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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Making sense of cell lineage.

In this article I describe what I see as the sources of confusion in the description and interpretation of cell lineage data. I concentrate on lineage in the nervous system, since that is my interest, but most of the arguments are broadly applicable. Since there are these differences between workers in the field, all will not agree with my perspective, but perhaps a consensus can evolve from the discussion. I see the problem as having two facets: First, there is a confusion surrounding terminology, which leads to too many different types of studies to be considered as studies of cell lineage; and second, there is some confusion about what can validly be concluded from a study of cell lineage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ventricular late potentials. Part II. Clinical importance and interpretation.

This second part of a review on the ventricular late potentials (VLP) includes most of the latest data on their clinical interpretation. A description of VLP characteristics in normal subjects is followed by an analysis of their significance in several cardiovascular diseases in which VLP presence has been almost currently investigated, i.e., acute myocardial infarction, postinfarction states, unexplained syncopes, cardiomyopathies and post-heart surgery states. Particular situations such as the congenital or acquired syndrome of long QT and VLP incidence, bundle branch blocks and VLP presence, the effect on the VLP of some anti-arrhythmogenic blockers of sodium channels are further discussed. Up to date information on the VLP significance in cardiovascular pathology and the author's personal experience on the VLP significance in patients with ischemic heart disease, syncopes, dilating cardiomyopathies or long QT interval are presented.

Cardiomyopathies↗
PubMed1994

[Androcentric attitude in anthropology: examples from research of the evolution of man].

While feminist anthropology already gained a certain tradition in the USA, there are almost no corresponding approaches in the German-speaking sphere. Comparing male viewpoints, which still prevail in science, with female perspectives reveals that a male bias frequently caused misinterpretation, especially in the field of human evolution. Using the topics hunter/gatherer, concealment of ovulation, and mating systems as examples, male and female perspectives are compared. These examples reveal the existence of differences between male and female points of view, and they show how female perspectives complement scientific findings and improve the precision of descriptions. Therefore interpretations from a female point of view should increasingly be considered, in order to gain further insights and improve the formation of hypotheses in the field of human evolution and behavior.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1993

Toward a practice theory of caring for patients with chronic skin disease.

The purpose of this study was to provide a description and interpretation of the practical knowledge embedded in the practice of a group of experienced nurses caring for patients suffering from chronic skin disease. A practice theory was uncovered encompassing the nurses' underlying "model" of persons living with chronic skin disease, the values/goals for their care, action strategies utilized to realize the values, and the context framing their understanding and practice. The practice theory is proposed as a useful tool to systematize, communicate, reflect upon, refine, and extend the clinical practice of experienced nurses caring for this group of patients. The theory is also proposed as an example of how practical knowledge in other specialty areas may be systematized in order to communicate that knowledge efficiently. A scholarly discussion is needed about how best to communicate the invaluable resource of knowledge embedded in the practice of experienced nurses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Reporting mental health: a discourse analysis of mental health-related news in two Australian newspapers.

This article reports the findings of an analysis of mental health-related news items in two Australian newspapers-one with a national readership, the other being more regionally orientated-over 1 year. The study employs both descriptive and interpretative methods in analyzing how messages about mental health and illness, mental health policy, psychiatry, mental health nursing and other mental health-related topics, are constructed and conveyed in the print media. Which stories are carried both nationally and regionally? How are these framed? Which points of view get canvassed? Which social and political interests are ignored or under-represented?

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

[Epidemiology of malignant liver tumors].

Interpretation of descriptive statistics on liver cancer is affected by misclassification problems, evolving diagnostic procedures and changes in international classifications. Chronic infection with virus B and aflatoxin are major determinants for liver cancer in high-risk areas. In low and intermediate risk areas, including Italy, alcohol and cirrhosis are the most important risk factors. Preventive measures are neonatal vaccination against hepatitis B, reduction in aflatoxin contamination of foods, alcohol and tobacco consumption. Screening programs cannot be recommended as a measure of public health, particularly in western countries.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current problems of neutron radiobiology].

A brief review of up-date problems of neutron radiobiology, related to neutron therapy development and setting up of radiation safety standards for neutrons, is present. The main attention is paid to the effects of combined gamma-neutron irradiation, peculiarities of reactor neutrons biological action and new approaches in neutron capture therapy. On the basis of own and literature data the results of cellular and whole-body studies as well as the applicability of biophysical modelling for description and interpretation of experimental data are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Report of final natality statistics, 1996.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents 1996 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal lifestyle and health characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, tobacco and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant health characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother's State of residence are shown including teenage birth rates and total fertility rates, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. METHODS: Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.9 million births that occurred in 1996 are presented. RESULTS: Birth and fertility rates declined very slightly in 1996. Birth rates for teenagers fell 3 to 8 percent. Rates for women in their twenties increased slightly in 1996, the first increase since 1990, while rates for women in their thirties rose 2 to 3 percent. The number and percent of births to unmarried women increased slightly in 1996 while the birth rate for unmarried women declined modestly. Smoking by pregnant women overall dropped again in 1996, but increased among teenagers. Improvements in prenatal care utilization continued. The cesarean delivery rate declined. The proportion of multiple births continued to rise; higher order multiple births (e.g., triplets, quadruplets) rose by 19 percent. Key measures of birth outcome--the percents of low birthweight and preterm births--increased slightly, in large part the result of increases in multiple births.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Teaching history of medicine in the perspective of "medical humanities".

The current interest in philosophical questions and ethical aspects of medicine turns attention towards the past and obtains suggestions and perspectives from previous descriptions and interpretations of sickness, therapy, and the relation between the patient and physician. Culture as therapy and therapy as culture are fundamental challenges for the present; physician, patient, and society, i.e., humans and humane medicine, need this dialogue, which should also be constitutive for teaching history of medicine. Through the separation of the natural sciences and the humanities, modern progress of medicine has produced many benefits but has, at the same time, raised many problems. Negative consequences of this development exist not only for the patient, but also for his personal environment and for the physician. In the course of modern history, there have been several reactions aimed at overcoming these one-sided tendencies: in the Renaissance, in the epoch of Romanticism and Idealism, and at the beginning and the end of the 19th century. This article outlines, with historical examples and contemporary reflections, the concept of teaching history of medicine in the perspective of "medical humanities".

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2000

The microimmunofluorescence test for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: technique and interpretation.

A brief description of current procedures for the Chlamydia microimmunofluorescence (MIF) test is presented. To date, use of MIF serology with Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) antigen has provided the most sensitive and specific method for diagnosis of acute TWAR infection. In primary infections, the TWAR IgM antibody response is longer lasting and IgG antibody is slower to develop compared with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Unlike other Chlamydia species, only a single serovar for C. pneumoniae has been recognized in the MIF system and cross-reaction with other species is negligible. While IgM antibody response is an important marker for serodiagnosis of acute infection, rheumatoid factor often causes false-positive reactions. Persistent TWAR IgG antibody has been useful for seroepidemiologic studies and an association of TWAR IgG antibody and atherosclerotic diseases has been observed. IgA antibody may not be a useful marker for chronic TWAR infection or for acute infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The quantal nature of controlling stimulus-response relations as measured in tests of stimulus generalization.

This paper is a selective review of research that addresses the validity of two interpretations of stimulus generalization. One interpretation, referred to as the descriptive stimulus-control interpretation, proposes that during stimulus generalization a continuous relation exists between stimulus and response dimensions. The other interpretation, referred to as the quantal interpretation, proposes that a stimulus-response relation functions as a unit that may or may not occur. From the latter viewpoint, the continuity typically obtained during generalization tests is deemed to be artifactual and to result from averaging across multiple controlling stimulus-response relations. Studies examining the contribution of these multiple relations to generalization gradients are reviewed. With few exceptions, the quantal interpretation appears to better characterize the results of these studies. Implications for peak shift, selection of analytical level, and identification of the behavioral unit are discussed, as well as factors that may determine the acceptability of the quantal interpretation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[On the connotation of "Shennong tastes all kinds of herbs and encounters seventy kinds of toxic substances in a single day"].

The description of "Shennong tastes all kinds of herbs and encounters seventy kinds of toxic substances in a single day" is a legend in Chinese medical history, demonstrating that medicine is originated from practice. This description has been interpreted as a semi - mythological legend. In fact, the description has a true and primitive background. Among them, the "day" and "seventy" bear specific implication and deep historical and cultural connotation. As time progresses, the fading of history will be even more deified. Hence, this phenomenon should arouse attention during the study of medical history.

China↗
PubMed1998

Preliminary experience with an orthopedic teleradiology service at the Alaska Native Medical Center.

The orthopedic service at the Alaska Native Medical Center (ANMC) in Anchorage provides comprehensive orthopedic care to 103,000 Native or "First Nation" peoples in the state of Alaska. From its base at ANMC, a 140-bed general hospital, the service provides outpatient services, inpatient services including surgery, and telephone consultation services to 10 regional medical centers, 15 subregional clinics, and 20 village health centers distributed over a wide geographical area. These outlying centers are staffed by 108 full- and part-time primary care physicians, 74 primary care advanced practice nurses or physicians assistants, and 456 Community Health Aides. In providing telephone consultation service, the current version of "radio clinic," a frequent challenge arises in interpretation of verbal descriptions of x-ray findings. Our primary care clinicians, while highly trained, cannot be expected to interpret x-rays at the same level as a specialist. Discrepancies occur in communicating radiographic detail. This can result in either delayed or unnecessary transfer of patients, inappropriate travel to regional medical centers or home villages, or simply suboptimal medical care. Fortunately, computer technology has evolved to a point at which quality x-ray images can be transmitted relatively inexpensively. This paper will describe our preliminary experience with such a system.

Academic Medical Centers↗