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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

State perspective on ways to improve radiation protection principles.

State radiation regulators have a broad scope of regulatory authority. They are responsible for regulating both man-made and naturally occurring radioactive material, radiation-producing machines, and nonionizing sources of radiation. This broad-scope authority presents challenges to state radiation regulatory agencies that must implement and maintain a regulatory framework that incorporates radiation safety principles for all types of uses, without unduly hindering effective use of sources of radiation. The challenges include resource allocation, prioritization of risk in order to appropriately allocate resources, and the ability to effectively predict and respond to changing risk-informed priorities. Changes in radiation protection principles and policies must be accomplished through a partnership of stakeholders to be most effective and to meet these challenges.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMed2006

GSM base station electromagnetic radiation and oxidative stress in rats.

The ever increasing use of cellular phones and the increasing number of associated base stations are becoming a widespread source of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation. Some biological effects are likely to occur even at low-level EM fields. In this study, a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell was used as an exposure environment for plane wave conditions of far-field free space EM field propagation at the GSM base transceiver station (BTS) frequency of 945 MHz, and effects on oxidative stress in rats were investigated. When EM fields at a power density of 3.67 W/m2 (specific absorption rate = 11.3 mW/kg), which is well below current exposure limits, were applied, MDA (malondialdehyde) level was found to increase and GSH (reduced glutathione) concentration was found to decrease significantly (p < 0.0001). Additionally, there was a less significant (p = 0.0190) increase in SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity under EM exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Radiation-induced disease.

The term radiation covers a wide spectrum of forms of energy, most of which have at one stage or another been suspected of causing human ill health. In general, study of the effects of radiation on health involves a mix of scientific disciplines, from population epidemiology to physics, which are seldom if ever found in a single scientist. As a result, interdisciplinary communication is of the utmost importance, and is a potent source of misunderstanding and misinformation. The forms of radiation which have been most specifically associated with health effects include ionizing and ultraviolet radiation. Claimed effects of electromagnetic and microwave radiation (excluding thermal effects) are too indefinite for detailed consideration. Ionizing radiation is a well-documented mutagen, which clearly causes cancers in humans, and human exposure has been increased by atomic weapons testing and medical and industrial uses of radioactivity. There is also a growing awareness of the possible role of some types of natural radiation, such as radon, in causing disease. Ultraviolet radiation is also associated with cancers, and is suspected of involvement in the increasing incidence of skin cancers in European populations. Factors thought to underlie recent changes in exposure to these mutagens are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of genotoxic effect of low level 50 Hz magnetic fields on human blood cells using different cytogenetic assays.

The question whether extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMFs) may contribute to mutagenesis or carcinogenesis is of current interest. In order to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of ELFMFs, human blood cells from four donors were exposed in vitro for 48 h to 50 Hz, 1 mT uniform magnetic field generated by a Helmholtz coil system. Comet assay (SCGE), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), chromosome aberrations (CAs), and micronucleus (MN) test were used to assess the DNA damage. ELF pretreated cells were also irradiated with 1 Gy of X-ray to investigate the possible combined effect of ELFMFs and ionizing radiation. Furthermore, nuclear division index (NDI) and proliferation index (PRI) were evaluated. Results do not evidence any DNA damage induced by ELFMF exposure or any effect on cell proliferation. Data obtained from the combined exposure to ELFMFs and ionizing radiation do not suggest any synergistic or antagonistic effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Experimental determination of whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of mice exposed to 200-400 MHz CW.

A maximum of six live mice, mouse cadavers, prolate spheroids molded from muscle-equivalent tissue, or saline-filled culture flasks, were exposed to continuous wave radiation in a TEM cell at frequencies between 200 and 400 MHz. Whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined from power meter measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted powers. The SARs for both live mice and cadavers were approximately twice that for the prolate spheroid models, and when housed in Plexiglas restraining cages, about 2 1/2 times greater. An error multiplying factor is identified, that quantitatively expresses how SAR data obtained by the three-power-meter method becomes progressively more noisy as the irradiation frequency is lowered or as the TEM cell cross section is increased.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Quantifying levels of p53 mutation in mouse skin tumors.

Allele-specific competitive blocker PCR (ACB-PCR) amplification and quantification was developed for mouse p53 codon 270 CGT-->TGT base substitution and codon 244/245 AAC/CGC-->AAT/TGC tandem mutation. PCR products corresponding to p53 mutant and wild-type DNA sequences were generated. These DNAs were mixed in known proportions to construct samples with defined mutant fractions and the allele-specific detection of each mutation was systematically optimized. Each assay was used to analyze eight simulated solar light (SSL)-induced tumors. By analyzing mutant fraction (MF) standards in parallel with PCR products generated from tumor samples, p53 mutants could be quantified as subpopulations within the tumors. All eight tumors contained detectable levels of p53 codon 270 CGT-->TGT mutation. Three tumors had p53 MFs between 10(-4) and 10(-3). Five tumors had p53 MFs between 10(-3) and 10(-2). None of the eight mouse skin tumors had measurable levels of p53 codon 244/245 tandem mutation. Frequent detection of p53 codon 270 CGT-->TGT mutation provides additional evidence that a pyrimidine dinucleotide overlapping a methylated CpG site (Pyr(me)CG) is a susceptible target for SSL-induced mutagenesis. The absence of p53 codon 244/245 mutation in tumors may be explained by its mutant p53 phenotype and/or indicate that this site is not methylated. These initial results indicate that p53 codon 270 CGT-->TGT mutation may be a sensitive biomarker for SSL- or UV-induced mutagenesis. This mutational endpoint may be useful for evaluating the co-carcinogenicity of compounds administered in combination with UV or SSL.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Suppression of radiation damping in high-resolution NMR.

The radiation damping field induced by an intense NMR line can be counterbalanced by a DANTE sequence of small flip angle pulses of opposite phase applied during the free induction decay. The transient NMR signal is acquired, one complex data point at a time, in the intervals between these DANTE pulses. As the intense signal decays, reducing the radiation damping field, the flip angles of the DANTE pulses are reduced at a matching rate. An experimental test on an aqueous solution of d-glucose demonstrates a reduction in linewidth at half height from 13.5 to 0.8 Hz, revealing a weak doublet response previously hidden under the broad water line.

Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Photochemical bleaching of fluorescent glycosylation products.

We have examined the effect of visible light and ultraviolet on the non-enzymatic glycosylation of lysine in vitro. Glucose and L-lysine were mixed and incubated under white light, UV-A, UV-B, or in the dark. During 15 days of incubation in the dark, a heterogeneous mixture of intensely brown chromophores developed, with a dominant fluorescence excitation maximum at 350 nm and emission maxima near 425 nm. The process was delayed or inhibited to a moderate extent by white light, whereas under UV-A and UV-B this effect was more pronounced. We conclude that non-enzymatic glycosylation can be photochemically modulated by both visible light and ultraviolet.

Fluorometry↗
PubMed1988

Electromagnetic field focusing (EFF) probe for intravascular endarterectomy. Preliminary feasibility study.

Vaporization of atheromas in 10 human aorta segments immersed under flowing blood in vitro were done using the EFF probe. No increase in packed cells of the flowing blood following atheroma vaporization were noted suggesting absence of post vaporization debris. No damage to the aorta underlying the vaporized atheroma was noted on light microscopy suggesting well localized vaporization process. This study suggests that EFF probe might be a safe tool for intravascular endarterectomy.

Aortic Diseases↗