcome measures assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate is a safe and technically feasible procedure for the enucleation of prostatic adenomata. Plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate is limited by the longer operative and recovery room times, as well as a more pronounced postoperative irrigation requirement because of reduced visibility and a greater propensity for bleeding. The transfusion rates and catheterization and hospitalization times were similar. The optimal energy source for enucleation should still be considered the holmium laser, but bipolar energy can be considered by users already experienced with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate.

Aged↗