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PubMed2006

Dyadic predictors of outcome in a cognitive-behavioral program for patients with generalized anxiety disorder in committed relationships: a "spoonful of sugar" and a dose of non-hostile criticism may help.

The present study tested whether pre-treatment levels of partner hostility and non-hostile criticism predicted outcome in an individual cognitive-behavioral therapy package for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Eighteen patients with a principal or co-principal diagnosis of GAD were randomly allocated to a treatment condition (n=8) or a delayed treatment condition (n=10). In addition, the patients and their partners were videotaped discussing the patients' worries. These videotapes were later coded for levels of partner hostility and non-hostile criticism directed at the patients. Treatment resulted in statistically and clinically significant change at post-test. Finally, partner hostility predicted worse end-state functioning whereas partner non-hostile criticism predicted better end-state functioning.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Hostility and sex differences in the magnitude, duration, and determinants of heart rate response to forehead cold pressor: parasympathetic aspects of risk.

Recent models hypothesize that hostility confers increased risk of CHD through weaker parasympathetic dampening of cardiovascular reactivity (CVR). We tested this possibility using the forehead cold pressor task, a common maneuver which elicits the "dive reflex" characterized by a reflexive decrease in HR presumably through cardiac-parasympathetic stimulation. Participants were initially chosen from the outer quartiles of a sample of 670 undergraduates screened using the hostility subscale of the Aggression Questionnaire ([Buss, A.H., Perry, M., 1992. The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.]). The final sample of 80 participants was evenly divided between men and women and high and low hostility. Following a 10-min baseline, participants underwent a 3-min forehead cold pressor task. The task evoked a significant HR deceleration that was mediated by PNS activation, as assessed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Replicating prior research, men displayed greater decrease in HR. More important, low hostiles maintained larger HR deceleration over time compared to high hostiles although the autonomic basis for this effect was unclear. The findings broaden understanding of hostility and sex-related cardiovascular functioning and support the task as a method for evoking PNS-cardiac stimulation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Hostility, social support, and carotid artery atherosclerosis in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study.

This cross-sectional study investigates the association of hostility and social support (measured by standardized instruments) to carotid artery atherosclerosis in men and women with a high familial risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and those with low to medium risk. The hypothesis was that high hostility and low social support would have a stronger association in subjects with a familial predisposition to CHD. There were 535 low- to medium-risk women, 491 low- to medium-risk men, 1,950 high-risk women, and 1,667 high-risk men in the study. The extent of carotid artery atherosclerosis was assessed by B-mode ultrasound imaging. A lesion was defined as an intimal-medial far wall thickness of 1 mm in the common, internal, or carotid bifurcation, or identification of plaque at any site. Odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated using generalized estimating equations (GEE) for logistic regression. Family was specified as the clustering variable, and robust SEEs were obtained that account for dependence of the data within families. After controlling for age, education, body mass index, ever having smoked, ever drinking > 5 drinks a day, and metabolic index, hostility was significantly associated with increased odds of carotid lesions in only high-risk women. High-risk women showed a significantly reduced odds of carotid lesions with high social support, but the extent of this protection was reduced when age and education were included in the equation. A combination of high hostility and low social support was associated with higher odds than hostility alone in both high-risk men and women. These results suggest that women with a high familial predisposition for CHD may be more vulnerable to cardiovascular influences from hostility and social support than high-risk men or men and women with low to medium risk.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Aggression Questionnaire hostility scale predicts anger in response to mistreatment.

We tested the hypotheses that the hostility and anger scales of the Buss and Perry (1992) [Buss, A. H. & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.] Aggression Questionnaire would predict anger in college students in response to mistreatment. We found low and high hostility groups did not differ in anger at baseline or after completing a task without provocation, but the high hostility group reported greater anger than the low group after the onset of provocation, which required all students to redo completed tasks because some students (confederates) were observed cheating. Hostility also influenced anxiety and depression, but only anger was greater as a result of the provocation in the high than in the low hostility group. The anger scale did not predict anger in response to provocation, but anger was higher in the high than the low anger group before the provocation. These findings support the construct validity of the Aggression Questionnaire hostility scale as a measure of suspicion, resentment and sensitivity to mistreatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebral activation, hostility, and cardiovascular control during mental stress.

OBJECTIVE: Hostility has been established as a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. Putatively pathogenic hemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses to psychological stressors are associated with hostility, but the cerebral effects of hostility and their relationship to these responses are unknown. This pilot study examined cardiovascular and cerebral blood flow responses to stress in subjects with high and low levels of trait hostility. METHODS: Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) during a control condition and in response to mental arithmetic stress. RESULTS: The stressor was associated with reduced blood flow to the prefrontal cortex, and this reduction was greater in the high hostility subjects. CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that mental arithmetic stress is associated with reduced blood flow to prefrontal cortex, and that trait hostility is associated with a stronger effect.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Hostility, aggression and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women.

Hostility can predict coronary heart disease (CHD) and total mortality in men. However, in women this association has not been as thoroughly explored. This study examines whether hostile and aggressive attitudes are associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in postmenopausal women. Cases included 277 women who presented with an incident MI. Controls included a random sample of 988 female health maintenance organization enrollees. Women were asked the Hostile-Affect and the Aggressive-Responding factors of the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale. The Hostile-Affect score was linearly associated with increased risk for MI (odds ratio [OR] per point = 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI95%] = 1.07-1.38), whereas the Aggressive-Responding score had a modest protective effect (OR = 0.92 per point; CI95% = 0.84-1.02); p = 0.009. Adjustment for sociodemographic and MI risk factors altered these results only slightly. These hostility measures are easily administered, and could help to identify women who are at high risk for CHD and who may benefit from preventive measures.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Increased serum mitogenic activity for arterial smooth muscle cells associated with relaxation and low educational level in human subjects with high but not low hostility traits: implications for atherogenesis.

Proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells (aSMC) is a key component of atherogenesis. A sample of 225 volunteers, aged 21-65 years, was exposed to "frustration," "harassment," or "relaxation," after completing the 50-item Hostility subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Whole blood was measured before and after exposure for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and sera were evaluated for total and HDL cholesterol concentrations and PDGF-independent mitogenic activity (SMA). Blood pressure and pulse rate were also evaluated. Analyses of SMA (i.e., serum independent of PDGF) revealed an increase in mitogenic effect for cultured human aSMC when hostility was treated as a dichotomous modifier. Among high-hostility subjects, surprisingly, those in the relaxed group and those with a lower educational level were found to have a significant mitogen response; no significant effects were observed for the low-hostility groups. The data suggest that endogenous stresses may occur in high-hostility individuals when "relaxed," to influence proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells, as a contribution to atherogenesis. In individuals with lower educational levels and higher hostility scores, lifestyle changes may play a role.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Hostility predicts restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the "toxic" total (potential for) hostility component of the type A behavior pattern (assessed by means of the structured interview) as it relates to prediction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). DESIGN: Patients with single vessel or multivessel coronary artery disease in whom PTCA had been scheduled or done were administered the structured interview by one trained interviewer prospectively or retrospectively (blinded to angiographic endpoints). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 41 patients underwent 53 initial balloon dilations on native arteries by 1 of 5 participating cardiologists. Inclusion criteria for this study were a successful initial PTCA and post-PTCA recatheterization if a patient complained of ischemic symptoms possibly related to restenosis. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients, 15 (36.6%) had restenoses at a total of 18 previous angioplasty sites. Patients with high total (potential for) hostility ratings were almost 2.5 times more likely to have restenosis than those with low total (potential for) hostility scores (95% confidence interval = 1.03 to 5.32). Logistic regression revealed that total (potential for) hostility scores predicted post-PTCA restenosis overall as well as when adjusted for gender and race. Total (potential for) hostility scores were also positively associated with the number of arteries restenosed (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: This is the first report of type A total (potential for) hostility behavior conferring an increased risk for restenosis after PTCA. Its modification may be effective in reducing recurrent cardiac events. A coronary-prone behavior modification program for patients with persistent, same-site restenosis after PTCA has been initiated.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Physiological and neuropsychological correlates of hostility.

This experiment tested two hypotheses linking right cerebral arousal to hostility and physiological arousal. A replication of previous research supporting heightened physiological (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate) reactivity among high-hostility subjects was partially successful. Hemispheric lateralization of cerebral activity in response to stress was also measured. Low- and high-hostility subjects were identified using the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (CMHS). Physiological measures (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate) were recorded and dichotic listening procedures were administered before and after administration of the cold-pressor paradigm. The primary finding of this research was greater right cerebral activation to stress among high-hostility subjects, as indicated by their enhanced ability to identify syllables presented to the left ear. Data further supported previous findings of heightened physiological reactivity to stress among high-hostility subjects and suggest a positive relationship between right cerebral activity and cardiovascular arousal.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Anger and hostility in maritally violent men: conceptual distinctions, measurement issues, and literature review.

Marital violence researchers have generally used the terms anger and hostility interchangeably. However, there are important differences between anger and hostility that may be vital to understanding the relationship between these constructs and marital violence. The present manuscript highlights the advantages of distinguishing between anger and hostility. In order to investigate the role of anger and hostility in marital violence, we provide a comprehensive review of 26 empirical studies in addition to critically examining researchers' definitions of anger and hostility and the methods of assessment utilized in this body of research. While many researchers have presented data suggesting that maritally violent men are higher in anger and hostility than maritally nonviolent men, the findings are not consistent and vary in accordance with the construct assessed and the assessment strategy used.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Cynical hostility and the accuracy of decoding facial expressions of emotions.

To examine the relation between cynical hostility and the accuracy of decoding facial expressions of emotions, 101 young adult participants completed the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and Ekman's Pictures of Facial Affect. Results revealed that higher hostility scores were correlated with a greater number of errors in decoding facial expressions of emotions. Hostile individuals were more likely than nonhostile individuals to label inaccurately facial expressions of "disgust" as being "anger" and of "happiness" as being "neutral." Results also revealed that males were more likely than females to label incorrectly facial expressions of disgust as anger. Partial correlations, controlling for gender, revealed that the relation between hostility and inaccurate perceptions of facial portrayals of happiness was significant, whereas the relation between hostility and inaccurate perceptions of facial displays of disgust was no longer significant.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Sibling interactions, self-regulation, and cynical hostility in adult male twins.

Chronic hostility is associated with increased vulnerability to serious physical illness, making developmental influences on this trait important. We used the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) model to examine retrospective descriptions of twin interactions during childhood in a sample of 48 adult male twin pairs. Consistent with previous research on parental behavior correlates, self-reported hostility as measured by the Cook and Medley Ho scale was associated with descriptions of the twin's behavior as hostile, controlling, and neglecting. Consistent with the SASB principle of introjection, hostility was also associated with self directed hostility and neglect. Thus, a developmental perspective not only describes possible social contexts involved in the emergence of this trait, but also suggests possible psychological underpinnings. Implications for models of hostility and health are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Parental hostility: impact on the family.

This study examined the effects of parental hostility on the families of 100 psychiatrically hospitalized children. Parents and their children were administered an assessment battery. The results for families who scored high on parental hostility were compared to families with low parental hostility. Parents who exhibited high hostility scored differently on a variety of temperament constructs (e.g., lower adaptability, worse mood, and lower rhythmicity) than parents who scored low in hostility. High parental hostility was also associated with an elevated level of family relation problems, which includes family effectiveness and cohesion.

Child↗

PubMed1997

Hostility, social support, and ambulatory cardiovascular activity.

The present study compared ambulatory blood pressure in male and female subjects preselected for high and low hostility levels and investigated interpersonal daily stress as a possible mediational mechanism. Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were measured in 48 male and female students previously classified as high or low on the Cook-Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale. Subjects wore an ambulatory monitor for a working day and also completed measures of perceived social support, daily interpersonal stress, and health behavior information. Results indicated that subjects scoring high on the Ho scale had higher mean levels of ambulatory systolic blood pressure than low Ho subjects, even when controlling for traditional risk factors, such as cigarette smoking. High Ho subjects also reported greater daily interpersonal stress and less social support than low Ho subjects. Perceived interpersonal stress partially accounted for the relationship between hostility and blood pressure. Subjects high in hostility showed greater mean ambulatory systolic blood pressure levels. Consistent with the transactional model of hostility and health, the relationship between hostility and blood pressure appears to be partially accounted for by the daily experience of interpersonal stress.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Parents' hostility in dyadic marital and triadic family settings and children's behavior problems.

The authors examined the relation between parents' hostility during conflict-focused discussions and child behavior problems. Parents engaged in 3 discussions: a dyadic marital discussion of marital disagreements, a dyadic marital discussion of child-related disagreements, and a triadic family discussion with the child about the child-related disagreements. Eighty-nine 2-parent community families with a child aged 9-13 years participated. A significant 3-way interaction between interparental hostility, parent-to-child hostility, and child sex accounted for variance in children's behavior problems. Among boys, higher levels of parent-to-child hostility during family discussions exacerbated the effects of interparental hostility on boys' adjustment. Thus, exposure to higher levels of both interparental and parent-to-child hostility may put boys at risk for developing internalizing and externalizing behavior problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Role of hostility in women's health during midlife: a longitudinal study.

Relationships between hostility at ages 21, 27, 43, and 52 years old and general health at age 52 were investigated in a longitudinal sample of educated midlife women. Hostility was assessed at ages 21 and 27 using the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (HO), and at all four test sessions using a California Psychological Inventory (CPI) derived hostility scale consisting of 33 CPI items that were either duplicates or close equivalents of HO items. Hostility at each age was negatively correlated with general health at age 52. Further analyses revealed that hostility at each age remained a significant health predictor at age 52 when possible mediator variables at age 43 (cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol intake, body mass index, negative life events, and social role satisfactions) were controlled.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Negative family environment as a predictor of boys' future status on measures of hostile attitudes, interview behavior, and anger expression.

The present study tested the hypothesis that family environments characterized as nonsupportive, unaccepting, and conflictual lead to the development of hostile traits in adolescent Caucasian boys. Negative behaviors during parent-son discussions aimed at resolving disagreements were observed in a laboratory setting in 51 intact families. Sons' hostile traits were assessed at the time of the interactions and then 3 years later. Results showed that a high frequency of negative behaviors exhibited by both parents and sons predicted sons' later hostile attitudes and outward expression of anger after adjustment for their initial level of hostile attitudes and anger expression, respectively. A low frequency of positive behaviors exhibited by the father and son predicted sons' later Potential for Hostility ratings after adjustment for their initial level. The meaning of these findings for the conceptualization of hostility is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Coder gender and potential for hostility ratings.

This study examined the effects of coder gender on Potential for Hostility ratings. Six trained coders (3 men and 3 women) who were unaware of the coder gender effect hypothesis coded 30 male and 30 female undergraduates for Potential for Hostility. Although reliability estimates as calculated by Cronbach's alpha suggested that all coders were consistent, an analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for coder gender, wherein female coders rated participants as displaying significantly less Potential for Hostility than did male coders. This significant difference was also meaningful, as coder gender accounted for 32% of the variance in Potential for Hostility scores. Thus, future Potential for Hostility investigations need to consider the gender of those coding, as this factor both significantly and substantially influences reported Potential for Hostility ratings.

Adult↗