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PubMed1986

Inert gas wash-out from tissue: model analysis.

Model simulations on variously arranged two-compartment models are performed to provide a basis for interpreting the observed non-monoexponential (or non-linear logarithmic) wash-out time courses of inert gases from tissue. The variables considered are: blood flow, tissue volume, solubility of gas in tissue and blood, and diffusive conductances (diffusing capacities) for tissue/blood gas transfer and for gas transfer between tissue compartments. The wash-out is studied in terms of both mean tissue partial pressure and effluent venous blood partial pressure. Diffusion limitation within a tissue-blood capillary unit is shown to produce logarithmic wash-out rates which increase or decrease during wash-out, depending on the functional structure of the unit. On the other hand, in a system consisting of dissimilar tissue-blood capillary units arranged in parallel, the logarithmic wash-out rate decreases with wash-out time. It is shown that the conventional analysis of nonlinear logarithmic wash-out may overestimate or underestimate tissue perfusion or the extent of its inhomogeneity.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effects of washing acid injuries to the skin with water: an experimental study using rats.

A skin acid injury model has been constructed using SD rats and 1N HCl. The changes over time, with particular attention to subcutaneous tissue pH, were recorded and included a comparative study of the effect of washing with water at 1, 3 and 10 min after injury, on subcutaneous tissue pH. After inflicting an acid injury, the subcutaneous tissue pH of control animals reached its minimum value at the seventh minute, and had not recovered to the pre-experimental level by the 60th minute. In the group of rats which was washed at 1 min, the pH did not drop below 7.5, it remained virtually unchanged. In the group washed at 3 min, the pH declined slightly, but subsequent to washing, the pH increased gradually. In the group washed at 10 min, the changes in pH were almost the same as those in the untreated group. These results indicated that if washing was carried out before the subcutaneous tissue pH level reached a minimum value, any remaining acid on the skin surface could be washed away, effectively suppressing the subsequent fall in pH.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Batch washing of cadmium from soil and sludge by a mixture of Na2S2O5 and Na2EDTA.

Washing of cadmium contaminated soil and sludge using a mixture of 0.1 M Na(2)S(2)O(5) and 0.01 M Na(2)EDTA was investigated in the batch mode. Initial Cd concentration in samples was 500 mg kg(-1). The sequential extraction was conducted to study of what form that Cd was removed. SPSS program version 9.01 was performed to determine what soil parameter had the greatest influence on the washing. The organic matter in soil was found to be the main factor for the washing. Soil with low organic matter would have high percentage of removing Cd. When adding more washing solution, the Cd removal efficiency was lower. The highest removal efficiency was between 67.83% and 97.3% when using a 1 g:2.5 ml soil to washing solution ratio. The predominant form of the removed Cd was exchangeable form. By contrast for the sludge, the highest Cd removal efficiency was 17.13% when using sludge in washing solution at the ratio of 1 g:7.5 ml. Most of washed Cd was in reducible form.

Cadmium↗

PubMed2004

Washing of Pb contaminated soil using [S,S] ethylenediamine disuccinate and horizontal permeable barriers.

The feasibility of in situ washing of soil contaminated with Pb (6.83 mmol kg(-1)) using biodegradable chelator, [S,S] stereoisomere of ethylenediamine disuccinate ([S,S]-EDDS) and horizontal permeable barriers was examined in soil columns. After 4-cycles of 10 mmol kg(-1) soil [S,S]-EDDS applications, followed by irrigation, 24.7% of total initial Pb was washed from the contaminated soil and accumulated into the barrier. Sequential extractions indicated that washing removed most of the Pb from the organic soil fraction. Barriers were positioned 20 cm deep in the soil and consisted of a 2 cm layer of nutrient enriched vermiculite. Barriers reduced leaching of Pb in the first cycle of [S,S]-EDDS addition by more than 500-times compared to columns with no barrier. After four cycles of chelator addition, a total of 0.24% of the initial Pb was leached from the columns with barriers. Four cycles of in situ soil washing in soil columns were less effective than simulated ex situ soil washing with 40 mmol kg(-1) [S,S]-EDDS, where 51.0% of the Pb was removed after 48-h extraction. Ex situ soil washing with 10 mmol kg(-1) [S,S]-EDDS was equally effective as the first cycle of in situ soil washing (15.5% and 14.5% of removed Pb, respectively).

Chelating Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Wash-out of the non-heart-beating donor liver: a comparison between ringer lactate, HTK, and polysol.

UNLABELLED: The solution of choice for wash-out of non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) livers is histidine tryptophan ketoglutarate (HTK). This solution has a lower viscosity, due to absence of a colloid, and is less expensive as compared to the University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. A new preservation solution for machine perfusion was developed, named Polysol. In order to apply Polysol clinically in NHBD organ retrieval, the efficacy as a wash-out solution was investigated. METHODS: After a warm ischemic time of 30 minutes, the rat liver was washed out via the portal vein with 50 mL of either ringer lactate (RL), HTK or Polysol. After wash-out and harvesting, the liver was reperfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Samples were taken to assess hepatocellular injury and liver function. RESULTS: Liver damage parameters were elevated in the RL group as compared to the HTK and Polysol groups. Liver/rat weight ratios were significantly lower after wash-out with Polysol. Overall, no differences were seen in ammonia clearance and bile production. In conclusion, wash-out of the NHBD liver with Polysol results in equal to improved reperfusion results as compared to HTK. Polysol is feasible as a wash-out solution in combination with machine perfusion using Polysol.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Survival, function, and hemolysis of shed red blood cells processed as nonwashed blood and washed red blood cells.

BACKGROUND: Shed nonwashed blood and shed washed red blood cells (RBC) are being used as alternatives to allogeneic liquid-preserved RBC for patients during thoracic and cardiovascular surgical procedures. METHODS: Mongrel dogs were bled a volume of blood into the abdominal cavity and the shed blood was reinfused as nonwashed blood or washed RBC. The 51Cr RBC volumes were measured before, immediately after, and 24 hours after the exchange transfusion to assess the recovery of the shed RBC and the 24-hour posttransfusion survival. Compatible dogs were given allogeneic transfusions of 51Cr-labeled nonwashed blood and washed RBC, and 24-hour posttransfusion survival and half-life were measured. RESULTS: Immediately after the 100% exchange transfusion, the recovery value was 62% for the nonwashed shed blood and 82% for the washed RBC. Both the nonwashed blood and the washed RBC had 24-hour posttransfusion survival values of 90% and normal oxygen transport function after the exchange transfusion. Compatible allogeneic 51Cr-labeled nonwashed blood and washed RBC had normal 24-hour posttranfusion survival and 51Cr half-life values. CONCLUSIONS: The survival, function, and hemolysis of shed nonwashed blood and shed washed RBC were similar to fresh blood in the dog that underwent a 100% exchange transfusion.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum are detected in semen after washing before assisted reproductive technology procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of ureaplasmas in semen and washed semen and to explore their effect on semen andrology variables. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: In vitro fertilization (IVF) unit of a private hospital. PATIENT(S): Three hundred forty-three men participating in an assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The prevalence of ureaplasmas in semen and washed semen tested by culture, polymerase chain reaction assays, and indirect immunofluorescent antibody assays. RESULT(S): Ureaplasmas were detected in 73 of 343 (22%) semen samples and 29 of 343 (8.5%) washed semen samples. Ureaplasmas adherent to the surface of spermatozoa were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent antibody testing. Ureplasma parvum serovar 6 (36.6%) and U. urealyticum (30%) were the most prevalent isolates in washed semen. A comparison of the semen andrology variables of washed semen ureaplasma positive and negative groups demonstrated a lower proportion of nonmotile sperm in men ureaplasma positive for washed semen. CONCLUSION(S): Ureaplasmas are not always removed from semen by a standard ART washing procedure and can remain adherent to the surface of spermatozoa.

Cervix Uteri↗

PubMed1997

Cervicovaginal washing prolactin assay in prediction of preterm delivery.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the utility of cervicovaginal washing prolactin assay in prediction of preterm birth in women without rupture of membranes. METHODS: Sixty-six women with normal singleton pregnancy were submitted to cervicovaginal washing and serum prolactin assays. The latency period to delivery and gestational age at admission and at delivery were also recorded. According to uterine contractions and obstetrical history regarding the previous preterm delivery, the pregnant women were divided into 4 groups: 18 symptomatic (group 1) and 15 asymptomatic (group 2) pregnancies who had previously had preterm delivery, and 18 symptomatic (group 3) and 15 asymptomatic (group 4) pregnancies without a history of prior preterm delivery were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: The cervicovaginal washing prolactin concentrations were significantly higher in groups 1 and 3 than in group 4 (P < 0.0083). With respect to the latency period to delivery and the birth weeks, groups 2 and 4 were significantly higher than groups 1 and 3 (F < 0.0001). In the evaluation of the whole group, a significant negative correlation was observed both between cervicovaginal washing prolactin concentrations and the lapsed times to delivery, and the gestational ages at delivery. The finding of a cervicovaginal washing prolactin value exceeding 50 ng/ml in the 12 days preceding preterm delivery had sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 65%, 95%, 86%, and 81%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A cervicovaginal washing prolactin value more than 50 ng/ml precedes preterm delivery within 12 days at > 29 weeks. The easy application, the good feasibility, the success in identifying pregnancies at risk for preterm labor, and the cost effectiveness suggests cervicovaginal washing prolactin assay as a biochemical marker for preterm delivery.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Prepubertal and young adolescent bipolarity versus ADHD: assessment and validity using the WASH-U-KSADS, CBCL and TRF.

BACKGROUND: This addendum to 'Prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity differentiate from ADHD by mania criteria; grandiose delusions; ultra-rapid or ultradian cycling' (in this volume) provides (1) a description of Washington University at St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS) with sample sections (hypersexuality, rapid cycling); (2) a comparison of WASH-U-KSADS to KSADS-P/L and KSADS-1986 and (3) a comparison of WASH-U-KSADS to Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teachers Report Form (TRF) data. METHODS: Data were from the first 60 bipolar (BP) and first 60 ADHD subjects of 270 consecutively ascertained cases (90 BP, 90 ADHD and 90 community controls) in the NIMH funded 'Phenomenology and Course of Pediatric Bipolarity' study. Comprehensive assessments included the WASH-U-KSADS (administered blindly to mothers and separately to children), CBCL and TRF. RESULTS: As reported elsewhere in this volume, WASH-U-KSADS data significantly differentiated BP and ADHD groups. Significant differences were also found with the parent-rated CBCL and the teacher-rated TRF, thereby providing cross-modality and cross-informant validation of the WASH-U-KSADS. Because of the close agreement with published CBCL data from another investigator, cross-site validation also occurred. LIMITATIONS: Venues for consecutive ascertainment from the lowest socioeconomic status classes were unavailable due to current health care policies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CBCL and TRF data separated BP from ADHD groups, largely by non-specific externalizing dimensions (e.g., hyperactivity, aggressivity). Clinically relevant differentiation by categorical mania-specific criteria (e.g., elated mood, grandiosity, racing thoughts) occurred with WASH-U-KSADS data. Both types of data are crucial for genetic and neurobiological studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Evaluation of chromosome 8 and 11 aneuploidies in washings and biopsy materials of bladder transitional cell carcinoma.

We compared chromosome 8 and 11 aneuploidies on bladder biopsy tumor tissues and bladder washing samples of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and their relationship to tumor malignancy. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to nuclei of washing material and biopsy samples of 17 patients with TCC. Incidence of cells having aneuploidy was clearly nonrandom from patient to patient. There was no significant difference in the incidence of aneuploid frequency for chromosomes 8 and 11 between biopsies of bladder tumors and bladder washing samples (P > 0.05). For chromosome 8, incidence of disomic cells (having two signals) in grade III tumors was significantly lower than in grade II tumors of both washing samples (P = 0.004) and biopsy materials (P = 0.005), indicating a high frequency of aneuploidy. The incidence of nuclei with four or more than four signals of chromosome 8 was significantly higher in grade III tumors than in grade II tumors in washing samples (P = 0.031 and 0.003, respectively). Similarly, in biopsy material, the incidence of nuclei with more than four signals of chromosome 8 was significantly higher in grade III tumors than in grade II tumors (P = 0.004). For chromosome 11, in both washing samples and biopsy materials, the incidence of disomic cells (having two signals) in grade III tumors was significantly lower than that detected in grade II tumors (P = 0.031 and 0.014, respectively), indicating a high frequency of aneuploidy. In biopsy materials, the incidence of nuclei with three or four signals was significantly higher than that in grade II tumors (P = 0.014 and 0.012, respectively). These findings suggest that FISH analysis of bladder washing samples can be effectively detected as genetic changes of bladder tumors. It might predict genetic progression of these tumors, which might be related to tumor stage, because higher stages of tumors showed a higher incidence of aneuploidies of chromosomes 8 and 11.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Comparison of telomerase activity and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in voided urine and bladder wash samples as a useful diagnostic tool for bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of telomerase in urine, and bladder wash and also the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in urine, compared with voided urine cytology (VUC) and bladder wash cytology (BWC) for the detection of bladder cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 110 subjects provided a single preoperative voided morning urine sample for telomerase, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cytology. Bladder wash samples were obtained for telomerase and cytology. Cystoscopy was done for all patients as the reference standard for the identification of bladder cancer. Biopsy of any suspicious lesion was performed for histopathological examination. Of 110 cases 73 were histologically diagnosed as bladder cancer, whereas the remaining 16 had benign urological disorders. A group of 21 healthy volunteers were also enrolled in this study. RESULTS: The optimal threshold values for telomerase activity in urine, bladder wash and MMP-9 were calculated by receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curves as 0.05, 0.088 and 0.51 (ng/ml), respectively. The levels and the positivity rates of the 2 parameters were significantly higher in the malignant group compared to either the benign group or normal controls. Of the entire group, telomerase activity in urine, bladder wash, and MMP-9 were positive in 92%, 87% and 61%, respectively in bladder cancer patients with positive cytology. Moreover, these positive rates for them were significantly higher in bilharzial bladder cancer cases (88%, 89%, 69%, respectively) compared to non-bilharzial cases (50%, 62.5%, 50%). The overall sensitivity and specificity were 83% and 88.6%, 86.3% and 78.3% for telomerase activity in urine, and in bladder wash, respectively; 66.6% and 80% for MMP-9 and 58.5% and 100% for voided urine cytology and 64.4% and 100% for bladder wash cytology. Combined sensitivity of VUC with the 2 biomarkers together was higher than either combined sensitivity of VUC with one of the biomarkers or than that of the biomarker alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that urinary telomerase and MMP-9 had superior sensitivities over VUC. The combined use of markers increased the sensitivity of cytology from 58.46% to 95%. The higher sensitivities of markers in bilharzial bladder cancer than non-bilharzial type highlight their clinical utility in screening patients with urinary bilharziasis.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Survival of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica in tracheobronchial washings of sheep and cattle.

The growth, morphology and long-term survival of a representative isolate of Mannheimia haemolytica serotypes A1 and A2 were monitored in ovine and bovine tracheobronchial washings. Both strains survived for at least 244 days in ovine tracheobronchial washings and 156 days in bovine tracheobronchial washings. The addition of fresh washings at these times prompted an increase for serotype A2 but no change in viability for serotype A1 in ovine tracheobronchial washings and an increase for both serotypes in bovine tracheobronchial washings. When growth and survival was compared using tracheobronchial washings from ruminant and non-ruminant species there was a trend towards longer survival in ruminant fluids.Long-term survival was associated with temporary or permanent change from normal size colonies to 'micro-colonies' on sheep blood agar. Subculture allowed reversion to normal colony morphology. Analysis showed these micro-colonies to consist of chains of elongated bacteria. M. haemolytica serotype A2 was more robust in its ability to withstand nutrient deprivation for long periods of time. These survival mechanisms may have important implications for pathogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Impact of water-stress and washing treatments on production, synthesis and retention of endogenous sugar alcohols and germinability of Metarhizium anisopliae blastospores.

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae was physiologically manipulated by culturing in liquid culture under a range of water-stress conditions (0.98, 0.97 and 0.96 water activity, a(w)) imposed by either PEG 200, KCl or NaCl at 25 degrees C to optimise blastospore production and quality in terms of accumulation of endogenous compatible solutes and germinability. Optimum spore yield occurred at 0.98a(w), when PEG 200 was the solute. Blastospores produced under different water-stress levels were subjected to hypo-osmotic and iso-osmotic washing treatments before quantification of endogenous sugar alcohols (polyols) and germinability studies. Endogenous amounts of the low molecular weight polyol erythritol were greatly affected by culture age, water-stress and hypotonic or isotonic washing treatment. Endogenous erythritol in blastospores produced under 0.98 and 0.97a(w) increased with culture age. Osmoprotection (washing with isotonic PEG 200 solution) of blastospores produced under all water-stress conditions resulted in retention of higher amounts of erythritol. Increased endogenous retention of the high molecular weight polyol mannitol was also observed with an isotonic washing treatment but only in blastospores produced under intermediate water-stress (0.98 and 0.97a(w)). Germination of all treatments was > 90 % on a medium with freely available water. Under water-stress conditions (0.96a(w)) only 10 % of unmodified blastospores washed with water germinated. However, those grown under modified water availability conditions (0.98a(w)) and washed with isotonic solutions had significantly improved germination (38-90 %). Blastospores produced at < or = 0.97a(w) washed with isotonic solutions had decreased germination. These results could have significant implications for conserving ecophysiological quality of fungal biocontrol propagules during harvesting and have an impact on storage and formulation.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed1999

Tenacity of exogenous human papillomavirus DNA in sperm washing.

PURPOSE: Sperm cells have been shown to take up exogenous DNA readily. The hypothesis was that sperm washing would remove exogenous viral DNA infecting sperm cells. The objective was to compare three types of sperm washing procedures for their capacity to remove exogenous human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA from infected sperm. METHODS: Prewashed sperm were equally divided and sperm in one portion were exposed to L1 HPV DNA fragments for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Untreated washed sperm served as the control. After transfection, the sperm were washed by either centrifuge, two-layer Isolate colloid wash, or test-yolk buffer procedures. Sperm parameters were measured on a Hamilton Thorn HTM-C analyzer. Sperm DNA were extracted and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out targeting the L1 consensus gene of HPV and the designated sentinel gene, 17q21 spanning the D17S855 gene. Amplified products were analyzed in 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: PCR analyses detected the consensus L1 HPV gene in sperm after they were processed through either of the three procedures. Controls were negative for the L1 gene. Extracted DNA were verified by PCR amplification of 17q21 spanning the D17S855 gene. Transfected sperm had higher percentages of total motility and progression compared with the control. Centrifuged, washed, transfected sperm exhibited a greater curvilinear velocity and hyperactivation. CONCLUSIONS: The data showed that washing would not remove exogenous HPV DNA from sperm cells. The viral DNA was tenaciously bound to the sperm, suggesting an internalization into the sperm. The viral DNA also increased the motility of the sperm by affecting the velocity and progression of the sperm, which suggested either an increase in metabolism, an enhancement of the calcium-regulated motility mechanism, or an artifact of PCR reagents. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of DNA stimulated sperm motility.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1999

Additional value of K-ras point mutations in bronchial wash fluids for diagnosis of peripheral lung tumours.

The purpose of this study was to examine the additional diagnostic value of K-ras point mutations in the clinical diagnosis of peripheral lung tumours. To this end, bronchial wash fluids obtained during bronchoscopy from patients suspected of having lung cancer were studied. Only those patients were investigated for whom the cytological diagnosis was not conclusive for malignancy. As a control group, patients without lung cancer were investigated. The method of "point mutation detection using the exonuclease amplification coupled capture technique" (Point-EXACCT) for analysis of K-ras codon 12 was performed in bronchial wash fluids and the corresponding tumour tissue, if available. K-ras point mutations were identified in 4 out of 19 (21%) bronchial wash fluids from patients without a decisive diagnosis of malignancy. The diagnosis of malignancy was further based on cytological examination of bronchial brush specimens, perthoracic needle aspiration, histological investigation of biopsy and resection specimens, needle aspiration of a lymph node in the neck and pleural fluid examination. Four of the patients who were K-ras-positive yielded positive malignant tissue via bronchoscopy even though the bronchial wash was negative for malignancy. The bronchial wash was positive for K-ras in two of the four patients whose tumour tissue demonstrated the K-ras mutations. Analysis of bronchial wash fluids from 11 patients without lung cancer revealed no K-ras codon 12 mutations. In conclusion, K-ras point mutations can be identified in bronchial wash fluids obtained during bronchoscopic procedures. K-ras can be used as a biomarker in the clinical diagnosis of lung cancer and may serve as an adjunct to cytology in lung cancer diagnosis.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Mite control with low temperature washing-II. Elimination of living mites on clothing.

BACKGROUND: Allergens produced by mites are one of the principal causes of allergic disease. House dust mites can be found in significant numbers living in textile garments, and therefore development of optimal washing conditions for delicate textiles represents an important aim for domestic mite control. OBJECTIVES: Investigation of methods to eliminate house dust mites from clothing under low temperature washing conditions. METHODS: Domestic house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae were cultured on garments under favourable conditions. The breeding success was monitored in terms of population and distribution using the free-mite Mobility Test. The mite containing garments were washed at low temperature with different commercial detergents in the presence or absence of a mite control additive containing 0.03% benzyl benzoate, and the numbers of mites surviving the washing process were assessed using the Heat Escape Method. RESULTS: The successful culture of mites in textile garments led to mite numbers of a total of at least 9000 to 10000 mites in 10 garments (Mobility Test). After washing in a domestic washing machine with detergents alone approximately 6000 remaining mites were detected in 10 garment halfs (Heat Escape Method). In contrast, mite control by the application of the same detergents together with an additive achieved a reduction to almost 50 mites. This is an additional reduction in mite numbers of 99.2%. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to achieve mite control in delicate garments by washing at low temperature in the presence of a mite control additive providing a final concentration of 0.03% benzyl benzoate.

Allergens↗

PubMed2002

Washing and chilling as critical control points in pork slaughter hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) systems.

AIMS: The aim of this research was to examine the effects of preslaughter washing, pre-evisceration washing, final carcass washing and chilling on final carcass quality and to evaluate these operations as possible critical control points (CCPs) within a pork slaughter hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study estimated bacterial numbers (total viable counts) and the incidence of Salmonella at three surface locations (ham, belly and neck) on 60 animals/carcasses processed through a small commercial pork abattoir (80 pigs d(-1)). Significant reductions (P < 0.05) in bacterial numbers were noted at some stages of the slaughter/dressing process, i.e. the process of hair removal (scalding-dehairing and singeing) resulted in an approx. 4.5 log10 cfu cm(-2) decrease in bacterial numbers. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in bacterial numbers was observed after pre-evisceration washing. Final washing increased the bacterial counts to between 3.6 and 3.8 log10 cfu cm(-2) while chilling effected a small but statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase to between 4.5 and 4.7 log10 cfu cm(-2). The incidence of Salmonella on pigs at the farm was 27%, decreasing to 10% after preslaughter washing. However, stunning and bleeding effected a considerable increase in Salmonella contamination and the incidence after these operations was 50%, which was reduced to 0% during the scalding-dehairing process. CONCLUSIONS: Washing the live animals and subsequent carcasses with cold water is not an effective control measure but chilling may be used as a CCP. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Recent changes in European Union legislation legally mandate HACCP in pork slaughter plants. This research will provide a sound scientific basis on which to develop and implement effective HACCP in pork abattoirs.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed2001

Effect of mouth washing on the.

BACKGROUND: Mouth washing is often mentioned as a possible method to eliminate the interference of urease activity in the oral cavity before the [13C]-urea breath test (UBT). However, the effectiveness of mouth washing prior to testing has not been demonstrated clearly in the literature. Thus, the present study was designed to examine the consistency of the [13C]-UBT and the effects of mouth washing on it. METHODS: A total of 101 healthy volunteers underwent the [13C]-UBT three times. The first and second tests used a standard protocol and collected samples at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min. In the third test, the procedure was the same except that mouth washing was omitted. RESULTS: We used 5 permil (/1000) as the cut-off value and there were 21 (20.8%) positive cases. The kappa values for the samples collected at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min between the first and second tests were 0.68, 0.97, 1 and 1, respectively, and all showed good consistency, except for the sample collected at 5 min. Judging from the mean value of the [13C] enrichment of the first and second tests (with mouth washing) and the third test (without mouth washing), 50 (63.3%), 15 (18.8%), 0 and 0 cases at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min, respectively, changed from negative to positive. There were 14 (17.5%) and six (7.5%) cases at 15 and 30 min, respectively, whose [13C] enrichment changed from less than 3 (negative) to between 3 and 5 (border zone). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that mouth washing had an important effect on samples obtained at 5 and 10 min, while this influence decreased at 15 min and was lowest at 30 min.

Adult↗