Submergence of a deciduous tooth: its ramifications on the dentition and treatment of the resulting malocclusion.
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Child↗
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Clinical assessment of injuries in orthodontic movement of impacted teeth. I. Methods of attachment.
Recent studies have indicated ankylosis, loss of attachment, and external resorption occurring as sequelae of orthodontic movement of impacted teeth when these teeth are ligated around the cervix with wire. The purpose of this study was to record the effects of two commonly employed methods of attachment to impacted teeth--the wire ligation and the direct bond. Twenty subjects who had previously undergone full-banded orthodontic treatment involving a unilateral impacted maxillary canine were studied. The contralateral non-impacted maxillary canine served as a control. In eight of the subjects the impacted canine was ligated at the cervix with wire at the time of surgical exposure. In the other twelve subjects the impacted tooth also was exposed surgically but then an orthodontic bracket was bonded directly to the tooth approximately 2 weeks after the surgical exposure. The criterion for the diagnosis of ankylosis was failure to move the tooth for at least 3 months. The diagnosis of external resorption was made from radiographs. Loss of periodontal attachment was measured by comparing the level of attachment on the previously impacted tooth with the contralateral canine 3 months after debanding. The results indicated that three of the eight patients in the group receiving wire ligation exhibited external resorption and ankylosis. Also, there was an average of 1.36 mm. greater loss of attachment in all four proximal and lingual probing measurements of teeth ligated with ligature wire but no significant differences in the direct buccal probing measurement.
Adolescent↗
Treatment results with light wires studied by panoramic radiography.
The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate "parallelism" and the incidence of root resorption in fifty-three extraction cases treated with light continuous wire therapy, following the principles of minimum force application, minimum tooth movement, avoiding the outward displacement of the roots from the apical bases, and a minimum time of active treatment. Differential tooth movement was performed and active displacement of the full complement of teeth was avoided when possible, according to the needs of the particular case. Panoramic radiographs were taken before and after active treatment and 1 year out of retention. The long axes of upper and lower canines and second premolars were traced and the angulation between them was measured to appraise root "parallelism." Only 1.8 percent root resorption was estimated for those teeth measured. A possible explanation for this low figure may be the mesiodistal movement of the teeth along the apical bone base, without deviations toward the labiobuccal or lingual sides.
Adolescent↗
Arch width development in Class II patients treated with the Fränkel appliance.
This article compares the arch development in growing Class II patients after Fränkel therapy with arch development in a similar group of untreated Class II subjects. Sixty treated and forty-seven untreated persons were compared for a 2- to 4-year period. Expansion of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches occurred to a much greater extent in patients undergoing Fränkel treatment than in the control subjects. The expansion was not limited to a particular region of the dental arch in the treated cases, although the largest expansion values were recorded in the premolar and molar regions. Lesser values were recorded in the canine region.
Activator Appliances↗
The effects of space closure of the mandibular first molar area in adults.
There is little information regarding the orthodontic closure of remodeled, edentulous spaces in the posterior area of the mandible. The present study was undertaken to determine the dental and periodontal changes that occur when mandibular first molar areas are closed in adults. Fourteen adult patients were selected from private orthodontic practices. Pre- and posttreatment study models were used to measure the mesiodistal length of the edentulous space and the buccolingual width of the alveolar ridge. The amount of crown and root movement of the second molar and premolar was measured from lateral cephalometric radiographs. From pre- and posttreatment panoramic or periapical radiographs, the anatomic changes of the second molar and adjacent periodontium were also measured. Every case showed significant space closure (x = 6.2 mm) ranging from 2.7 to 11.5 mm. There was crestal bone loss (x = 1.3 mm) mesial to the second molar in all but five cases. These latter cases showed bone addition. As the molar moved mesially , the alveolar ridge increased in width an average of 1.2 mm. The adult patient who showed the greatest amount of space closure and the least amount of molar bone loss had (1) mesiodistal space of 6.0 mm, (2) buccolingual ridge width of 7.0 mm, and (3) mesial molar bone level 1.0 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction. The results of this study indicate that space closure is not only possible but may aid the treatment of certain cases. Space closure should be considered as a potential solution to the absence of mandibular first permanent molars.
Adult↗
Surgical exposure, orthodontic movement, and final tooth position as factors in periodontal breakdown of treated palatally impacted canines.
Twenty-three patients who had completed orthodontic treatment for the resolution of unilateral palatal canine impactions were examined 2.3 years (mean) after all appliances were discarded. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of whether the surgical exposure was "light" or "heavy." The whole group was also divided according to the type of orthodontic movement that was carried out--"light" for tipping, extrusive, and rotating movements and "heavy" for root movements. Final position of the teeth was classified as ideal or incomplete if rotations or spaces were present. The results showed marked deteriorative changes where the surgery had been more radical and where the tooth movement involved active alteration of root position. No change due to abnormal tooth position was seen. It is suggested that, in these cases, surgical procedures be limited in scope and that exposure of the cementoenamel junction be avoided.
Alveolar Process↗
Orthodontic extrusion of single-rooted teeth affected with advanced periodontal disease.
Orthodontic extrusion of teeth with advanced periodontal disease was evaluated in beagle dogs. Surgical destruction of one third to one half of the attachment apparatus and the inducement of chronic periodontal disease was accomplished on the hemisected mesial roots of the mandibular premolars. The roots on one side of the mandible were extruded toward a cemented stainless steel bridge by means of elastics providing 20 to 25 gm of force. The force was examined daily. When extruded teeth came into contact with the bridge, they were ligated in place for 21 days of stabilization. Clinical results showed that control teeth maintained their position and signs of advanced periodontitis. Extruded teeth had shallower pocket depths, less gingival inflammation, and no bleeding on probing. Radiographic evaluation showed no demonstrable changes in the control teeth. Early in the extrusion process, the teeth appeared to be avulsed, with more than three fourths of the root coronal to the alveolar crest. After stabilization, approximately 2 mm of new bone was seen coronal to the original alveolar crest, and the periapical areas had filled in as well. This bone formation was verified histologically. The extruded teeth had an intact attachment apparatus with all components in the same relative position on the teeth as in the controls. However, a shallower sulcus and less gingival inflammation were noted in the extruded teeth. There were statistically significant findings of a wider periodontal ligament space, greater cementum width, and increased bone height in the crestal areas of extruded teeth. Extruded teeth also had less cementum width and greater new bone formation at the apex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alveolar Process↗
The surgical exposure and application of direct traction of unerupted teeth.
This article presents a retrospective study of patients treated for impacted maxillary canines by a combined surgical and orthodontic approach. All patients were assessed radiographically by means of a lateral skull radiograph and an orthopantograph. No posteroanterior radiographs were taken. Facial or lingual position within the arch was not determined, the height and inclination of the canine being deemed more important. At surgery, a facial flap was raised first in all cases. Only if access and isolation were poor was a palatal flap raised. Bone was removed as necessary. One contention of this article is that the amount of bone removed is not important. It is the manner in which the soft tissues and, in particular, the periosteum are handled that ultimately affects the results of the surgical treatment. An attachment was bonded onto the tooth and the wound closed. The tooth was then actively extruded, a removable appliance being preferable because more vertical control of anchorage is possible.
Alveolectomy↗
Influence of orthodontic treatment on root development of autotransplanted premolars.
The aim of this study was to clarify whether orthodontic movement of autotransplanted premolars will affect the final root length of the transplants. A group of 29 autotransplanted premolars that had been orthodontically treated was compared with a group of 30 autotransplanted premolars that had not been orthodontically treated. Contralateral teeth in both groups served as controls. The root lengths of the transplants as well as the controls were measured on the radiographs immediately after transplantation and also after orthodontic treatment and complete root formation. The results demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference between the original and final root lengths of the transplants in the two samples or between the contralateral teeth. The autotransplantation of the premolars resulted in an average shortening of 1 to 2 mm compared to the contralateral control teeth. Futhermore, orthodontic movement of the transplants appeared to have a tendency to shorten the final root length.
Adolescent↗
Stress analysis of bone modeling response to rat molar orthodontics.
The purpose of this project was to determine if alveolar bone modeling could be associated with altered mechanical environment. Finite element stress analysis of an orthodontically tipped rat molar periodontium was performed. The distributions of mechanical components within the periodontal ligament and cortical bone were compared to the well-documented bone formation and resorption patterns in the alveolus of the tooth. It was concluded that in orthodontically induced bone modeling activity, locations of osteogenesis uniquely coincided with increased tension within the periodontal ligament, while bone resorption areas could be associated with increases in other components (minimum principal and maximum shear stresses, strain energy density, and von Mises) within the bone itself.
Alveolar Process↗
Restoration of missing or misplaced canines.
Restorative treatments for canines were discussed to correct three clinical abnormalities: (1) fully erupted permanent canine in the lateral incisor position, (2) missing permanent canines, and (3) partially exposed canines in normal arch position. The primary concerns are the development of esthetics, anterior guidance, and adequate support for fixed restorations.
Anodontia↗
Orthodontic therapy for the restorative patient. Part II: The esthetic aspects.
By incorporating orthodontics and other specialty disciplines into the restorative and prosthodontic treatments for the adult patient presenting for improvement or enhancement of esthetics, the dentist can correct reverse over-lapped (cross-bite) relationships, retrieve and reposition unerupted (impacted) anterior teeth, and improve irregular smile lines in three dimensions. The correction or improvement of incisal guidance, incisal planes, root proximity, and embrasure spaces will enhance long-term stability and successful prognoses. This article discusses several of the daily challenges encountered by the restorative dentist regarding malposed teeth in the anterior portion of the oral cavity. By using established principles of orthodontic therapy, composite resin bonding of brackets, improved wire technology, polymer plastic force modules, and additional advances in the methods of repositioning the malposed teeth, the necessary corrections can be made.
Adult↗
Ameloblastic fibroma and impacted mandibular first molar. A case report.
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Child↗
Surgical correction of the dentofacial abnormality in Hallermann-Streiff syndrome.
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Adolescent↗
A submerging lower first permanent molar.
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Child↗
Apical root resorption of upper incisors caused by intrusive tooth movement: a radiographic study.
The purpose of the study was to investigate whether root resorption of the upper incisors occurs during intrusion of maxillary incisors. It examines the possibility of a relationship between the amount of root shortening and duration of the intrusive force. The ratio of root length before and after intrusion was compared in 20 patients. In 66 incisors with an intrusion period of 29 weeks, an intrusion of 3.6 mm was performed. The control group consisted of 15 patients who underwent no orthodontic treatment. Consequently, 58 incisors had no intrusion. The follow-up time between 2 measurements was +/- 28 weeks. The findings clearly showed root shortening after intrusion. A mean resorption of 18% of the original root length was found. In comparison, none of the control patients showed root shortening. No correlation has been found between the amount of resorption and the amount and duration of intrusion. In combination with the apical deflection of the root, the nasal floor was occasionally a limiting factor for intrusion and this may have caused root resorption.
Adolescent↗
Mixed dentition treatment case report.
Malocclusions can be successfully treated in the mixed dentition (Phase I), which can usually significantly reduce the need for comprehensive orthodontic treatment in the permanent dentition. Phase I of orthodontic treatment is designed to correct the skeletal and dental malocclusions at an early age. Treatment usually lasts for 12 to 20 months. Following Phase I treatment, there is a supervision phase of 18 to 30 months in which to hold the correction achieved during early treatment while supervising the eruption of the remaining permanent teeth. If a second phase of orthodontic treatment is required, the treatment time is usually limited to 6 to 18 months, depending on the malocclusion, growth direction, and increments. Treatment time for the patient in this report was extended primarily because of the teaching clinic environment. At the University of the Pacific, we have observed that Phase I of orthodontic treatment produces a more stable long-term orthodontic result, reduces the need for premolar extractions, creates less temporomandibular joint problems at a later age, and achieves a better profile balance.
Adolescent↗
Structural changes in the dental and periodontal tissues of the rat incisor following application of orthodontic loads.
The present study deals with the morphometric changes in the loaded rat incisor and its supporting structures 3 months after load removal. The material examined was limited to that part of the tooth that is located between 8 and 20 mm from the tooth apex. Of the ten albino rats in whom laterointrusive loads (19 +/- 0.6 g) were applied to the lower left incisor for a period of 2 weeks, the rate of tooth eruption returned to normal in four animals (group A); in six rats, eruption remained grossly impaired (group B). These two groups were compared with a control group of four rats in whom the incisors were allowed to erupt normally during the 3 months of the experiment. The left mandibles were dissected and fixed; the incisors were demineralized, embedded in paraplast, and cut into transverse serial sections of 6 micron, which were used to produce a three-dimensional reconstruction of all tissue components by means of computerized histomorphometry. The parameters of pulp and dentin, and the total tooth size and shape in group A were similar to those of the control group. In group B, pulp and dentin were changed significantly, tooth size increased, and the oval shape was altered into a more rounded contour, together with a significant enlargement of the socket. Although the total PDL volumes remained similar in all three groups, the tooth/socket relation, as expressed by PDL width and PDL area at the different tooth sides and at varying distances from tooth apex, diverged from normal significantly in all teeth that had been subjected to loading.
Alveolar Process↗