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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1972

Synaptic potentials in nerve cells of the stellate ganglion of the squid.

1. Intracellular recordings were made from nerve cells in the stellate ganglion of the squid.2. Stimulation of the preganglionic nerve evoked excitatory or inhibitory synaptic potentials, or a combination of both. Antidromic stimulation of the stellar nerves also evoked excitatory and inhibitory potentials in the cells. With both types of stimulation the synaptic potentials were built up of contributions from several axons indicating considerable convergence of excitatory and inhibitory inputs on the cells.3. Inhibitory, as well as excitatory, miniature synaptic potentials were recorded from the cells even after impulse activity had been blocked by tetrodotoxin.4. Glutamate applied iontophoretically to some cells produced a depolarization of their membranes. In other cases glutamate evoked a hyperpolarizing potential. Application of glutamate caused a decrease in the amplitude of excitatory synaptic potentials.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

[Influence of bilateral stellate ganglion block on hemodynamics].

This study was designed to investigate the influence of bilateral stellate ganglion block (SGB) on hemodynamics in 15 mongrel dogs. Following general anesthesia, each dog received SGB with 1.5% mepivacaine. Cardiovascular effect of bilateral SGB was assessed by measuring mean artery pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), right atrial pressure (RAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and common carotid arterial blood flow (CCAF). These were measured directly by a Swan-Ganz catheter and ultrasonic blood flow meter, during the first 15 minutes after SGB. A decrease of MAP and HR was observed after bilateral SGB. CO decreased for 13% compared with the control value. However, this change was not statistically significant. There was a significant increase in the bilateral CCAF, but the degree of the increase of CCAF was greater after unilateral SGB than after the bilateral SGB.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Three case reports of the use of stellate ganglion block for the climacteric psychosis].

There are many reports of the use of stellate ganglion block (SGB) for the climacteric psychosis, which is considered to be sympathicotonic response to stress. We experienced three cases of the SGB therapy for the climacteric psychosis. We performed SGB three times per week by 1% lidocaine 5 ml, and observed improvements of the symptoms after doing SGB for five times. The patients reported psychological relaxation after receiving SGB therapy. We examined the changes of the serum concentrations of ACTH, LH, FSH, and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) before and after SGB in 8 patients who were suffering from climacteric psychosis, because we wanted to know the endocrinological response to SGB. We observed a significant decrease in norepinephrine concentration after SGB, which is reasonable considering the sympathetic blockage. There were no significant changes of ACTH, LH, FSH, and epinephrine. We conclude that SGB therapy must be effective for the climacteric psychosis because of sympathetic blockade. But we could not clarify the influence of endocrinological response to SGB.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Radiofrequency lesions of the stellate ganglion in chronic pain syndromes: retrospective analysis of clinical efficacy in 86 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Stellate ganglion (SG) blockade is used for the treatment of chronic pain syndromes in which the sympathetic nervous system is hypothesized to be involved. A possible treatment modality to achieve long-term pain reduction is blockade of the SG by means of a radiofrequency lesion (RF-SG). To evaluate the outcome of RF-SG as a therapy for different chronic pain syndromes, we reviewed 86 RF-SG procedures. DESIGN: Medical records containing treatment information were reviewed systematically. A systematic MEDLINE literature review search on SG blockade was also performed. RESULTS: In our clinic, 39.5% of 221 patients who received a prognostic SG block subsequently underwent RF-SG. Of these patients, 40.7% noted a more than 50% reduction of pain, 54.7% reported no effect on pain, and 4.7% showed worsening of pain. The mean follow-up interval was 52 weeks. The computer-assisted literature search resulted in 31 studies: 12 about complications and 19 about the efficacy of SG blockade. A review of these studies showed partial pain relief in 41.3% of patients, complete pain relief in 37.8%, and no pain relief in 20.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of RF-SG blockade seems to be in line with that of other SG blockade procedures reported in the literature. Our retrospective study shows that an RF-SG block is most likely to be of benefit for patients suffering from complex regional pain syndrome type 2, ischemic pain, cervicobrachialgia, or postthoracotomy pain. Clinical efficacy remains to be proven in a randomized controlled trial, however.

Catheter Ablation↗
PubMed2005

In vivo and in vitro effects of stellate ganglion blockade on radial and internal mammary arteries.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of stellate ganglion blockade (SGB) on the internal mammary (IMA) and radial arteries (RA) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with in vivo and in vitro studies. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized trial. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-seven patients undergoing CABG surgery. INTERVENTIONS: SGB was performed on 19 patients before anesthesia induction. Another group of 18 patients underwent surgery without SGB. Diameters of proximal RA, distal RA, and IMA were determined by Doppler ultrasonography before (T1) and after (T2) anesthesia induction. Control or blocked IMA and RA segments were obtained. Norepinephrine (NE) was applied to determine the contractile force of IMA and RA rings in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximal contractile response and the sensitivity of the vessels were compared. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The diameters of IMA and distal RA were statistically larger in the SGB group than those in the control group at T2. NE-induced maximum contraction was higher in the blocked RA rings than those in the control RA and blocked IMA rings. The sensitivity of IMA segments to NE was higher than that of RA segments in the SGB group. The control and blocked IMA segments showed similar sensitivity to NE. CONCLUSION: The present results show that SGB not only increases distal RA and IMA diameters but is also associated with in vitro differences, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated. Therefore, SGB might be considered as an alternative to topical and systemic vasodilators for reducing vasospasm in patients undergoing CABG.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Effects of stellate ganglion stimulation on bilateral cochlear blood flow.

The effect of intraneural electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglion (SG) on bilateral cochlear blood flow (CBF) was investigated with laser-Doppler flowmetry. The SG of 15 anesthetized guinea pigs was exposed by a novel surgical approach and stimulated with a specially designed intraneural bipolar platinum-iridium electrode. Bilateral CBF was continuously monitored. Stimulation of 0.25 mA caused a detectable increase of the systemic blood pressure (BP) and a bilateral decrease of the cochlear vascular conductance (R, defined as the ratio CBF/BP). A stimulus of 0.5 mA elicited a statistically significant ipsilateral CBF (CBFi) decrease of 3.6% +/- 5.1% from the baseline and a contralateral CBF (CBFc) decrease of 3.1% +/- 5.5%. That no statistical difference was found between CBFi and CBFc indicates that a unilateral sympathetic stimulation of the SG can cause equal bilateral responses. These responses were accompanied by a significantly increased BP (8.7% +/- 5.2% of baseline) and consequently a greatly decreased R (12.2% +/- 6.5%) of the ipsilateral cochlea. Bilateral sections of the cervical sympathetic trunk below the level of the superior cervical ganglion did not alter the evoked changes in CBF, BP, and R. It is concluded that SG stimulation can decrease the conductivity of the cochlear vessels or the supplying vessels of the cochlea. Additionally, the SG nerve fibers that cause these effects do not pass through the superior cervical ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Brain blood volume measured with near infrared spectroscopy increased after stellate ganglion block].

There are many controversies whether the brain blood flow increases or not after stellate ganglion block (SGB). We found in 10 outpatients that the brain blood volume increased after SGB using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRO500, Hamamatsu Photonics, Inc.). HbO2 showed peak level of 3.6 mumol.l-1 at 30 min and 2.2 mumol.l-1 at 40 min. Peak level of Hb was 5.6 mumol.l-1 at 40 min. These values indicated increased brain blood flow after SGB.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Axonal neurofilaments differ in composition and morphology from those in the soma of the squid stellate ganglion.

Triton X-100 insoluble neurofilament (NF) fractions were obtained from two parts of the stellate ganglion and the main giant axon. These were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cyclic assembly and disassembly, and electron microscopy. The NF fractions from the ganglion cell bodies (GCB) and from the part of the ganglion mainly consisting of axon initial segments (GIS) were of similar composition; neither contained detectable amounts of the 220 kda and high molecular weight (greater than 400 kda) NF subunits that were prominent in the axonal NF fraction. However, the GCB and GIS did contain large quantities of a set of 65 kda polypeptides that were minor constituents of the axonal NF fraction. The 65 kda-containing NF fraction from the ganglion could be cyclically disassembled and reassembled, but only under low salt conditions, in contrast to the high salt conditions used to cycle axonal NFs. A comparison of the peptide map of the 65 kda polypeptides with that of the 60 kda axonal NF subunit showed them to be different. These biochemical differences between the ganglionic and axonal NF fractions correlated with morphologic distinctions: ganglionic NFs were relatively smooth surfaced, whereas axonal NFs had long sidearms. Such observations support the hypothesis that the NF cytoskeleton of the neuron soma is different from that of the axon. Furthermore, the change from the somal form to the axonal form of NFs appears to occur in the region where the axon initial segment increases in diameter to become the axon proper.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Circulatory effects of stellate ganglion block and high thoracic epidural block].

A comparative study of the circulatory effects of stellate ganglion block (SGB) and high thoracic epidural block (TEB) was conducted in 11 patients. Although blood pressure and heart rate showed no significant changes even after SGB, they both decreased significantly following TEB. The blood flow in the common carotid artery (CCA) increased markedly at 5 minutes after performing SGB, and at 20 minutes it reached its peak value of 163.5 +/- 7.8%, and the increase remained significant up to 75 minutes. On the other hand, it increased significantly from 5 minutes after performing TEB and reached its peak of 122.2 +/- 7.6% at 15 minutes, and this increase remained significant up to 60 minutes. In comparing these two nerve blocks, the blood flow in the CCA showed a more marked increase following SGB than after TEB from 5 to 60 minutes after performing. The blood flow rate in the CCA increased markedly from 5 minutes after performing SGB, reached its peak of 139.1 +/- 11.3% at 20 minutes, and this increase remained significant up to 60 minutes thereafter. After performing TEB no significant changes were observed. In comparing SGB and TEB, from 5 to 60 minutes after performing, the rate became markedly faster after SGB than after TEB. The vascular diameter of the CCA from 5 minutes after performing SGB showed a slight but significant enlargement, and at 20 minutes it reached its maximum of 111.7 +/- 3.0%, and this significant enlargement persisted up to 60 minutes. From 10 minutes after performing TEB, it showed a slight but significant enlargement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Preganglionic inputs to the stellate ganglion of the cat during postnatal ontogenesis.

The localization of preganglionic neurons forming, connections with the stellate ganglion was studied using a method based on retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in cats during postnatal ontogenesis from birth to six months of life. The number of preganglionic neurons and spinal cord segments connected to the ganglion increased from birth to 10 days of age, and then decreased. The proportion of preganglionic neurons in different spinal cord nuclei changed during life and became comparable with that in adults by age six months. This was accompanied by an increase in the proportion of cells in the nucleus intermediolateralis thoracolumbaris pars principalis, with a decrease in the number of neurons in the nucleus intermediolateralis thoracolumbaris parts funicularis and in the ventral horns of the spinal cord.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An unusual complication of sinus arrest following right-sided stellate ganglion block: a case report.

We present a case of a 29-year-old female patient who had presented to us for the management of her chronic right shoulder-hand pain and developed a sinus arrest following a right-sided stellate ganglion block (RSGB). This patient on receiving a diagnostic RSGB via the anterior paratracheal (C6) approach developed sinus arrest followed by apnea and unconsciousness. On institution of resuscitative measures involving tracheal intubation, positive pressure ventilation, cardiac massage, and intravenous atropine, spontaneous cardiac activity recovered in about 3 minutes. Other signs and symptoms resolved fully in a total of 10 minutes. She had persistent postural hypotension lasting for about 24 hours requiring bed rest and was discharged about 36 hours after the procedure, without any adverse sequelae. As the sinus node is supplied by the right-sided sympathetic chain, its blockade probably resulted in unopposed parasympathetic activity leading to asystole. Available evidence of the role of right stellate ganglion in regulation of cardiac electrophysiology and functioning is also discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Effects of right stellate ganglion stimulation on regional myocardial blood flow and ischemic injury in dogs.

The effects of right stellate ganglion stimulation (RSGS) on regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) and epicardial ST-segment elevation were investigated in the normal and ischemic myocardium of anesthetized dogs. In the non-ischemic areas and despite the augmentation of cardiac work resulting from the increase in heart rate and in myocardial contractile force, RSGS induced no significant changes in RMBF or in the endo/epi ratio. However, after suppression by atenolol of its chronotropic and inotropic effects, RSGS significantly increased the calculated coronary resistance and reduced RMBF, and combined atenolol + phenoxybenzamine treatments abolished these effects. In the ischemic areas, RSGS had no effect on RMBF, endo/epi and I/NI ratios but increased ST-segment elevation, an effect abolished by atenolol. We conclude that (1) during RSGS, alpha-adrenoreceptor-mediated coronary vasoconstriction contributes to oppose beta 1-myocardial stimulation effects on RMBF and endo/epi ratio, (2) further elevation of ST-segment by RSGS is due to enhancement of oxygen requirements by beta 1-adrenoreceptor stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Stellate ganglion stimulation with alpha and beta adrenergic blockade: effect on lung lipids and compliance in cats.

Stellate ganglion stimulation (SGS) can alter lung lipids and reduce static lung compliance, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Phentolamine and propranolol were administered to anesthetized cats prior to stimulation in order to investigate SGS effects on lung lipids and compliance mediated via alpha and beta adrenergic pathways. Analysis of lung lavage revealed that SGS alone decreased cholesterol and the cholesterol/DSPC ratio which might be expected to decrease lung compliance. Alpha and beta blockade alone resulted in no changes from control in cholesterol or DSPC. Alpha blockade plus SGS yielded increased rather than decreased cholesterol and DSPC, while beta blockade prevented any change. A reduction in both static and dynamic lung compliance caused by SGS also was blocked by both alpha and beta blockade. Thus both the alpha and beta blockade prevented the SGS-induced decreases in cholesterol, cholesterol/DSPC ratio, and lung compliance. Furthermore, alpha blockade plus SGS resulted in increased TPL as well as cholesterol and DSPC. The data are consistent with the view that DSPC and cholesterol are released into the subphase by beta adrenergic mechanisms, and that their relative amounts may influence surface properties.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood flow velocity changes in carotid and vertebral arteries with stellate ganglion block: measurement by magnetic resonance imaging using a direct bolus tracking method.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Stellate ganglion block (SGB) leads to vasodilation of the head and neck, as a result of a regional sympathetic blockade. However, in such cases, controversy remains concerning changes in cerebral and extracerebral blood flow in the head. We estimated the effect of SGB on blood flow in the head by measuring the blood flow velocity in cervical vessels, using magnetic resonance imaging and the direct bolus tracking method. This noninvasive method is free from potential artifacts of bones and other connective tissues. METHODS: Seven adult patients with acute or chronic pain in the head or neck underwent SGBs, using an anterior paratracheal approach with 6-8 mL of 1% mepivacaine (3 right and 4 left SGBs). Blood flow velocity in common carotid and vertebral arteries (CCA and VA) was measured simultaneously before and after SGB, using the direct bolus tracking method. RESULTS: On the side of SGB, blood flow velocity in CCA significantly increased (P < .002), whereas velocity in VA was unchanged after SGB. On the side contralateral to the SGB, significant changes in blood flow velocity in CCA and VA were never observed. CONCLUSIONS: Blood from the VA flows primarily to cerebral vessels, whereas that from CCA goes to both cerebral and extracerebral vessels. Given the presumed differences in blood flow distribution through the VA and CCA, we assume that the observed CCA blood flow increases, ipsilateral to the SGB, primarily as a result of vasodilation of extracerebral vessels and independent of changes in brain blood flow.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of PR, RR, QT intervals and QT dispersion following stellate ganglion block in chronic shoulder-hand pain patients.

Right stellate ganglion block (SGB) can increase QT interval, rate-corrected QT interval (QTc), QT dispersion (QTD), rate-corrected QTD (QTcD), and RR interval while left SGB can decrease these intervals in healthy volunteers. No such studies have been conducted in patients with chronic pain, hence this study was designed to investigate the effects of left and right SGB on these variables in chronic shoulder-hand pain patients. In this study, 28 patients with chronic shoulder-hand pain of at least 6 months duration were given right or left SGB depending on the shoulder affected. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded before the block, 30 minutes and 60 minutes after the block. PR interval, RR interval, QT interval were recorded in all 12 leads while QTc, QTD, and QTcD were calculated. Right SGB was performed in 21 patients. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in PR interval and a significant increase (P < 0.05) in RR interval, QT interval, and QTc interval were observed. QTD showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) only at 30 minutes after right SGB. Left SGB was performed in seven patients. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in QT interval was observed throughout the study period, while QTc showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) only at 60 minutes after the block. We conclude that right SGB induces significant increase of QT interval, RR interval, QTc interval, QTD, and a significant decrease of PR interval while left SGB produces a significant decrease in QT and QTc intervals in patients with chronic shoulder-hand pain.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of Bell's palsy despite treatment of post-traumatic headache by stellate ganglion block.

It is a controversial issue whether or not stellate ganglion block (SGB) is an effective treatment for facial palsy. A case report is presented in which a patient with traumatic cervical syndrome developed Bell's palsy after being treated by same-side SGB, suggesting that SGB was not able to prevent development of Bell's palsy. The need for further clinical investigations on efficacy of SGB against Bell's palsy seems to be justified.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Immunocytochemical characteristics of neurons in the stellate ganglion of the sympathetic trunk in mice during postnatal ontogenesis.

The neurotransmitter composition of neurons in the stellate ganglion of mice of different ages (neonatal and aged 10, 20, 30, and 60 days) was studied using an immunocytochemical method. Most of the neurons in the mice of these age groups contained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Most choline acetyltransferase (CAT)-positive neurons in neonatal and 10-day mice were also TH-positive. From birth and at all subsequent ages, there were increases in the proportion of cells contained TH and neuropeptide Y. The proportion of neurons containing vasoactive intestinal peptide and CAT increased to 10 days of life and then decreased. Somatostatin-and galanin-positive neurons were absent from all animals. Maturation of the set of neurotransmitters in stellate ganglia was complete by age two months.

Age Factors↗