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PubMed2004

How to cope with "noise" in social dilemmas: the benefits of communication.

Interactions in social life may be seriously affected by negative noise, whereby actual or perceived behavior is less cooperative than was intended (e.g., arriving late due to an unforeseen traffic jam). The present research examines whether negative noise exerts detrimental effects on impressions and cooperation and whether such effects could be reduced by communication. Consistent with hypotheses, Study 1 revealed that negative noise exerts detrimental effects on both impressions of partners' benign intent and cooperation and that these detrimental effects could be effectively reduced by communication about noise. Study 2 replicated both findings but only for individuals with low trust. Mediation analysis revealed that impressions of benign intent and prosocial interaction goals underlie the positive effects of communication on cooperation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Perception of objects in natural scenes: is it really attention free?

Studies have suggested attention-free semantic processing of natural scenes in which concurrent tasks leave category detection unimpaired (e.g., F. Li, R. VanRullen, C. Koch, & P. Perona, 2002). Could this ability reflect detection of disjunctive feature sets rather than high-level binding? Participants detected an animal target in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sequence and then reported its identity and location. They frequently failed to identify or to localize targets that they had correctly detected, suggesting that detection was based only on partial processing. Detection of targets was considerably worse in sequences that also contained humans, presumably because of shared features. When 2 targets were presented in RSVP, a prolonged attentional blink appeared that was almost eliminated when both targets were detected without being identified. The results suggest rapid feature analysis mediating detection, followed by attention-demanding binding for identification and localization.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Molecular epidemiology of cystic fibrosis-linked Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates from three national referral centres in Ireland.

AIMS: Burkholderia cepacia is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and is readily transmitted among infected cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The B. cepacia complex consists of five distinct subgroups, termed genomovars. A collection of 17 presumptive B. cepacia isolates, obtained from three national CF referral centres located in different geographical regions in Ireland, was studied. The aim of this study was to investigate these isolates using molecular subtyping protocols for evidence of genetic relationships and for the presence of antibiotic resistance-encoding class 1 integron structures. METHODS AND RESULTS: Genomovar classifications were assigned to each isolate based on HaeIII enzyme profiles of their recA locus. Genetic relationships among this collection were also assessed after restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-mediated analysis of the 16S rDNA locus and DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF). The surface expression of the cable pilus gene (cblA) may facilitate an early step in the infection process. All isolates were tested by amplification strategies for this marker. Burkholderia cepacia is known to be resistant to several antimicrobial agents. Resistance typing showed that the majority were resistant to three or more common antimicrobial agents. Five of the 17 isolates were resistant to sulphonamide, a characteristic linked with the presence of class 1 integrons. Gene cassettes containing beta-lactamase (oxa) and aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (aac(6')-1a) encoding genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the isolates in this study were classified as genomovar III and were indistinguishable based on their corresponding 16S rDNA-RFLP profiles, whilst DAF further subtyped the collection. The cblA marker was identified in 47% of the isolates, many of which clustered in the genomovar III group. Class 1 integrons with recombined gene cassettes containing bla-OXA and aac(6')-1a genes were identified. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates the application of molecular methods to investigate B. cepacia, a well-recognized human pathogen, cultured from Irish CF patients. Genomovar III was the most common genomic type identified. DNA fingerprinting further subtyped the latter isolates, facilitating a more detailed description of the molecular epidemiology. Drug resistance in these organisms can be explained, at least in part, by the presence of class 1 integrons. Development of targeted infection control strategies could be facilitated using these applied methods.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1997

Mutations of the p53 gene as a prognostic factor in aggressive B-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Mutations of the p53 gene are associated with a poor prognosis in several types of cancer. We investigated the prognostic importance of p53 mutations in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma. METHODS: We examined the relation between the presence or absence of a detectable p53 mutation in lymphoma cells and the response to chemotherapy and overall survival in 102 previously untreated patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Mutations of the p53 gene were identified by polymerase-chain-reaction-mediated analysis of single-strand conformation polymorphisms and by direct sequencing. RESULTS: Of 102 cases of aggressive B-cell lymphoma, 22 (22 percent) involved p53 mutations. The rate of complete remission was significantly lower in patients with a tumor carrying a p53 mutation (6 of 22 patients, 27 percent) than in those with the wild-type p53 gene (61 of 80 patients, 76 percent) (P<0.001). Overall survival was significantly lower among patients with p53 mutations than among those with the wild-type p53 gene; the Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival at five years were 16 percent and 64 percent, respectively (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis incorporating prognostic factors from the international prognostic index demonstrated that p53 mutations had independent effects on the rates of complete remission and survival. When we categorized patients according to the international prognostic index, we found no effect of p53 mutations in patients in the groups at high-intermediate and high risk. However, these mutations were significantly associated (P< 0.001) with low rates of complete remission (33 percent vs. 91 percent) and survival (27 percent vs. 81 percent at five years) in the groups at low and low-intermediate risk. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations of the p53 gene are associated with a poor prognosis in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Maternal reflective functioning, attachment, and the transmission gap: a preliminary study.

The notion that maternal reflective functioning, namely the mother's capacity to hold her baby and his mental states in mind, plays a vital role in the intergenerational transmission of attachment is investigated (Fonagy, Gergely, Jurist, & Target, 2002; Fonagy et al., 1995; Slade, this volume). A parent's capacity to understand the nature and function of her own as well as her child's mental states, thus allowing her to create both a physical and psychological experience of comfort and safety for her child, is proposed. In this study of 40 mothers and their babies, maternal reflective functioning is measured using the Parent Development Interview (PDI; Aber, Slade, Berger, Bresgi, & Kaplan, 1985), and scored for reflective functioning using an addendum to Fonagy, Target, Steele, & Steele's (1998) reflective functioning scoring manual (Slade, Bernbach, Grienenberger, Levy, & Locker, 2004). The relations between maternal reflective functioning and both adult (measured in pregnancy) and infant attachment (measured at 14 months) are examined. The findings indicate that relations between adult attachment and parental reflective functioning are significant, as are relations between parental reflective functioning and infant attachment. A preliminary mediation analysis suggests that parental reflective functioning plays a crucial role in the intergenerational transmission of attachment.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Multi-Omics Genome-Wide to Explore the Formation and Development Targets for Intracranial Aneurysms.

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) represent a significant and potentially life-threatening category of disease, and there is currently a lack of effective treatment options aimed at preventing the progression of the disease. Accordingly, this study is dedicated to exploring and identifying effective drug targets that can help in the prevention of both the formation and rupture of IAs, along with a detailed examination of the underlying potential mechanisms involved in these processes. The data related to IAs for this research was obtained from the ISGC Biobank and UK Biobank. Then, we investigated the possible biological functions and unintended consequences of targeting the specific genes that were highlighted in IAs by using mediation analysis, virtual knockout experiments, and PW-MR studies. A total of 5 unique potential drug targets for IAs (FKTN, MAP3K1, PSMA4, SLC22A4, ADAM17), 4 unique potential drug targets for SAH (PSMA4, ADAM17, GPR160, SLC22A4), and 2 unique potential drug targets for UIA (SLC22A4, PRCP) were identified across brain or blood samples. Among the various candidates identified, SLC22A4 has emerged as a promising potential drug target, showing significant expression levels in both blood and brain tissues. Additionally, phenome-wide MR of SLC22A4 across 32 selected phenotypes did not identify statistically significant adverse associations after FDR correction. Virtual knockout (KO) experiments on SLC22A4 revealed that SLC22A4 KO disrupted 81 genes, all of which are involved in IAs-related pathways. Besides, we recognized BRD-K85337334 as potential candidates for targeting SLC22A4. This research indicates that an increase in SLC22A4 gene expression within the blood or brain is directly linked to a heightened risk of IAs rupture, which will aid in prioritizing the development of drugs for IAs.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

Identification of F344 rat hepatocytes transplanted within the liver of congenic analbuminemic rats by the polymerase chain reaction.

Hepatocytes isolated from F344 rats were transplanted into the liver of congenic albumin-deficient rats (Nagase's analbuminemic rats NAR]) by infusion into the mesenteric vein. Both albumin-positive hepatocytes in the liver and the serum albumin level increased proportionally to the number of the infused F344 hepatocytes in the recipients. However, there was no such increase in the control rats which had received transplantation of NAR hepatocytes. After the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated analysis of cDNA and genomic DNA of the recipient livers, the implantation of the F344 hepatocytes was confirmed by the increase in normal albumin mRNA and the presence of 7 bp which are missing in the NAR albumin gene. Although treatment of NAR with the 2-acetylaminofluorene diet turned albumin-negative hepatocytes to positive ones, the sequence of the normal albumin gene could not be identified in the NAR liver. This study demonstrates that the hepatocytes infused into the portal vein are readily organized into the host liver parenchyma and continue to produce albumin.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Pre-cessation depressive mood predicts failure to quit smoking: the role of coping and personality traits.

AIMS: To examine whether mood, personality and coping predict smoking cessation and whether the associations of personality and coping are mediated through depressed mood. SETTING: Multicenter (n = 8) smoking cessation trial. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 600 smokers (> or = 15 cigarettes/day) without current depression who participated in a smoking cessation study. MEASUREMENTS: The outcome was continuous abstinence during the last 4 weeks of the 3-month trial: depressed mood was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), personality by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and coping by the Revised Ways of Coping Checklist (RWCC). FINDINGS: A total of 14.7% (88/600) were abstainers. Controlling for potential confounders, baseline BDI independently predicted smoking cessation. Smokers with BDI > or = 10 were less likely to quit than those with BDI < 10 (odds ratio: 6.39, 95% CI: 1.44-28.3, P = 0.01). Compared to BDI < 10 smokers, BDI > or = 10 smokers had significantly higher scores for neuroticism and lower scores for extraversion and conscientiousness (NEO-PI-R). On the RWCC, BDI > or = 10 smokers scored higher for blame self, wishful thinking and problem avoidance and they scored lower on problem focus than smokers with BDI < 10. A mediational analysis showed that neither personality traits nor coping skills predicted directly smoking cessation. However, low level of problem focusing and social support seeking predicted a negative outcome via depressed mood. CONCLUSION: A BDI score > or = 10, even in smokers who do not meet a current diagnosis of major depression, directly predicts inability to quit. This suggests the utility of assessing depression symptoms in routine smoking cessation care.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1995

Transfer of rheumatoid arthritis into severe combined immunodeficient mice. The pathogenetic implications of T cell populations oligoclonally expanding in the rheumatoid joints.

To investigate the pathogenicity of T cells infiltrating in the rheumatoid joints, mononuclear cells (MNC), predominantly T cells, isolated from either synovial fluid or synovial tissues of the patients with RA were transferred into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice by intraarticular injections. According to our observations in this experimental system, patients with RA could be classified into at least two groups. In one group of patients, the infiltrating MNC induced synovial hyperplasia in the recipient SCID mice (the positive group). Whereas, in the other group no synovial hyperplasia was observed (the negative group). The induction of synovial hyperplasia observed in the positive group was prevented by an anti-human CD3 antibody (OKT3), indicating T cell mediation. Analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) V beta usage by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in the infiltrating MNC transferred into SCID mice revealed a marked skew towards the preferential use of certain V beta genes, which was not seen in the peripheral blood MNC, in only the positive group. The patterns of TCR/V beta skew were not uniform among the patients. The analysis of the PCR-amplified genes of such skewed TCR/ V beta by single strand conformational polymorphism showed distinct bands, indicating that the T cell populations expanding in rheumatoid joints of the positive group were oligoclonal. Furthermore, the enrichment of the T cell populations expressing such skewed TCR/V beta by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood MNC of the patients with the relevant superantigen enabled the induction of synovial hyperplasia in the SCID mice. These results suggest that the pathogenic T cells could be activated locally in rheumatoid joints by certain antigens in some, but not in all patients with RA.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The vulnerability of values to attack: inoculation of values and value-relevant attitudes.

Based on the values-as-truisms hypothesis and inoculation theory, two experiments tested whether providing cognitive defenses for the value of equality induces resistance against a message attacking this value. Experiment 1 found that participants who generated cognitive support in an active-supportive or an active-refutational defense were less persuaded by a subsequent message attacking equality than were participants who engaged in no prior defense. Experiment 2 examined the effects of an active-refutational defense and a passive-refutational defense, which simply asked participants to read reasons supporting or opposing equality. Results indicated additive effects of the active and passive defenses, such that participants were most resistant to the anti-equality message when they were given both defenses. Mediational analysis across both experiments revealed that the defenses increased counterargumentation of the anti-equality message, which led to increased post-attack importance of equality and predicted more favorable equality-relevant attitudes and values.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Randomized trial testing a worksite sun protection program in an outdoor recreation industry.

Health communication campaigns intended to reduce chronic and severe exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight and prevent skin cancer are a national priority. Outdoor workers represent an unaddressed, high-risk population. Go Sun Smart (GSS), a worksite sun safety program largely based on the diffusion-of-innovations theory, was evaluated in a pair-matched, group-randomized, pretest-posttest controlled design enrolling employees at 26 ski areas in Western North America. Employees at the intervention ski areas were more aware of GSS (odds ratio [OR] = 8.27, p < .05) and reported less sunburning (adjusted OR = 1.63, p < .05) at posttest than employees at the control areas. A dose response was evident (OR = 1.46, p < .05) with greater observed program implementation associated with fewer sunburns among employees. Program awareness per se was not predictive (p > .05) of reduced sunburning in a mediational analysis. Analyses of nonrespondents, including intent-to-treat analyses, further supported the success of GSS.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The DiGEM trial protocol--a randomised controlled trial to determine the effect on glycaemic control of different strategies of blood glucose self-monitoring in people with type 2 diabetes [ISRCTN47464659].

BACKGROUND: We do not yet know how to use blood glucose self-monitoring (BGSM) most effectively in the self-management of type 2 diabetes treated with oral medication. Training in monitoring may be most effective in improving glycaemic control and well being when results are linked to behavioural change. METHODS/DESIGN: DiGEM is a three arm randomised parallel group trial set in UK general practices. A total of 450 patients with type 2 diabetes managed with lifestyle or oral glucose lowering medication are included. The trial compares effectiveness of three strategies for monitoring glycaemic control over 12 months (1) a control group with three monthly HbA1c measurements; interpreted with nurse-practitioner; (2) A self-testing of blood glucose group; interpreted with nurse- practitioner to inform adjustment of medication in addition to 1; (3) A self-monitoring of blood glucose group with personal use of results to interpret results in relation to lifestyle changes in addition to 1 and 2. The trial has an 80% power at a 5% level of significance to detect a difference in change in the primary outcome, HbA1c of 0.5% between groups, allowing for an attrition rate of 10%. Secondary outcome measures include health service costs, well-being, and the intervention effect in sub-groups defined by duration of diabetes, current management, health status at baseline and co-morbidity. A mediation analysis will explore the extent to which changes in beliefs about self-management of diabetes between experimental groups leads to changes in outcomes in accordance with the Common Sense Model of illness. The study is open and has recruited more than half the target sample. The trial is expected to report in 2007. DISCUSSION: The DiGEM intervention and trial design address weaknesses of previous research by use of a sample size with power to detect a clinically significant change in HbA1c, recruitment from a well-characterised primary care population, definition of feasible monitoring and behaviour change strategies based on psychological theory and evidence, and measures along the hypothesised causal path from cognitions to behaviours and disease and well being related outcomes. The trial will provide evidence to support, focus or discourage use of specific BGSM strategies.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Proteomic signatures and predictive modeling of cadmium-associated anxiety in middle-aged and elderly populations: an environmental exposure association study.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence implicates environmental contaminants such as cadmium (Cd) as modifiable risk factors for anxiety. Despite growing recognition of heavy metal toxicity in neuropsychiatric disorders, the molecular mechanisms linking environmental exposure to anxiety pathogenesis remain poorly understood. METHODS: Based on the established cohort of individuals with cognitive impairment in cadmium-contaminated areas, this cross-sectional association study enrolled 50 middle-aged and elderly hospitalized patients from these regions, adhering to the STROBE guidelines. Blood concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) were analyzed in relation to anxiety severity assessed via the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). Plasma proteomic profiling was performed using data-independent acquisition (DIA) quantitative technology with an LC-MS/MS platform (timsTOF Pro, Bruker Daltonics), systematically characterizing 2,531 proteins across all samples. Machine learning techniques, specifically XGBoost and LASSO, were employed to identify biomarkers that were subsequently validated through mediation analysis and animal experiments, allowing for the screening of key protein signatures. Finally, clinical variables were integrated to construct a comprehensive model, which was then thoroughly evaluated. RESULTS: Anxious individuals exhibited significantly higher blood Cd levels than controls (β = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.07-0.93, p < 0.01), with anxiety positively correlating with depression (r = 0.62, p = 0.003) and inversely with ApoE3 genotype prevalence. Proteomics identified 120 differentially expressed proteins in anxious patients, enriched in oxidative phosphorylation and neurodegenerative pathways. CCDC126 emerged as a cadmium-associated biomarker, validated in rat models exposed to Cd. Combining CCDC126, blood Cd, Pb, and hypertension, a clinical prediction model achieved robust discrimination (AUC = 0.80, validation cohort). CONCLUSIONS: This first integrative environmental-proteomic study highlights cadmium's synergistic role in anxiety pathophysiology and psychiatric comorbidity. The predictive model offers translatable potential for early risk stratification, while CCDC126 provides mechanistic insights for targeted interventions in populations exposed to environmental pollutants.

Cadmium↗

PubMed1993

Effect of oxypurinol on renal reperfusion injury in the rat.

Oxygen-based free radicals produced by the enzyme xanthine oxidase may be involved in postischemic reperfusion injury. To determine whether oxypurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and the major metabolite of allopurinol, attenuates renal ischemic reperfusion injury, and, if so, to determine its most effective dose, oxypurinol 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg BW was infused 20 min prior to 20 min of complete renal ischemia in uniephrectomized rats. Animals treated with 5 mg/kg BW oxypurinol had significantly higher creatinine clearances on the first and second days postischemia than did untreated animals. In other animals given either buffered saline or oxypurinol at 5 mg/kg BW i.v. 20 min before ischemia, the inulin clearance (CIn) returned to near-control values within 1 h after ischemia. At 24 h there was a secondary decline in the CIn in animals receiving buffered saline, whereas in the animals treated with oxypurinol, this decline was less evident. In animals given oxypurinol at 5 mg/kg BW 40 min after ischemia, the CIn was significantly greater than in those receiving buffered saline. No changes in renal blood flow or renal vascular resistance were observed, suggesting that the effect of oxypurinol was not hemodynamically mediated. Analysis of plasma hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid and oxypurinol levels by high-pressure liquid chromatography revealed that in the absence of oxypurinol, a significant increase in uric acid production occurred between 20 and 170 min after the period of ischemia. In the presence of oxypurinol, there was a marked reduction in the rate of production of uric acid for the first 3 h postischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester modifies the Th1/Th2 balance in ileal mucosa after gamma-irradiation in the rat by modulating the cytokine pattern.

AIM: To pharmacologically modulate Th polarization in the ileum exposed to ionizing radiation by using the immuno-modulatory/apoptotic properties of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE). METHODS: Rats received CAPE (30 mg/kg) treatment ip 15 min prior to intestinal 10 Gy gamma-irradiation and once a day for a 6 d period after irradiation. Expression of genes implicated in Th differentiation in ileal mucosa (IL-23/IL-12Rbeta2), Th cytokine responses (IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-13), Th migratory behaviour (CXCR3, CCR5, CCR4), Th signalling suppressors (SOCS1, SOCS3), transcription factor (T-Bet, GATA-3) and apoptosis (FasL/Fas, TNF/TNFR, XIAP, Bax, caspase-3) was analyzed by RT-PCR 6 h and 7 d post-irradiation. CD4(+) and TUNEL positive cells were visualized by immunostaining. RESULTS: The expression of Th1-related cytokine/chemokine receptors (IFN-gamma, IL-2, CXCR3, CCR5) was repressed at 7 d post-irradiation while Th2 cell cytokine/chemokines (IL-4, IL-13, CCR4) were not repressed or even upregulated. The irradiation-induced Th2 profile was confirmed by the upregulation of both Th2-specific transcription factor GATA-3 and SOCS3. Although an apoptosis event occurred 6 h after 10 Gy of intestinal gamma-irradiation, apoptotic mediator analysis showed a tendency to apoptotic resistance 7 d post-irradiation. CAPE amplified apoptotic events at 6 h and normalized Bax/FasL expressions at 7 d. CONCLUSION: CAPE prevented the ileal Th2 immune response by modulating the irradiation-influenced cytokine environment and apoptosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein E, and angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms in 2 Italian populations at different risk for coronary artery disease and comparison of allele frequencies among European populations.

Polymorphisms at the apolipoprotein B (APOB XbaI, EcoRI, insertion-deletion), apolipoprotein E (APOE), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) loci are thought to be involved in susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to determine whether the allele distribution of the APOB, APOE, and ACE polymorphisms is different in 2 Italian regions with higher (northern Italy) and lower (Sardinia) CAD occurrence. The frequencies of the APOB and APOE alleles that are considered CAD risk factors were higher in northern Italy (APOB X- = 0.655; APOB R- = 0.198; APOB insertion = 0.757; APOE*4 = 0.110) than in Sardinia (APOB X- = 0.568; APOB R- = 0.159; APOB insertion = 0.680; APOE*4 = 0.052), although only APOE allele frequencies differed significantly (p = 0.001). ACE deletion allele frequencies in the 2 geographic areas showed an opposite pattern (northern Italy = 0.658; Sardinia = 0.721). Furthermore, we investigated the impact of APOB and APOE polymorphisms on interindividual variation in total cholesterol level in the 2 Italian samples, which differ in dietary habits. Only APOE phenotypes showed different mean levels of total cholesterol; the association was significant only in northern Italy (p = 0.04), where continental dietary habits and higher mean cholesterol levels prevail. These results support the suggestion that the cholesterol increasing effect of APOE*4 is environmentally mediated. Analysis of allele distributions among European populations, with remarkable differences in CAD prevalence, revealed a constant positive relationship between APOE*4 allele frequency and CAD incidence. The highest frequencies of APOB X- and R- were observed in Finland, where the incidence of CAD is high, and there is a partial agreement between APOB R- frequency and CAD occurrence across Europe, while APOB insertion and ACE deletion alleles are evenly distributed among European populations.

Alleles↗

PubMed2002

Cultural variation in correspondence bias: the critical role of attitude diagnosticity of socially constrained behavior.

Upon observing another's socially constrained behavior, people often ascribe to the person an attitude that corresponds to the behavior (called the correspondence bias [CB]). The authors found that when a socially constrained behavior is still diagnostic of the actor's attitude, both Americans and Japanese show an equally strong CB. A major cultural difference occurred when the behavior was minimally diagnostic. Demonstrating their persistent bias toward dispositional attribution, Americans showed a strong CB. But Japanese did not show any CB (Study 1). Furthermore, a mediational analysis revealed that this cross-cultural difference was due in part to the nature of explicit inferences generated online during attitudinal judgment (Study 2). Implications for the cultural grounding of social perception are discussed.

Attitude↗

PubMed1995

[Differential diagnosis of intracystic papillary tumors of the breast by examination of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 16q].

Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 16q region is shown to occur frequently in breast cancers regardless of difference in phenotype or extent of tumor spread, and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes located on the region is considered to be involved in the acquisition of malignant phenotype of mammary glandular epithelial cells. Intracystic papillary carcinoma of the breast is diagnostically important entity because of the difficulty of differential diagnosis from intraductal papilloma preoperatively. Indeed, intracystic papillary carcinoma is usually of low-grade histologic atypia (Grade 1), and its well differentiated nature is biochemically supported by high estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor value in their tissue extract. Among intracystic papillary tumors of the breast, LOH on chromosome 16q was detected in 71% of intracystic papillary carcinoma, whereas it was absent in intraductal papilloma by both of Southern blot analysis and microsatellite polymorphism analysis mediated by polymerase chain reaction. Therefore, LOH on chromosome 16q was suggested to be helpful for differential diagnosis of intracystic papillary tumors and to be applicable to the materials of fine needle aspiration performed preoperatively.

Adenoma↗