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PubMed1997

Weight gain with valproate or carbamazepine--a reappraisal.

The use of valproate has traditionally been held to be associated with a greater incidence of weight gain than that of other anticonvulsants. This paper presents an analysis of body weight data gathered during a randomized trial comparing valproate with carbamazepine in 260 children aged 4-15 years with newly-diagnosed epilepsy. There were more reports of weight gain as an adverse event in the valproate group than in the carbamazepine group (22 reports in 14 patients vs. nine reports in five patients). However, amongst the 211 patients (103 on valproate and 108 on carbamazepine) in whom objective weight measurements were taken during treatment, there were no differences between the treatments in percentage weight gain from baseline or incidence of excessive weight velocity. Eight patients reporting weight gain on valproate were switched to carbamazepine because of poor seizure control and/or adverse events including weight gain, but three of the four patients for whom body weight measurements were available continued to gain weight on carbamazepine. It is concluded that weight gain may be erroneously attributed to valproate treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[The estimation of fetal weight by measurement of the adipose tissue of the extremities. Use in the diagnosis of hypotrophy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the accuracy of small for age fetuses diagnosis by a new method of fetal weight estimation, in comparison with some others models. A retrospective study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From a 232 fetuses population, whom age is known, ultrasound measurement have been performed (BPD, TBD, FL, AC and thigh circumference). Three physicians collaborated to data collection. All measurement have been done within a 3 days duration between measuring and birth in order to compare actual and calculated weight. There are 39 small fetuses coming from 10th percentile (17.5%), between then 24 from 5th percentile. RESULTS: Positive predictive value (PPV) of small for age diagnosis (from 10th P) by our model is 74% with a 74% sensibility and a 94% specificity. With Warsof estimation model, the PPV is only 47% with a 71% sensibility and a 83% specificity (p = 0.001). COMMENTS: Limbs subcutaneous fat ultrasound measurement improve considerably fetal weight estimation quality (mean error = 6% vs 10% for most of the classical models) and, as an extension, small for age fetuses diagnosis. The cutaneous and subcutaneous circumferences, between which is situated fat tissue have a better individual correlation to actual weight than abdominal circumference, usually considered as the best trophicity parameter. CONCLUSION: High positive predictive value show long term predictive detection possibility. It appears that this diagnosis could be done earlier with a better accuracy that the classical ultrasound biometry.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2004

Base hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in pneumococcal polysaccharides.

A comprehensive study of the base hydrolysis of all phosphodiester bond-containing capsular polysaccharides of the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine is described here. Capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 6B, 10A, 17F, 19A, 19F, and 20 contain a phosphodiester bond that connects the repeating units in these polysaccharides (also referred to as backbone phosphodiester bonds), and polysaccharides from serotypes 11A, 15B, 18C, and 23F contain a phosphodiester bond that links a side chain to their repeating units. Molecular weight measurements of the polysaccharides, using high performance size exclusion chromatography with tandem multiangle laser light scattering and refractive index detection, was used to evaluate the kinetics of hydrolysis. The measurement of molecular weight provides a high degree of sensitivity in the case of small extents of reaction, thus allowing reliable measurements of the kinetics over short times. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for these polysaccharides were estimated using a simple model that accounts for the polydispersity of the starting sample. It was found that the relative order of backbone phosphodiester bond instability due to base hydrolysis was 19A > 10A > 19F > 6B > 17F, 20. Degradation of side-chain phosphodiester bonds was not observed, although the high degree of sensitivity in measurements is lost in this case, due to the low contribution of the side chains to the total polysaccharide molecular weight. In comparison with literature data on pneumococcal polysaccharide 6A, 19A was found to be the more labile, and hence appears to be the most labile pneumococcal polysaccharide studied to date. The rate of hydrolysis increased at higher pH and in the presence of divalent cation, but the extent was lower than expected based on similar data on RNA. Finally, the differences in the phosphodiester bond stabilities were analyzed by considering stereochemical factors in these polysaccharides. These results also provide a framework for evaluation of molecular integrity of phosphodiester-bond-containing polysaccharides in different solution conditions.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed2006

[Validity of self-reported weight and height: the Goiânia study, Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of self-reported weight and height at the time of diagnosing obesity, and to identify the sociodemographic and individual characteristics that might be a source of information bias. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based study carried out in the city of Goiânia in 2001. Interviews were conducted with 1,023 individuals aged 20-64 years, in their homes, to collect sociodemographic and self-reported weight and height information. On the same occasion, weight and height measurements were made on these individuals. The mean differences and correlation coefficients between self-reported and measured data were calculated according to age, body mass index (BMI), schooling, income and height. RESULTS: Both the men and women overestimated their heights (p<0.05), by 0.9 cm and 2.2 cm, respectively. There was no difference between self-reported and measured weights, either for the men (-0.44 kg; p=0.06) or for the women (-0.03 kg; p>0.05). The behavior of overestimating height was influenced by age, schooling, height and body mass index. Although this index obtained from the self-reported data was underestimated (p<0.05), by 0.27 kg/m(2) and 0.67 kg/m(2) for men and women respectively, the measured and self-reported data presented a high degree of agreement. Both the sensitivity and specificity of the self-reported body mass index were high, in relation to identifying the measured index. CONCLUSIONS: In epidemiological studies for monitoring the prevalence of excess weight in populations, self-reported weights and heights constitute reliable data, which gives validity to the methodology utilized.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social desirability bias in self-reported dietary, physical activity and weight concerns measures in 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls: results from the Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS).

BACKGROUND: Social desirability (SocD) may bias children's self-reported health behaviors and attitudes and confound relationships with health outcome measures. METHODS: Ninety-five, 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls completed dietary recalls, a physical activity checklist, psychosocial questionnaires related to diet, and physical activity; and 3 days of physical activity monitoring. Potential SocD construct bias was investigated by comparing designated criterion measures of physical activity, beverage intake, and body mass index (BMI) with respective self-reported measures related to activity, beverage preferences, and body image and weight concerns in cross-sectional regression models. Potential confounding by SocD of associations between self-reported behaviors with BMI was assessed using change-in-coefficient regression analyses. RESULTS: Controlling for age and BMI, overestimates of self-reported activity (P = 0.02), underestimates of sweetened beverage preferences (P = 0.02), and lower ratings of weight concerns and dieting behaviors (P's < 0.05) were related to SocD. Confounding by SocD of associations between self-reported physical activity and energy intake with BMI was found. CONCLUSIONS: In 8- to 10-year-old African-American girls, SocD was found to bias self-reports of diet and physical activity and confound associations between BMI and self-reported physical activity and energy intake. Methods to measure and control SocD bias are needed to reduce potential distortion of relationships between diet and physical activity and health outcomes.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1995

Frequency of eating occasions and weight change in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of frequency of eating occasions with prospective, and retrospective weight change. DESIGN: Data from the NHANES I (1971-75) Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS, 1982-84) (n = 7147) was used. Weight change was defined as the difference between the weight measured at follow-up in 1982-84 and the weight measured at baseline in 1971-75. Baseline frequency of eating occasions was estimated by summation of actual times at which food was reported consumed in a 24-h dietary recall. Follow-up frequency of eating was estimated from subject responses at follow-up to number of meals and snacks consumed daily. RESULTS: Men and women reported (mean +/- s.e.) baseline frequency of 5.3 +/- 0.06 and 4.9 +/- 0.03 eating occasions, respectively. Frequency of eating occasions at follow-up was 3.6 +/- 0.02 occasions in both men and women. Baseline body mass index and frequency of eating were inversely related in multivariate regression analyses in both men and women (P < 0.02). Regression analyses adjusted for multiple covariates showed no association between weight change and frequency of eating at baseline or follow-up. CONCLUSION: Baseline frequency and subsequent weight change or follow-up frequency and preceding weight change were unrelated in the NHEFS cohort.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trait association of a genetic marker near the IGF-I gene in egg-laying chickens.

The insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene was screened for genetic variants associated with trait means and trait correlations. Analysis of an unselected randomly mated White Leghorn population revealed a PstI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the 5' region of the gene which segregated at a frequency of 0.83 for the PstI(+) allele (presence of a PstI restriction site). A comparison of the three genotypic classes revealed that the PstI(-/-) genotype was associated with a significantly lower egg weight measured in three different time periods, while the PstI(+/-) genotype was significantly associated with a higher eggshell weight estimated from the egg weight and egg specific gravity. For eggshell weight, the effect was age dependent and significant only for the last two periods of egg laying. No genotype associations were found for body weight, feed consumption, and egg laying rates. Significant dominance effects of the IGF-I genotype were observed for two of the egg weight measurements and three of the eggshell weight estimates. Partial correlation analyses in the two most frequent genotypic classes, PstI(+/+) and PstI(+/-), revealed the presence of a regulatory loop between feed consumption, body weight, egg weight, and the rate of egg laying. Several aspects of this regulatory loop were different between the two genotypic classes. In particular, for the PstI(+/+) genotype, feed consumption was positively associated with egg weight, while there was no significant association for the PstI(+/-) genotype. Further, the degree of association of body weight with egg weight decreased with age in the genotypic class PstI(+/-), while it was constant for the PstI(+/+) genotype. The results indicated that the marker in the IGF-I gene was not only associated with changes in some trait means, but also with changes in the stability of the coordination between feed intake, body weight, and egg production traits.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses.

Three hundred and seventy two horses of varying breeds, height and fatness were weighed and measured for height at the withers. They were assessed for condition score by adaptation of a previously published method. The heart girth and length of 281 of the horses were also measured. Weight of horses was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with height (r2 = 0.62), condition score (r2 = 0.22) and girth2 x length (r2 = 0.90). Nomograms were constructed to predict weight from height and condition score, and girth and length measurements. Weight can also be accurately estimated from the formula: (formula, see text) The average value of 'Y' in this experiment was 11900 and this estimated weight with more accuracy than some previously published values of 'Y'. Racing Thoroughbred horses were found to be significantly lighter than non-racing Thoroughbreds of the same height and condition score. The method of assessment of condition score was shown to be repeatable between different operators with varying degrees of experience.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Inaccuracy of self-reported weights and heights among American Indian adolescents.

To determine the accuracy of self-reported weights and heights and of relative weight status in a sample of American Indian adolescents, a survey was conducted in middle and high schools on or near three Indian reservations-Navajo, Choctaw, and Blackfeet. Self-reported weights and heights were compared with measured weights and heights. Participants were 12 through 19 years old. (N = 806, 47.4% male). Overall, both boys and girls underreported weight (mean difference = self-reported - measured mean values)(-3.4 +/- 13.1 and -4.6 +/- 13.0 lb, respectively) and overreported height (0.6 +/- 2.1 and 0.2 +/- 2.6 in, respectively) However, underweight boys and girls overreported weight (normal: -1.6 +/- 7.9 and -1.4 +/- 6.3; overweight: -7.5 +/- 17.9 and -11.6 +/- 19.0 lb, respectively). Although correlations between measured and reported weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were high, the sensitivity of relative weight categories based on BMI using self-reported weight and height compared with measured weight and height was poor: 66.7% for underweight (BMI < 15th percentile, based on a national reference population), 88.9% for normal weight, and 73.6% for overweight (> 85th percentile). These results call into question the accuracy of self-reported weight and height measurements among American Indian youth and are similar to findings among non-American Indian adolescents. Therefore, their use in prevalence studies should be avoided, and they should be used cautiously in other types of epidemiologic studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

The dieting dilemma in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: does dietary restraint predict weight gain 4 years after diagnosis?

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether dieting--restriction of food intake for the purpose of weight control--suppresses or promotes excessive food intake and weight gain. DESIGN: A 4-year follow-up study of a dietary intervention in a sample of 97 patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight gain, change in body mass index (measured weight in kilograms divided by measured height squared), and intake of energy, as measured with a food frequency questionnaire, were assessed in relation to dietary restraint and tendency to overeat (emotionally or externally induced overeating), as assessed with the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. RESULTS: Tendency to overeat at diagnosis and not dietary restraint was associated with weight gain and intake of energy 4 years after diagnosis. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the success of a dietary intervention can be predicted by a subject's tendency toward overeating. The possibility of matched treatment of obesity is discussed on the basis of the distinction between patients with a low versus a high tendency to overeat.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Validity of height and weight self-report in Mexican adults: results from the national health and aging study.

BACKGROUND: An adequate nutritional status is essential for maintaining the independence in the elderly. The height and weight self-report is considered a useful alternative for the estimation of body mass index (BMI). The validity of the self-report is an issue that has not been dealt with in developing countries. AIM: To assess the validity of the height and weight self-report in adults Mexican citizens. DESIGN: Transversal study. STUDY POPULATION: 1707 persons (836 males, 871 females) were asked for their height and weight and were measured. RESULTS: Mean (+/- standard deviation) age was 59.09 +/- 9.86 SD; mean years of education was 5.51 +/-4.67 years. We found a high correlation between self-reported and measured weight (R2= 0.837); the difference between both values rose along with the age (from 0.4 kg to 1.74 kg). A systematic difference between self-reported and measured height was found. Self-reported height was over-estimated, and the bias increased along with the age of the subjects (from 1.57 cm to 2.57 cm); further, over-estimation was larger in female individuals (+2.22 cm in female vs. +1.21 cm in male subjects). We calculated a linear model that predicts real height from self-reported height with moderate, although statistically significant results (R2= 0.39 y 0.50, for female and male, respectively, p < 0.0001). Knee height was also used to estimate "adulthood height" and thus, BMI. This method showed age-related dissimilarities, and the linear regression model yielded an unacceptably low correlation (R2= <0.10). The best method to estimate real BMI was to consider self-reported parameters. DISCUSSION: Height and weight estimation using self-reported parameters is an acceptable method. Its precision is not so high in subjects > 75 years. Height over-estimation is an expected finding congruent with age-related corporal changes. The estimation of height using knee height is not a useful method. CONCLUSION: Height and weight self-report is a valid method that may be used to accurately estimate height and weight in Mexican people.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Genetic and environmental parameters for mature weight in Angus cattle.

Genetic and environmental variances and covariances and associated genetic parameters were estimated for weaning weight, asymptotic mature weight, and repeated mature weights. Data consisted of a set of weight measurements of 3,044 Angus cows born between 1976 and 1990. Mature weight was predicted by individually fitting Brody growth curves (asymptotic weight) and by using weights repeatedly measured after 4 yr of age. Variance and covariance components for mature weight were estimated by REML from a single-trait animal model with asymptotic weight, a two-trait animal model with asymptotic and weaning weight, and a two-trait animal model with repeated weights and weaning weight. Weaning and cow contemporary groups were defined as fixed effects. Random effects for weaning weight included direct genetic, maternal genetic, and permanent environmental effects; and for mature weight, direct genetic and repeated measurements (if in the model). Heritability estimates for weaning weight were similar for both two-trait models (.53 and .59). Estimates of heritability for mature weight were .44, .52, and .53 for the single-trait model with asymptotic weight, two-trait model with asymptotic weight, and two-trait model with repeated measures weights, respectively. The estimate of the genetic correlation between mature and weaning weight was higher for the repeated measures model (.85 vs. .63). A lower heritability estimate for mature weight from the single-trait model was likely due to postweaning culling. Therefore, a genetic evaluation of mature weight from field data should include a trait recorded earlier in life that is less subjected to selective data reporting.

Animal Husbandry↗