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Apolipoproteins AI and B and plasma lipid values in well-treated diabetic patients from Romania.

This review is aiming to study the values of apolipoprotein AI and B and plasma lipid levels (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride) in well-treated diabetic patients, and their possible relationship with hemoglobin A1, body mass index and insulin levels. The study groups were 26 insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) patients, 30 non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) subjects and 20 non diabetic subjects (controls). Apolipoprotein AI concentrations were similar in the three groups, but apolipoprotein B values and apo B/apo AI ratio were significantly higher in IDDM as related to NIDDM patients (p < 0.001) and to non-diabetic subjects (p < 0.001). We were not able to find significant differences concerning plasma lipid values between the three groups. We found a weak correlation between apo B and hemoglobin AI in IDDM (r = 0.45; 0.02 < p < 0.05), but not in NIDDM patients. Body mass index was not related to the values of apolipoproteins AI and B. We found a positive but weak correlation between insulin levels and triglyceride (r = 0.42), and an inverse one with HDL cholesterol (r = 0.57; 0.02 < p < 0.05) in non-diabetic subjects only, while in NIDDM patients these associations were even less significant. Plasma insulin values strongly correlate to body mass index in both NIDDM (r = 0.64; p < 0.001) and in control subjects (r = 0.73; 0.001 < p < 0.001).

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Safeguarding biomedical AI: a critical scoping review of privacy-enhancing technologies, hybrid approaches, and deployment models.

BACKGROUND: Biomedical artificial intelligence (AI) requires the integration of privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) to safeguard sensitive clinical, imaging, and genomic data while preserving analytical utility. OBJECTIVES: This review critically and systematically maps applications of PETs across the biomedical AI lifecycle in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines and evaluates their technical trade-offs, deployment feasibility, and residual risks. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Scopus for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies addressed differential privacy, federated learning, secure multiparty computation, homomorphic encryption, or hybrid approaches in biomedical AI. Data were charted on PET type, modality, lifecycle stage, utility metrics, privacy parameters, and deployment considerations. A critical appraisal rubric assessed threat-model adequacy, methodological clarity, reproducibility, privacy-utility transparency, and deployment realism. Additionally, we hand-searched major venues (USENIX Security, NeurIPS, AAAI) and screened Google Scholar for grey literature, applying de-duplication across sources. RESULTS: We identified 87 studies spanning clinical decision support, genomics, and medical imaging. From 25,761 initial records, 3,754 underwent title/abstract screening and 1,968 underwent full-text assessment. PETs demonstrated distinct strengths and limitations: differential privacy provided provable guarantees but reduced performance on imbalanced data; federated learning improved data access but remained vulnerable to gradient leakage; and cryptographic methods ensured confidentiality at high computational cost. Synthetic data generation supported privacy-conscious data sharing and benchmarking but remained sensitive to disclosure risk, fidelity loss, and subgroup representation. Hybrid and emerging approaches, including trusted execution environments, zero-knowledge proofs, and privacy-preserving transformer architectures, mitigated composability gaps yet lacked full end-to-end assurance. Case studies at hospital and biobank scale illustrated practical feasibility and infrastructure demands. CONCLUSIONS: Situating PETs within technical and operational contexts clarifies their capabilities, limitations, and deployment challenges. Residual risks persist, including fairness concerns, inference-time leakage, and overreliance on PETs as compliance proxies. Sustained technical innovation and institutional governance remain essential for the trustworthy integration of PETs in biomedical AI.

biomedical AI↗

PubMed2001

Quorum signaling via AI-2 communicates the "Metabolic Burden" associated with heterologous protein production in Escherichia coli.

Recent reports have shown that bacterial cell-cell communication or quorum sensing is quite prevalent in pathogenic Escherichia coli, especially at high cell density; however, the role of quorum sensing in nonpathogenic E. coli is less clear and, in particular, there is no information regarding the role of quorum sensing in overexpression of plasmid-encoded genes. In this work, it was found that the activity of a quorum signaling molecule, autoinducer-2 (AI-2), decreased significantly following induction of several plasmid-encoded genes in both low and high-cell-density cultures of E. coli. Furthermore, we show that AI-2 signaling level was linearly related to the accumulation level of each protein product and that, in general, the highest rates of recombinant protein accumulation resulted in the greatest attenuation of AI-2 signaling. Importantly, our findings demonstrate for the first time that recombinant E. coli communicate the stress or burden of overexpressing heterologous genes through the quorum-based AI-2 signaling pathway.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1984

The non-pyramidal cells in layer III of cat primary auditory cortex (AI).

The form and location of non-pyramidal neurons in layer III of the primary auditory cortex (AI) of adult cats is described in Golgi, Nissl, and other material. The cells were compared to the profiles of retrogradely labeled, commissurally interconnected cells. A principal finding is that certain non-pyramidal and pyramidal cells project interhemispherically to AI; a second conclusion is that the retrogradely labeled commissural cells form small clusters or narrow strips separated by unlabeled patches even after massive injections in the opposite AI. The non-pyramidal cells of origin have not yet been conclusively identified, but they must include one (or more) of the following six types of cells observed in Golgi-impregnated material: tufted or bitufted cells with a radially elongated dendritic arbor; sparsely spinous stellate neurons with thin, smooth dendrites and vertically disposed axonal branches; small stellate cells with varicose dendrites, a restricted dendritic field, and a profusely branched local axon; bipolar neurons with long, thin dendrites; medium-sized multipolar cells with radiating, sparsely branched dendrites; and small stellate neurons with smooth dendrites and a tiny dendritic field. These non-pyramidal cells are found throughout layer III but are more numerous in the upper part, layer IIIa, where they mingle with the small pyramidal neurons. As a rule the axonal branches of non-pyramidal cells are more numerous than those arising from layer III pyramidal neurons, and although they have many axonal collaterals, most project locally and vertically in narrow radial strips. In contrast, pyramidal cell axons have ascending and descending components which invade large, lateral territories in many cortical layers. Layer III non-pyramidal neurons are similar to those in layer IV in certain respects, although their dendritic fields are more spherical and less tufted than those of layer IV cells, and their axons have more local, limited targets. These axons appear to contribute but little to the conspicuous, lateral fiber striae in layer III. The primary intrinsic targets of non-pyramidal cell axons appear to be the apical dendrites of medium-sized and large layer III pyramidal cells, and recurrent branches to the parent cell; their fine, distal branches fortify the vertical plexus in layer III, and certain axons may descend into layer IV. Since layer III in AI receives both commissural and thalamic input, it is possible that these parallel, afferent channels are to some degree segregated, and to some degree convergent, onto particular types of cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed2003

Failure to generate atheroprotective apolipoprotein AI phenotypes using synthetic RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts).

BACKGROUND: Elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and its major constituent apolipoprotein AI (apoAI), are cardioprotective. Paradoxically, two natural variants of apoAI, termed apoAI(Milano) and apoAI(Paris), are associated with low HDL, but nevertheless provide remarkable protection against heart disease for heterozygous carriers and may even lead to longevity. Both variants arise from point mutations and have Arg(173) and Arg(151) to Cys substitutions, respectively, which allow disulphide-linked dimers to form. Potentially, synthetic RNA/DNA oligonucleotides (chimeraplasts) can permanently correct single point mutations in genomic DNA. Here, we use a variation of such targeted gene repair technology, 'gain-of-function chimeraplasty', and attempt to enhance the biological activity of apoAI by altering a single genomic base to generate the atheroprotective phenotypes, apoAI(Milano) and apoAI(Paris). METHODS: We targeted two cultured cell lines that secrete human apoAI, hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells and recombinant CHO-AI cells, using standard 68-mer chimeraplasts with polyethyleneimine (PEI) as carrier and then systematically varied several experimental conditions. As a positive control we targeted the dysfunctional APOE2 gene, which we have previously converted to wild-type APOE3. RESULTS: Conversion of wild-type apoAI to apoAI(Milano) proved refractory, with limited correction in CHO-AI cells only. However, a successful conversion to apoAI(Paris) was achieved, as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and direct genomic sequencing. Unexpectedly, attempts with a new batch of 68-mer chimeraplast to enhance conversion, by using different delivery vehicles, including chemically modified PEI, failed to show a base change; nor could conversion be detected with an 80-mer or a 52-76-mer series. In contrast, when a co-culture of CHO-E2 and CHO-AI cells was co-targeted, a clear conversion of apoE2 to apoE3 was seen, whereas no apoAI(Paris) could be detected. When the individual chimeraplasts were analysed by denaturing electrophoresis only the active apoE2-to-E3 chimeraplast gave a sharp band. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that different batches of chimeraplasts have variable characteristics and that their quality may be a key factor for efficient targeting and/or base conversion. We conclude that, although an evolving technology with enormous potential, chimeraplast-directed gene repair remains problematical.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

The gene causing familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia is not caused by a defect in the apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster in a Spanish family.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels have an inverse relationship with the frequency of coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Most commonly HDL deficiency is environmentally modulated. Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia (FHA) is a genetically determined HDL deficiency disease, in all likelihood transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and associated with premature atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) is the major apoprotein in the HDL particle, and defects in this protein have been suggested as the cause of FHA. We have identified a large family of Spanish descent with FHA and performed genetic linkage analysis using restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the Apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster to test this hypothesis. Results in this family formally exclude the apo AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster as the site for the mutation underlying FHA.

Apolipoprotein A-I↗

PubMed2026

An AI-assisted Clinical Decision Support System for Green Classification of Cystocele on Dynamic Transperineal Ultrasound.

Green classification of cystocele on dynamic transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) remains operator-dependent because it requires manual frame selection and landmark-based assessment of the Valsalva maneuver. We developed a workflow-oriented AI-assisted clinical decision support system for automated urethrovesical junction localization and dynamic Green classification and prospectively evaluated its standalone and reader-support performance. This diagnostic accuracy and reader study included 881 patients from a tertiary referral hospital, comprising a retrospective development cohort (n = 688) and an independent prospective test cohort (n = 193). A nested subset of 67 prospective patients was used for a reader study involving two junior and two intermediate radiologists under unaided and AI-assisted conditions. In the complete prospective test cohort, Green-AttGRU achieved a macro-averaged AUC of 0.939 (95% CI, 0.897-0.971) and an overall accuracy of 0.902 (95% CI, 0.860-0.943). In the reader study, overall accuracy increased from 0.761 to 0.821 without AI to 0.851-0.881 with AI, while macro-F1 increased from 0.660 to 0.777 to 0.820-0.860. Overall inter-reader agreement increased from a Fleiss' κ of 0.453 to 0.786, and pooled median interpretation time decreased from 26.7 s to 9.9 s. These findings support the preliminary feasibility of the system as a workflow-oriented decision-support tool for dynamic TPUS interpretation.

Humans↗

PubMed1976

The reduction kinetics of chlorophyll aI as an indicator for proton uptake between the light reactions in chloroplasts.

The flash-induced oxidation kinetics of the primary acceptor of light Reaction II (X-320) and the reduction kinetics of chlorophyll aI (P-700) after far-red preillumination have been studied with high time resolution in spinach chloroplasts. 1. The kinetics of chlorophyll aI exhibits a pronounced lag phase of 2--3 ms at the onset of reduction as would be expected for the final product of consecutive reactions. Because the oxidation of the plastoquinone pool is the rate-limiting step for the electron transport between the two light reactions, the lag indicates the maximal electron transfer time over all preceding reactions after light Reaction II. 2. The observation that the lag phase decreases with decreasing pH is evidence of an electron transfer step coupled to a proton uptake reaction. 3. Protonation of X-320 after reduction in the flash is excluded because a slight increase of the decay time is found at decreasing pH values. 4. The time course of plastohydroquinone formation is deduced from the first derivative of the reduction kinetics of chlorophyll aI. This approach covers those plastohydroquinone molecules being available to the electron carriers of System I via the rate-limiting step. Direct measurements of absorbance changes would not allow to discriminate between these and functionally different plastohydroquinone molecules. 5. The derived time course of plastohydroquinone at different pH gives evidence for an additional electron transfer step with a half time of about 1 ms following the proton uptake and preceding the rate-limiting step. It is tentatively attributed to the diffusion of neutral plastohydroquinone across the hydrophobic core of the thylkaloid membrane. 6. The lower limit of the rate constant for proton uptake by an electron carrier, consistent with the lag of chlorophyll aI reduction, is estimated as greater than 10(11) M-1s-1. The value is higher than that of the fastest diffusion controlled protonations of organic molecules in solution. Possible mechanisms of linear electron transport between light Reaction II and the rate-limiting oxidation of neutral plastohydroquinone are thoroughly discussed.

Biological Transport, Active↗

PubMed1991

Effects of gemfibrozil and ketoconazole on human apolipoprotein AI, B and E levels in two hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B.

Exposure of HepG2 and Hep3B cells to gemfibrozil (40 micrograms/ml), a hypolipidemic drug, resulted in a 2-fold induction of apo AI mRNA and, a one-third reduction in apo B mRNA but had no significant effect on apo E mRNA levels. The hypothesis that the mechanism of action of gemfibrozil involved the cytochrome P-450 system was tested by using ketoconazole, a P-450 inhibitor, which blocks the formation of endogenous polar sterols. When the cells were treated with ketoconazole at a concentration of greater than or equal to 15 microM, the levels of apo AI, and apo B mRNAs decreased by 50% and 35%, respectively, compared to the basal level. No significant effect on apo E mRNA level was observed during ketoconazole treatment. The effects of gemfibrozil and ketoconazole on various apolipoprotein secretion were studied using pulse-chase experiments. It was observed that the selective alterations in the rates of apo AI and apo B production were occurring at the level of synthesis. This observation is consistent with the findings indicating a strong direct correlation between hepatic apolipoprotein mRNA concentration and secreted apolipoprotein levels. The induction of apo AI mRNA by gemfibrozil was not apparent when the cells were simultaneously treated with ketoconazole. However, the level of apo B mRNA was reduced further to less than 55% of the control level suggesting that there might be an additive effect of these two drugs on apo B synthesis.

Albumins↗

PubMed1986

Apolipoproteins AI, AII and B in young adults: associations with CHD risk factors. The Beaver County experience.

Although the associations of lipoprotein lipids and apoproteins with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors have been examined in middle-aged populations, there is little data among younger subjects where these associations may be stronger. The authors quantitated apolipoproteins AI, AII and B as well as lipoprotein lipids in 172 young adults (aged 20-24 years) from a defined population in Beaver County, Penn. and examined cross-sectional associations with known risk factors. Female nonusers of oral contraceptives (OC) had higher mean concentrations of HDL-C and lower levels of LDL-C and triglycerides than men (p less than 0.05) although there was no significant sex difference in apo AI (p greater than 0.10), while apo B was higher among men (p less than 0.01). OC use was positively related to apo AI and AII (p less than 0.05) but not to HDL-C. Cigarette smoking was inversely associated with apo AI, AII and HDL-C while alcohol intake was positively associated with these factors. These results suggest that in general, correlates of lipoprotein lipids and apoproteins in young adults parallel those in middle-aged subjects and suggest further that quantitation of both at an early age may help prevent CHD and further elucidate the atherosclerotic process.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

AI-700 pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and exhaled elimination kinetics in rats.

The purpose of these studies was to determine the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and exhaled elimination kinetics in rats for intravenously administered AI-700, which consists of porous microspheres containing decafluorobutane (DFB), for use as an ultrasound contrast agent. [Pd]-AI-700 was administered intravenously to rats (10 mg microspheres/kg). Blood and tissue samples collected at specified times were analyzed for palladium by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). AI-700 was also administered intravenously to rats (40 mg microspheres/kg) and expired air was collected over time. Expired air samples were analyzed for DFB by validated adsorbent trapping-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology. Pd from [Pd]-AI-700 was cleared from blood with a ca. 50-85% decline from peak concentration within 5 min. At 1440 min post-dose, 52-72% of the Pd dose was recovered from organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Approximately 77% of the intravenously injected DFB was found in expired air within 3h after dosing, with most of the DFB dose (61+/-6%) expired within the first 10 min after dosing. As expected, the microspheres were cleared through the reticuloendothelial system, and the DFB was eliminated in expired air, with more than half of the DFB eliminated within the first 10 min after dosing.

Air↗

PubMed2005

Porous PLGA microparticles: AI-700, an intravenously administered ultrasound contrast agent for use in echocardiography.

The production and characterization of AI-700, an intravenously administered ultrasound contrast agent under investigation for myocardial perfusion echocardiography, are described. The product consists of small, porous microparticles filled with decafluorobutane gas, and formulated as a dry powder. Small scale spray drying studies demonstrated that porous PLGA microparticles could be produced with varying porosity using ammonium bicarbonate as a volatile pore-forming agent. The porous microparticles of AI-700 were created aseptically by spray drying a water-in-oil emulsion containing poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide, 1,2-diarachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and ammonium bicarbonate using a two-chamber spray dryer. The porous microparticles were further formulated into a dry powder drug product (AI-700) containing decafluorobutane gas and excipients. The dry powder was reconstituted with sterile water prior to evaluation. Microscopy demonstrated that the microparticles were sphere-shaped and internally porous. The microparticles were appropriately sized for intravenous administration, having an average diameter of 2.3 mum. Zeta-potential analysis demonstrated that the microparticles would be expected to be stable post-reconstitution. The microparticles retained encapsulated gas post-reconstitution, had high acoustic potency that was stable over time and were physically stable upon exposure to high-power ultrasound, as used clinically. AI-700 has the characteristics desirable for an intravenously administered ultrasound contrast agent for myocardial perfusion echocardiography.

Contrast Media↗

PubMed2004

Salmonella typhimurium recognizes a chemically distinct form of the bacterial quorum-sensing signal AI-2.

Bacterial populations use cell-cell communication to coordinate community-wide regulation of processes such as biofilm formation, virulence, and bioluminescence. This phenomenon, termed quorum sensing, is mediated by small molecule signals known as autoinducers. While most autoinducers are species specific, autoinducer-2 (AI-2), first identified in the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi, is produced and detected by many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The crystal structure of the V. harveyi AI-2 signaling molecule bound to its receptor protein revealed an unusual furanosyl borate diester. Here, we present the crystal structure of a second AI-2 signal binding protein, LsrB from Salmonella typhimurium. We find that LsrB binds a chemically distinct form of the AI-2 signal, (2R,4S)-2-methyl-2,3,3,4-tetrahydroxytetrahydrofuran (R-THMF), that lacks boron. Our results demonstrate that two different species of bacteria recognize two different forms of the autoinducer signal, both derived from 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD), and reveal new sophistication in the chemical lexicon used by bacteria in interspecies signaling.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of GnRH treatment 12 days after AI in the reproductive performance of dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of GnRH administered at Day 12 post-AI on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n=103) on a large Hungarian dairy farm were allocated randomly to treated (n=54) or control (n=49) groups. Twelve days after AI, treated cows received a GnRH agonist i.m., while the control group received a placebo (physiological saline). Progesterone radioimmunoassay was used to determine the correct timing of artificial insemination (Day 0) and the incidence of luteal insufficiency on Day 12. Ultrasonography and radioimmunoassay for pregnancy-associated glycoprotein were used to detect pregnancy and late embryonic/fetal mortality between Days 32 and 55 after AI. Three cows from each group were inseminated when progesterone concentrations were >1.0 ng/mL, and six cows (four from the treated and two from the control group) had luteal insufficiency (progesterone<1.0 ng/mL) on Day 12. Late embryonic/fetal mortality occurred in three treated cows and in two control cows. When these cows were removed from the model, calving rates after first service were 59.6% (28/47) and 59.1% (26/44) for treated and control cows, respectively (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between treated and control cows when they were inseminated before or after Day 100 from calving. In summary, administration of a GnRH agonist on Day 12 after AI did not improve reproductive performance in dairy cows. However, our approach may be used for the field evaluation of different treatment protocols.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Let LuxS speak up in AI-2 signaling.

Quorum sensing is a process of bacterial cell-cell communication that uses small diffusible molecules to coordinate diverse behaviors in response to population density. The only quorum-sensing system shared by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria involves the production of autoinducer-2 (AI-2). The AI-2 synthase LuxS is widely distributed among the Bacteria, which suggests that AI-2 is a language for interspecies communication. However, LuxS is also an integral component of the activated methyl cycle in bacteria. LuxS-based quorum sensing has been intensively studied in the past decade, mostly in relation to the AI-2 molecule and the downstream effects of luxS knockouts; few studies have focused on the gene and protein activity itself. Ongoing attempts to dissect the metabolic and signaling roles of LuxS leave little doubt that unraveling the regulation of luxS expression and cellular LuxS activity is the key to understanding LuxS-based quorum sensing.

Amino Acid Motifs↗

PubMed2003

Formation of apolipoprotein AI-phosphatidylcholine core aldehyde Schiff base adducts promotes uptake by THP-1 macrophages.

OBJECTIVE: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is believed to protect against development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting the accumulation of oxidized lipids in low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Paradoxically, HDL lipid is more susceptible to oxidation than LDL lipid. In the present study, we examined the effect of oxidized phospholipids on the uptake of HDL by macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS: Oxidation of HDL increased formation of phosphatidylcholine core aldehydes that was paralleled by increased covalent binding of phospholipids to HDL protein from 0.96+/-0.44 to 8.5+/-1.76 phosphorus/HDL protein (mol/mol). Incubation of apolipoprotein AI with synthetically prepared phosphatidylcholine core aldehydes, 1-palmitoyl-2-[5-oxo]valeroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 1-palmitoyl-2-[9-oxo] nonanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, significantly increased the phosphorus:apolipoprotein AI ratio from 1.1+/-0.5 to 7.2+/-2.0 and from 0.9+/-0.6 to 8.5+/-0.8, respectively. The binding and uptake of phosphatidylcholine core aldehyde-apolipoprotein AI proteoliposomes, by THP-1 macrophages, was similar to that observed for oxidized HDL and oxidized LDL. CONCLUSION: We conclude that oxidation of HDL increased formation of phosphatidylcholine core aldehyde-apolipoprotein AI Schiff base adducts and enhanced uptake of oxidized HDL by THP-1 macrophages.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed2001

Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein AI kinetics in type II diabetes mellitus.

The effect of a dietary fish oil supplementation on metabolism of HDL was studied in type II diabetes mellitus. Endogenous labeling of HDL-apo AI was performed using a 14 h primed infusion of D3-leucine in five diabetic patients before and 2 months after treatment with maxEPA(R). Isotopic enrichment curves were analyzed using a monoexponential function. After treatment, plasma cholesterol level remained unchanged (205.4+/-41.9 vs. 206.8+/-30.7 mg/dl, NS), whereas plasma triglycerides were decreased (155.4+/-67.9 vs. 202.6+/-32.2 mg/dl, P=0.06). Plasma apo AI was similar under maxEPA(R) (116.0+/-25.6 vs. 111.8+/-25.4 mg/dl, NS), and HDL-cholesterol and HDL-triglycerides were also not markedly changed (30.2+/-10.0 vs. 27.1+/-10 mg/dl, and 15.3+/-9.8 vs. 19.2+/-10.4 mg/dl, NS). HDL-apo AI fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and absolute production rate (APR) were significantly decreased after treatment with maxEPA(R) (0.27+/-0.09 vs. 0.37+/-0.08 pool day, P<0.05, and 12.1+/-2.8 vs. 16.1+/-3.3 mg/kg per day, P<0.05). These findings showed an effect of maxEPA(R) on kinetics of apolipoprotein AI in type II diabetes mellitus, probably linked to changes in plasma triglyceride level.

Apolipoprotein A-I↗

PubMed2000

Probucol promotes reverse cholesterol transport in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Effects on apolipoprotein AI-containing lipoprotein particles.

In order to investigate the effect of Probucol therapy on reverse cholesterol transport, apo AI-containing lipoprotein particles were isolated and characterized, and their cholesterol effluxing capacity and LCAT activity were assayed in four familial hypercholesterolemia patients before and after 12 weeks of Probucol therapy. Four major subpopulations of apo A-containing lipoprotein particles are separated before and after drug treatment; LpAI, LpAI:AII, LpAIV, LpAI:AIV:AII. Probucol reduces both total plasma and LDL-cholesterol (-17 and -14%, respectively). Apo B decreases slightly (-7.6%). Plasma HDL-cholesterol and apo AI decrease by 36.6 and 34.7%. LpA-I showed a marked decrease (-46%). Moreover, plasma LCAT and CETP activities were markedly increased under Probucol treatment. Analysis of lipoprotein particles showed that Probucol induces a decrease of protein content and an increase of cholesterol and triglycerides contents. Interestingly, Probucol induces an enhancement of LCAT activity in LpAI (4.5-fold). This drug induces a trend toward greater cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-preloaded adipose cells promoted by Lp AI and Lp AIV but not by Lp AI:AII. This study confirms the hypothesis, in addition to the lowering LDL-cholesterol levels and antioxidant effects of Probucol, that HDL reduction was not an atherogenic change in HDL system but may cause an antiatherogenic action by accelerating cholesterol transport through HDL system, promoting reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues.

Adipocytes↗