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PubMed1995

The Nurses' Attitudes About AIDS Scale (NAAS): development and psychometric analysis.

This article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Nurses' Attitudes About AIDS Scale (NAAS). Based on a review of the literature on attitude theory and measurement and on HIV/AIDS, 273 items were developed for inclusion in the scale. Content validity was established by a panel of ten nurses in current practice, six experts in AIDS education and adult health nursing, and one expert in attitude and scaling theory and measurement. On this basis, 60 items were selected and pilot tested for face validity on 33 practicing nurses. Responses from a purposive sample of 731 working RNs were evaluated. A factor analysis yielded a single homosexuality factor explaining 53% of the variance in the 2 1 -item measure. This subscale was labeled attitudes about people with AIDS. Alpha reliability coefficient was .96. Two subscales were identified in the AIDS dimension: attitudes about nursing care concerns (12 items; alpha = .83) and attitudes about social-professional concerns (8 items; alpha = .72). These subscales explained 38.5% of the variance. Additional evidence of construct validity as well as predictive validity were established.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2000

Butterfly wing pattern mutants: developmental heterochrony and co-ordinately regulated phenotypes.

Butterfly wings are colored late in development, when pigments are synthesized in specialized wing scale cells in a fixed developmental succession. In this succession, colored pigments are deposited first and the remaining areas are later melanized black or brown. Here we studied the developmental changes underlying two wing pattern mutants, firstly melanic mutants of the swallowtail Papilio glaucus, in which the yellow background is turned black, and secondly a Spotty mutant of the satyrid Bicyclus anynana, which carries two additional eyespots. Despite the very different pattern changes in these two mutants, they are both associated with changes in rates of scale development and correspondingly, the final color pattern. In the melanic swallowtail, background scales originally destined to become yellow (normally developing early and synthesizing papiliochrome) show delayed development, fail to make papiliochrome, and subsequently melanize at the same time as scales in the wild-type black pattern. In the B. anynana eyespot, scale maturation begins with the central white focus, then progresses to the surrounding gold ring and later finishes with melanization of the black center. Mutants showing additional eyespots display accelerated rates of scale development (corresponding to new eyespots) in wing cells not normally occupied by eyespots. Thus by either delaying or accelerating rates of scale development, the final color, or position, of a wing pattern element can be changed. We propose that this heterochrony of scale development is a basic mechanism of color pattern formation on which developmental mutants act to change lepidopteran color patterns.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Methodological issues in developing a scale to measure social support.

In recent years there has been considerable research and clinical interest in developing instruments to assess social supports available to individuals. There is, however, a notable deficiency of attempts to evaluate the psychometric properties of these questionnaires. The present article describes efforts made to evaluate the properties of a Social Relationship Scale (SRS) that was developed as part of a prospective study of the psychosocial influences on the health status of a population. Some descriptive scale statistics are also presented.

Female↗

PubMed2000

Future time orientation and relationships with the opposite sex.

This study is an examination of future time orientation (FTO) and relationship satisfaction. Undergraduate students (N = 244) from Middle East Technical University were given a general FTO scale developed by T. Gjesme (1979) and a scale developed by this study's researcher to measure FTO in terms of romantic relationships. Participants were asked to rate their relationship satisfaction on a 9-point Likert-type scale. Although a general FTO was adaptive in terms of romantic relationships, a high concern for future commitment to a romantic relationship had a negative effect on reported relationship satisfaction. Research implications and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

Achievement↗

PubMed1985

State of the art of alexithymia measurement.

The purpose of this study using hypertensive patients was to examine the validity and reliability of the current measures of alexithymia. Instruments investigated were the MMPI Alexithymia Scale developed in Denver, the Schalling-Sifneos Scale developed in Boston, and the Beth Israel Hospital Questionnaire (BIQ). Based on the sample of 53 outpatient subjects, no additional estimates of validity were gained to recommend the use of the MMPI Alexithymia Scale or the Schalling-Sifneos Scale as acceptable research instruments at this time. Inter-rater reliability of the BIQ was strong and supports its continued use. Recommendations for further standardization in alexithymia research are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

The relationship between a diagnosis of antisocial personality and hostility: development of an Antisocial Hostility scale.

An antisocial hostility scale was developed by correlating items of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory with a diagnosis of antisocial personality (ASP) as determined by a computerized version of the DSM-III. Fifty-two male volunteers for drug-related studies at the Addiction Research Center were used for a preliminary test development sample. The scale developed thereby was related significantly to a diagnosis of antisocial personality in a cross-validation sample of 28 drug abusers. A final scale was developed by obtaining correlations between ASP and Buss-Durkee items using the subjects from both of these preliminary samples. Items that comprise the scale were predominantly behaviorally oriented hostility items covered by the Assault scale rather than affective items such as those in the Resentment scale. In a 122 cross-validation sample the scale was related significantly to a diagnosis of antisocial personality. The study confirms the generality of the criterion of overt aggression as a condition for meeting DSM-III criteria for antisocial personality.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability.

The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was designed to remedy the problems of existing rating scales by providing a specific measure of the severity of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder that is not influenced by the type of obsessions or compulsions present. The scale is a clinician-rated, 10-item scale, each item rated from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (extreme symptoms) (total range, 0 to 40), with separate subtotals for severity of obsessions and compulsions. In a study involving four raters and 40 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder at various stages of treatment, interrater reliability for the total Yale-Brown Scale score and each of the 10 individual items was excellent, with a high degree of internal consistency among all item scores demonstrated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Based on pretreatment assessment of 42 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, each item was frequently endorsed and measured across a range of severity. These findings suggest that the Yale-Brown Scale is a reliable instrument for measuring the severity of illness in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with a range of severity and types of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS): development of a valid measure for childhood respiratory infections.

Although acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the most frequent clinical syndrome in childhood, there is no validated measure of its severity. Therefore a parental questionnaire was developed: the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness Flu Scale (CARIFS). A process of item generation, item reduction, and scale construction resulted in a scale composed of 18 items covering three domains; symptoms (e.g., cough); function (e.g., play), and parental impact (e.g., clinginess). The validity of the scale was evaluated in a study of 220 children with ARI. Construct validity was assessed by comparing the CARIFS score with physician, nurse, and parental assessment of the child's health. Data were available from 206 children (94%). The CARIFS correlated well with measures of the construct (Spearman's correlations between 0.36 and 0.52). Responsiveness was shown, with 90% of children having a CARIFS score less than a quarter of its initial value, by the tenth day.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1984

Child's health self-concept scale: its development and psychometric properties.

The Child's Health Self-Concept Scale (CHSCS) is an instrument designed to measure the collection of perceptions a child has concerning health and health-related behaviors. Its development was based on perceptions of children regarding "healthy" and "unhealthy" children. The original instrument was critiqued, revised, and tested. The estimation of reliability and validity was accomplished through a sample of 940 children. Critical analyses of the findings led to the conclusions that the CHSCS had moderate stability and high internal consistency reliability, evidence of content validity, but no evidence of construct validity. Additional research is needed to evaluate its potential usefulness for nursing research and practice.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Family coping with childhood cancer.

Previous studies using nonstandardized instruments measuring coping with childhood cancer, suggested families coped well. The concepts of encapsulation and at-risk behaviors were derived from this literature as coping strategies. Encapsulation strategies normalize the experience and control the meaning of the illness. At-risk strategies include complying with treatment and protecting the child. Three purposes of this paper are (a) describe parents' coping in 45 families whose child has cancer using a standardized instrument (CHIP), (b) compare the findings from this study with previous studies, and (c) explore the concepts of encapsulation and at-risk as family coping strategies using selected items on the CHIP. Internal reliabilities ranged from .71 to .79 on the CHIP's three scales. In this study, correlational and descriptive analysis were conducted. The CHIP's psychometric properties in this study ranged from .76 to .84. The newly developed scales of encapsulation and at-risk had internal reliabilities of .74, .74, .74, and .46 for the fathers and mothers. Using the CHIP scales parents' coping was similar to other samples in which the CHIP was used. With the exception of the mothers' at-risk scale, a cohesive family coping measure was evidenced by the acceptable internal reliabilities on the newly developed scales. Further development of the encapsulation scale will provide a family coping measure useful in testing conceptually based nursing interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Development and scale up of a capture step (expanded bed chromatography) for a fusion protein expressed intracellularly in Escherichia coli.

A capture step was developed using the expanded bed adsorption technology to separate a protein of interest on a cation exchanger from a crude Escherichia coli homogenate. This method was developed in bench-top scale using a STREAMLINE 25 column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Sweden) and STREAMLINE SP. The development was based on earlier experiments performed in a packed bed column (SP-Sepharose FF) to investigate the conditions for sample application, wash and elution. The packed bed method was transformed into an expanded bed method by slightly modifying the wash procedure and cleaning in place (CIP). This method was then scaled-up to pilot scale and used for production of the fusion protein according to cGMP. The yield over the step in pilot scale was 70-85% compared with only 30-50% in small scale. Pressure build-up, attachment of biomass to the adsorbent and collapses of the expanded bed were phenomena seen in small scale but not in pilot scale. The scale-up of the step significantly improved the performance of the step.

Cation Exchange Resins↗

PubMed1995

Development of scales to measure perceived physical education class climate: a cross-national project.

Motivational research in the classroom has adopted a social cognitive perspective but has mainly been restricted to the study of individual achievement cognitions. In addition to this, there is a need to study and assess the perception children have of the class climate. Using social cognitive theory as a base, this research reports the development of class climate scales in French and English for use in physical education classes. Psychometric development with the French scale was shown to be satisfactory, including adequate factorial structure assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and good internal and test-retest reliability. A parallel English scale demonstrated a less adequate fit to the proposed model when using CFA, but shortened scales assessing just mastery and performance dimensions of climate were shown to predict important motivational measures in a structural equation modelling analysis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Epigenesis in developing avian scales. I. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of finite cell populations.

Throughout a period from day 8.5 to day 12.5 of incubation of a chick embryo, a finite cell population of scale epidermis was characterized from various view points such as cellular organization, position, shape, area, number of constituent cells, density, and cell proliferation activity. In this study, the preparation of whole mount specimens was found to be quite valuable. On day 8.5, cells in the prospective scale region could be morphologically distinguished in the tarsometatarsus at a certain distance proximally away from the tarsometatarsal-phalangeal joint. --On day 9.25, about 1,100 cells became highly columnar in shape and densely associated, forming a placode structure. In both distally and proximally adjacent regions of this placode, the cells were semiquadrate in shape and loosely associated, leading to the formation of the interplacode structures. Such contrasting difference in cell organization between placode and interplacode was preserved from day 9.25 to day 11. During this period, both the area and number of constituent cells increased greatly in the placode and only slightly in the interplacode. However, cell proliferation activity was completely suppressed in the placode, and quite active in the interplacode. The activity in cell proliferation proved to be inversely correlated with the density of basal cells. Throughout the present study, it has been demonstrated that the early development of scale epidermis is achieved through a coordinated activity of the two discrete cell populations: the placode and interplacode.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Infant vision screening predicts failures on motor and cognitive tests up to school age.

In a population-based infant vision screening programme, 5295 infants were screened and those with significant refractive errors were followed up. To assess the relationship between the development of vision and other domains, we report a longitudinal study comparing infants with significant hyperopia, identified at age 9 months ('hyperopes') with infants with normal refractions ('controls'). Children are included who completed at each age a broad set of visual, cognitive, motor and language measures taken over a series of follow-up visits up to age 5.5 years. Hyperopes performed significantly worse than controls on the Atkinson Battery of Child Development for Examining Functional Vision at 14 months and 3.5 years and the Henderson Movement Assessment Battery for Children at 3.5 and 5.5 years. The Griffiths Child Development Scales, MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory and British Picture Vocabulary Scales showed no significant differences. Exclusion of those infants who became amblyopic and strabismic did not substantially alter these results, suggesting that the differences between groups were not a consequence of these disorders. These results indicate that early hyperopia is associated with a range of developmental deficits that persist at least to age 5.5 years. These effects are concentrated in visuocognitive and visuomotor domains rather than the linguistic domain.

Cognition Disorders↗

PubMed1980

The development of an adolescent life change event scale.

A questionnaire listing 31 personal, social and family changes believed stressful to adolescents was administered to 207 subjects aged eleven to eighteen. They were asked to rate the items on a scale of one to five to indicate how "upsetting" they believed the event was. They were also asked to indicate how many of the events they had actually experienced. The Adolescent Life Change Event Scale developed from this data is shown. It is recommended that the questionnaire be given to a much larger sample of adolescents from other socioeconomic, racial and cultural backgrounds before the final weightings are assigned to the scale. Once this has been done, the scale can be used to study relationships between life stress events and illness or other manifestations of stress in adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Preverbal, Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale (PEPPS): development and early psychometric testing.

The Pre-Verbal, Early Verbal Pediatric Pain Scale (PEPPS) is conceptualized to measure the established pain response in toddlers, a pediatric group void of pain assessment scales. It consists of seven categories, each with weighted indicators. Scores can range from 0 to 26. Using a blinded, cross-sectional design, 40 children, aged 12 to 24 months, were videotaped throughout their postoperative stay in the postanesthesia care unit. Vignettes were randomly selected and viewed by four experienced pediatric nurses. Results indicated that the PEPPS was easy to use and demonstrated acceptable inter-rater and intrarater reliability. Early evidence of construct validity was established by statistically significant differences in premedication and postmedication pain scores.

Child Development↗

PubMed2002

The Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS): development and psychometric properties.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development and psychometric properties of the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS), a clinician-rated instrument for assessing the severity of anxiety symptoms associated with common DSM-IV anxiety disorders (social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder) in children. METHOD: As part of a multisite study of the efficacy of fluvoxamine, 128 children (aged 6-17) and their parents were interviewed weekly with the PARS. Data from multiple raters on a subsample of children (using live and videotaped interviews) were used to evaluate interrater reliability. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity (convergent, divergent) also were evaluated. RESULTS: The PARS showed high interrater reliability, adequate test-retest reliability, and fair internal consistency. Convergent and divergent validity were satisfactory. PARS scores were sensitive to treatment and paralleled change in other measures of anxiety symptoms and global improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The PARS is a useful clinician-rated instrument for assessing pediatric anxiety symptoms, severity, and impairment, particularly in treatment studies. Further study of the psychometric properties is warranted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Interobserver variation in the application of 2 disability scales in heart patients].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of the Rankin scale for the assessment of disability in patients with ischaemic heart disease. SETTING: University Hospital Utrecht. DESIGN: Prospective interobserver study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-two outpatients with heart disease (previous myocardial infarction, angina or both) were separately interviewed by four physicians (residents or specialists), viz., two cardiologists and two neurologists. The degree of disability was recorded by each observer on two different scales: the modified Rankin scale, a six-point scale developed from a neurological background, and the four-point scale developed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA). The agreement rates for the observers (23 in all) were corrected for chance (kappa-statistics; maximum 1.0). RESULTS: Total agreement on both scales was found for six of the participating 51 patients and for 10 and 11 patients when the Rankin scale and the NYHA scale were considered separately. Kappa values were 0.21 for the Rankin scale and 0.24 for the NYHA scale. The weighted kappa values were 0.56 and 0.47, respectively. The agreement among neurologists and cardiologists was comparable. CONCLUSION: The agreement rates of cardiologists and neurologists in the use of the Rankin scale and the NYHA scale in outpatients with heart disease are at best satisfactory. The good results of an earlier study with the Rankin scale in stroke patients were not achieved. This study indicates that the Rankin scale may be useful for the assessment of disability from heart disease particularly in patients with neurological disease, but there is room for further improvement.

Angina Pectoris↗