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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene in Staphylococcus aureus by LightCycler PCR: clinical and epidemiological aspects.

The prevalence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene in Staphylococcus aureus was investigated with a simple, reproducible and rapid real-time LightCycler SYBR Green I PCR assay. The PVL gene was detected in one isolate from 65 patients with S. aureus bacteraemia, in four isolates from 55 patients with respiratory tract infections, and in two isolates from 91 patients with cutaneous infections. In contrast, 15 of 25 cutaneous isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were positive. All PVL-positive cutaneous MRSA isolates were community-acquired and comprised three different clones as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The PVL gene was detected in isolates from patients with recurrent primary skin infections and S. aureus bacteraemia, but PVL did not seem to be an important virulence factor in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal bacteraemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Increase in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition rate and change in pathogen pattern associated with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome.

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred in our 22-bed intensive care unit (ICU; Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China) from 12 March to 31 May 2003, when only patients with SARS were admitted. This period was characterized by the upgrading of infection control precautions, which included the wearing of gloves and gowns all the time, an extensive use of steroids, and a change in antibiotic prescribing practices. The pattern of endemic pathogenic organisms, the rates of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were compared with those of the pre-SARS and post-SARS periods. METHODS: Data on pathogenic isolates were obtained from the microbiology department (Prince of Wales Hospital). Data on MRSA acquisition and VAP rates were collected prospectively. MRSA screening was performed for all ICU patients. A case of MRSA carriage was defined as an instance in which MRSA was recovered from any site in a patient, and cases were classified as imported or ICU-acquired if the first MRSA isolate was recovered within 72 h of ICU admission or after 72 h in the ICU, respectively. RESULTS: During the SARS period in the ICU, there was an increase in the rate of isolation of MRSA and Stenotrophomonas and Candida species but a disappearance of Pseudomonas and Klebsiella species. The MRSA acquisition rate was also increased: it was 3.53% (3.53 cases per 100 admissions) during the pre-SARS period, 25.30% during the SARS period, and 2.21% during the post-SARS period (P<.001). The VAP rate was high, at 36.5 episodes per 1000 ventilator-days, and 47% of episodes were caused by MRSA. CONCLUSIONS: A SARS outbreak in the ICU led to changes in the pathogen pattern and the MRSA acquisition rate. The data suggest that MRSA cross-transmission may be increased if gloves and gowns are worn all the time.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1965

Bronchiolar emphysema (diffuse bronchiolectasis)--so-called muscular cirrhosis of the lungs.

Eleven autopsied cases of bronchiolar emphysema are reported. In all, both lungs were involved. Their pleural surfaces were finely bosselated, presenting an appearance resembling that of the liver in Laennec's cirrhosis. The lungs were firm, they cut with increased fibrous resistance, and the cut surfaces were honeycombed with cysts.Microscopically, the cysts originated in terminal bronchioles. Their walls were thickened with fibrous tissue, elastic fibres and prominent smooth muscle. Areas of lung parenchyma were replaced by fibrous tissue rich in elastic fibres.The etiology of this disease is unknown. Inherent weakness of the myoelastic wall of the respiratory bronchiole, hypoplasia of the distal segment of the respiratory unit, and superimposed recurrent respiratory infections probably are essential in its pathogenesis. The pulmonary changes cause interference with hemorespiratory gaseous exchange.Death was due to respiratory failure in seven cases, to cardiac failure in three and to superimposed staphylococcal pneumonia in one.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Effect of treatment with autologous staphylococcal vaccine on the course of the immunologic process].

In 18 patients with furunculosis and in 9 with chronic inflammation of upper respiratory tract, some cellular immunity parameters were tested. These were: phagocytosis index and bactericidal activity against leukocytes. Humoral immunity was also investigated by measurement of serum gammaglobulins. All test were performed before treatment and 30 days after application of the last dose of autologous vaccine. In 12 patients with furunculosis, improvement of the clinical status (disappearance of furunculosis) was appearing together with an increase of phagocytosis index and bactericidal activity of leukocytes without changes in gamma-globulin levels. No such changes were found in remaining patients in whom no clinical improvement was found. The authors suggest that cellular immunity factors studied in this investigation permit for evaluation of the immunity status in patients receiving autologous staphylococcal vaccine.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1999

[Use of double-lumen umbilical vein catheters in a neonatal intensive care unit].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to compare the success/failure rate and complications of insertion into the umbilical vein, of either double-lumen catheters (Charrière diameter 04, length 13 and 30 cm) or single-lumen catheters (Charrière diameter 05, length 40 cm) in a population of neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. The numbers of insertions of additional peripheral venous catheters were also compared. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The population was divided into two groups according to the severity of the respiratory failure. Group 1 (n = 52): normal hemodynamic parameters and moderate respiratory failure (FiO2 < 0.6): only single-lumen catheters were used. Group 2 (n = 56): low systemic pressure requiring vascular filling and/or inotropic drugs infusion and/or severe respiratory failure (FiO2 > 0.6): in this group, either single-lumen catheters or double-lumen catheters were inserted. RESULTS: The success rate of insertion of double-lumen catheters and of single-lumen catheters were similar (61% vs 71%: P = 0.7). Nineteen double-lumen catheters were inserted in the group 2. The average duration of double-lumen umbilical catheterization was not significantly different from simple-lumen catheterization (4.9 +/- 2.2 vs 4.6 +/- 2.2 days). Complications relating to the umbilical venous catheterization were uncommon: three catheter obstructions (two with single-lumen catheter, one with double-lumen catheters), two nosocomial infections (both with single-lumen catheter), one hydropericardium (with single-lumen catheter). In group 2, more peripheral venous catheters were required during the first 72 hours of life after insertion of single-lumen catheter than after insertion of double-lumen catheters (average number of peripheral venous catheters per infant: 1.6 +/- 0.83 vs 1 +/- 0.35 respectively; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Feasibility and complication rate of umbilical double-lumen catheters were similar to those of single-lumen catheters. The use of umbilical double-lumen catheters reduces the need of peripheral venous catheters.

Cardiotonic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of florfenicol on morphology, growth, and viability of Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman was investigated for changes in its growth pattern, its morphology and its viability when grown in the presence of 3 microg/ml florfenicol (Ff). This concentration corresponds to the 0.75-fold strain-specific minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Under these conditions, S. aureus Newman showed a distinct retardation in its growth pattern and 20% dead cells were detected in a fluorescence microscopic viability assay. However, bactericidal activity - defined as a 3-log drop in the staphylococcal population - was not recorded at this Ff concentration. Further analysis of the cell wall revealed a significant increase in cell wall thickness of S. aureus Newman when grown in the presence of 3 microg/ml Ff. This might result in a compression of the protoplast with subsequent disruption of single staphylococcal cells. Accordingly, 20% of the staphylococcal cells analysed by electron microscopy proved to be disrupted. These observations suggest that Ff can cause a thickening of the cell wall accompanied by impaired viability of the staphylococcal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Does the appearance of drug resistance during therapy alter bacterial susceptibility to opsonophagocytosis?

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are common causes of infection in patients undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Their ability to survive intracellularly within peritoneal macrophages and to persist within the peritoneum during antibiotic therapy has led to the development of drug resistance during treatment. Strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) and Staphytococcus haemolyticus (SH) have been isolated from patients with CAPD during treatment with ciprofloxacin. The respective MIC values pre-and post-therapy were SE-0.25 and 128 mg/L and SH-0.50 and 64 mg/L. The susceptibility of each isolate to opsonophagocytosis was measured in vitro using isolated polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) derived from fresh human blood donations. The bacteria were radiolabelled during growth, opsonised in either 1 or 10% serum and their uptake measured No differences were seen between the pre- and post therapy isolates when using 10% serum as opsonic source (18 vs. 21%); with 1% serum the corresponding values were lower (5 and 8% respectively). Similarly their ability to generate a respiratory burst as measured by chemiluminescence (CL) in the phagocytic cells was not diminished in the strains which had developed resistance to ciprofloxacin. The mean CL response to the strains isolated at outset of therapy ranged from 0.35-0.45 cpsc, and to the resistant strains following therapy from 0.36-0.50 cpsc. It is clear from the present investigation that although the bacterial strain became at least 10 times more resistant to ciprofloxacin during therapy, no change in their susceptibility to phagocytosis occurred refuting the idea that the emergence of drug resistant strains during therapy results in "super-bugs" of greater virulence.

Anti-Infective Agents↗