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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Evaluation of a new penetration enhancer 1-[2-(decylthio)ethyl]azacyclopentan-2-one (HPE-101).

A new compound, 1-[2-(decylthio)ethyl]azacyclopentan-2-one (HPE-101) was synthesized, and its skin penetration enhancing activity was examined by using 14C-indomethacin as a penetrant. A solution of HPE-101 and indomethacin was applied to a cloth pad affixed onto an adhesive tape to give a HPE-101 patch, and the patch was applied to hairless mouse skin. The amount of percutaneously absorbed indomethacin was determined by measuring the radioactivity excreted in urine for 24 h after application. 1) Azone and decylmethyl sulfoxide, enhanced markedly the percutaneous absorption of indomethacin when the propylene glycol-ethanol (9:1 v/v) mixture was used as the solvent. 2) Among various penetration enhancers dissolved in the indomethacin solutions and applied to screen for penetration enhancing activity, HPE-101 was found to be the most prominent. 3) Solvents containing more than 3% (w/w) of HPE-101 produced a plateau level of the penetration enhancing activity. 4) Daily application of 1% (w/w) solutions of HPE-101 or Azone increased the daily excretion of indomethacin significantly above the level excreted on the previous day. However, repeated daily application beyond 3 d gave a steady state excretion of indomethacin. 5) The mouse skin was pretreated with 3% (w/w) solutions of HPE-101 or Azone for 24 h on the 1st day, and the indomethacin solution was applied for 24 h on the 3rd day and 7th day to examine the recovery of skin barrier function. Enhanced excretion of indomethacin was still noted on the 3rd day, but enhancement was not observed on the 7th day.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Expanded paper towel test: an objective test of urine loss for stress incontinence.

AIM: To investigate the repeatability of a short stress test of coughing and jumping (the expanded Paper Towel Test (PTT)) to quantify urine loss in stress incontinent adult women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the laboratory, the reliability of two methods of measuring the size of the wet area, produced by a typical volume of water titrated onto paper towel was investigated and some absorbency properties of the brand of towel used were quantified. Thirty one women performed a provocative coughing and jumping test on consecutive days using a "perineal pad" of paper towel. The repeatability coefficient was calculated. RESULTS: The provocative test was repeatable to within 2.8 ml of urine loss, but with the exclusion of one anomalous result, the repeatability improved to lie within 1 ml. The coefficient of variation (CV) for the between-method differences (computer scanning and graph paper) was 1.27%. A volume of 1 ml of water produced a wet area of 25.7 cm2. The range of measurable areas corresponded to volumes of 0.005-8 ml. Standardization of method is required because the size of the wet area differed by manufacturer of paper towel (P < 0.01, two products compared) and with time elapsed since titration (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The "expanded PTT" is a simple tool for quantification of urine loss (0.005-8 ml) in women to 72 years with stress incontinence. With a suggested modification, it should prove reliable for detection of between-visit differences of 1 ml. The reliability of the test is dependent upon the use of standard protocol and paper towel with known volume-area ratio. To improve clinical diagnosis, it can also be used with any brand of paper towel to confirm the sign of stress incontinence on exertion.

Absorption↗
PubMed2003

Development of a membrane strip immunosensor utilizing ruthenium as an electro-chemiluminescent signal generator.

A photometric immunosensor that can be used for on-site diagnosis has been constructed. The sensor system was assembled by partially superimposing a nitrocellulose membrane strip (the lower) containing an immobilized antigen on the surface with a glass fiber membrane strip (the upper) including two electrodes on the opposite surfaces. To amplify the signal, we introduced a liposome, containing ruthenium molecules trapped in the core, chemically coupled to an antibody specific to the analyte (e.g. Legionella antigen). In the presence of the analyte, immune complexes were formed by antigen-antibody reactions upon addition of the immuno-liposome into a sample. This mixture was then absorbed by the capillary action from the bottom of the membrane strip. The liposome particles in the complexes were carried by a medium through the antigen pad without interaction, while free immuno-liposome was trapped by immune reactions on the pad surfaces. The aqueous medium influx into the glass pad dissolved a detergent pre-located within the compartment and the liposome rupture thereby released ruthenium molecules into the solution. The molecules were oxidized on the electrode surfaces and produced an electro-chemiluminescence (ECL) in proportion to the analyte concentration. The signal generation based on ECL resulted in an exponential dose-response pattern and the analyte detection limit of 2 ng/ml was approximately 10-fold more sensitive than that obtained from a conventional system.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1995

A follow up of silastic sling for genuine stress incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of silastic sling for genuine stress incontinence. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive analysis. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre for urogynaecology. SUBJECTS: Eighty-eight women with urodynamically proven genuine stress incontinence, 10 had coexistent detrusor instability. In 74 women, the sling operation was for recurrent incontinence. INTERVENTION: A low Pfannenstiel incision was used and a suburethral tunnel dissected to insert the sling, which was attached under minimal tension with non-absorbable sutures to each ileopectineal ligament. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical and urodynamic data were assessed between two and three months post-surgery; thereafter clinical assessment and pad testing were performed at yearly intervals for five years. RESULTS: The subjective cure at three months was 81% and the objective cure was 69%. There was a fall in success rate with increasing number of continence operations, and this was statistically significant for women with three or more previous continence operations (P < 0.05). Neither age, parity nor menopausal status made a statistical difference to the cure rate. Twenty-three women had reached their fifth year follow up and the success rate using life table analysis was 71%. Post-operatively, 29 women had detrusor instability: 22 women developed detrusor instability de novo and seven had detrusor instability presurgery. Urodynamic findings postsurgery showed an increase (P < 0.001) in outflow resistance. Four women required removal of sling for voiding difficulties. Ten women developed sling erosions: five vaginal, four bladder erosions and one urethral erosion. After removal of the sling, seven women still remained continent. CONCLUSIONS: A silastic sling operation for the treatment of genuine stress incontinence provides a good long term cure, considering that 45% of women had two or more previous failed continence operations. The high prevalence of detrusor instability and voiding difficulties postsurgery should be noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Conservative surgery in the treatment of hepatic hydatidosis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the morbidity, mortality and recurrence rate after a modified conservative operation in the treatment of hepatic hydatidosis. DESIGN: Prospective open study. SETTING: University hospital, Greece. SUBJECTS: 67 Consecutive patients with hepatic hydatidosis, operated on between 1985 and 1990. INTERVENTION: The liver was mobilised and abdominal cavity isolated with pads soaked in 15% saline solution. Hydatid fluid was aspirated from the cysts which were widely deroofed, sterilised with 15% saline, and then oversewn with a braided absorbable suture. Drains were left in place and a third of patients also had omentoplasty (n = 22). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morbidity, mortality and recurrence rate. RESULTS: One patient died (1%), 4 developed complications (6%), and there were 3 recurrences (6%). It made no difference whether an omentoplasty was added or not. CONCLUSION: Conservative surgery achieves satisfactory results in the treatment of hepatic hydatidosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Absence of the medial sesamoid bone associated with metatarsophalangeal pain.

Pain at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint can result from inflammation, chondromalacia, flexor hallucis brevis tendinitis, osteochondritis dessecans, fracture of a sesamoid bone, avascular necrosis of sesamoids, inflamed bursae, intractable keratoses, infection, sesamoiditis, gout arthropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis. Congenital absence of a sesamoid bone is extremely rare. We present a 17-year-old male patient with pain at the plantar aspect of the right MTP joint associated with congenital absence of the medial sesamoid. There was tenderness and the range of motion was minimally restricted. He described the pain as necessitating changes in his social life. On radiographs, the medial hallucial sesamoid was absent on the right side. The MTP joint was also evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A metatarsal pad was prescribed and the patient was satisfied with the treatment at the 2 months follow-up period. MRI revealed no pathological tissue at the medial sesamoid site. Hallucial sesamoids absorb pressure, reduce friction, protect the tendons, act like a fulcrum to increase the mechanical force of the tendons, and provide a dynamic function to the great toe by elevating first metatarsal head. Congenital absence of these bones is very rare but we must consider it in a patient with MTP joint pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Management of postsurgical hyperhidrosis with direct current and tap water.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Excessive sweating, known as hyperhidrosis, involves the eccrine sweat glands of the axillae, soles, palms, and/or forehead. The use of iontophoresis to reduce or eliminate excessive sweating has been described since 1952. The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of tap water galvanism (TWG) using direct current (DC) with a patient who had postsurgical hyperhidrosis. CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient was a 36-year-old male electrician with traumatic phalangeal amputation and postsurgical development of hyperhidrosis. Tap water galvanism was administered using a DC generator, 2 to 3 times per week for 10 treatments. The patient's hands were individually submerged in 2 containers of tap water with the electrodes immersed directly into the containers. Each hand was treated with 30 minutes of TWG at 12 mA. Hyperhidrosis was measured by a 5-second imprint and subsequent tracing of the left hand placed on dry paper toweling. OUTCOMES: The patient's hyperhidrosis decreased from the full left palmar pad, with a surface area of 10.3x12.0 cm, to a reduced area of wetness that covered a 2.2-x2.7-cm area. The patient returned to work as an electrician without needing absorbent gloves, which had prevented him from performing electrical work. DISCUSSION: Following use of TWG, the patient's palmar hyperhidrosis returned to normhidrosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Enhancement of selenium excretion in bile by sulfobromophthalein: elucidation of the mechanism.

This work was intended to explore the mechanism whereby sulfobromophthalein (BSP), an electrophilic and cholephilic organic acid, increases the biliary excretion of selenium in rats injected with sodium [75Se]selenite. In such animals, neither BSP-glutathione conjugate nor dibromosulfophthalein, nonelectrophilic congeners of BSP, enhanced the hepatobiliary transport of selenium, suggesting that reaction of nucleophilic selenite metabolites formed in vivo with the injected BSP may be involved. Indeed, HPLC analysis of bile from rats receiving [75Se]selenite and BSP revealed two peaks (X and Y) that were simultaneously detected both by absorbance as BSP metabolites and by radioactivity as [75Se] metabolites, indicating that these represent selenium-containing BSP metabolites. Pretreatment of rats with inhibitors of selenium methylation, such as periodate-oxidized adenosine (PAD) and ethionine, drastically diminished the size of peak X, while increasing (PAD) or not influencing (ethionine) the size of peak Y. This finding indicates that production of metabolite X, but not Y, is dependent on formation of methylated selenium metabolites. A compound chromatographically indistinguishable from that in peak X was formed in vitro during incubation of BSP with methylselenol, suggesting that biliary metabolite X is identical to the reaction product of BSP and selenite-derived methylselenol. Incubation of BSP with selenite in the presence of a thiol, namely glutathione, cysteine or N-acetylcysteine (which convert selenite into nucleophilic products, i.e. the respective selenopersulfides and hydrogen selenide) resulted in product(s) chromatographically identical to the biliary selenium-containing BSP metabolite(s) of peak Y, irrespective of the nature of the thiol used. Thus, biliary metabolite(s) Y may be reaction products of BSP and hydrogen selenide. Finally, BSP significantly diminished exhalation of dimethyl selenide in selenite-injected rats, purportedly because it reacted with precursors of dimethyl selenide, that include hydrogen selenide and methylselenol. In summary, BSP increases biliary excretion of selenium in rats receiving selenite because it forms selenium-containing BSP metabolites that are readily transported into bile. It is suggested that the in vivo reaction of nucleophilic selenite metabolites with electrophilic compounds may influence the fate of selenium and may contribute to some of the effects of this essential and anticarcinogenic metalloid.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Catheter port cleansing techniques and the entry of povidone-iodine into the epidural space.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To determine whether three epidural catheter port cleansing techniques used to apply a povidone-iodine solution differed with respect to the introduction of this solution through the epidural catheter. DESIGN: Experimental. SETTING: Laboratory. SAMPLE: Five DuPen (Davol, Cranston, RI) epidural catheters. METHODS: Five DuPen epidural catheters each were cleansed twice with (a) a commercially available 10% povidone-iodine swabstick, (b) a commercially available pledget impregnated with 10% povidone-iodine, and (c) a gauze pad saturated with 10% povidone-iodine. The order of cleansing was randomized. Each solution was used to clean the port for 30 seconds, and the port was allowed to dry for 30 seconds, similar to the technique used in the clinical setting. After cleaning the catheter port, water was injected through the catheter, and the solution from the tip of the catheter was analyzed using absorbance spectrophotometry. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Cleansing techniques, presence of povidone-iodine in catheter. FINDINGS: A statistically significant difference existed between the three cleansing techniques, with the pledget yielding the lowest values of povidone-iodine contamination of the epidural catheter (Freidman test, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Use of pledgets allowed the least amount of povidone-iodine to enter the epidural catheter as compared with the swabsticks or gauze pads. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Commercially available pledgets used to cleanse catheter injection ports may limit the introduction of 10% povidone-iodine into the epidural or intrathecal space.

Analgesia, Epidural↗
PubMed1999

Homemade male incontinence pouch.

It is estimated that more than 13 million Americans experience incontinence or loss of bladder control. As a registered nurse specializing in urology, the author created a male drip collector, made from a female sanitary napkin (ALWAYS with Wings). This homemade male incontinence pouch is cost effective, comfortable to use, easy to make, can absorb 20 cc to 70 cc of urine, and is available in any store.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1999

Secretion of 13C-labelled oligosaccharides into human milk and infant's urine after an oral [13C]galactose load.

Human milk oligosaccharides seem to play an important role in the infant's defense against bacterial and viral infections of the gastrointestinal and the urogenital tract. In this study, we investigated the influence of dietary carbohydrates on the biosynthesis of lactose and oligosaccharides in the human mammary gland and their renal excretion by the human milk-fed infant. For this purpose, a lactating woman was given 27 g galactose (Gal) containing 2 g [13C] Gal (1-13C/99%) immediately after breakfast. In the following 36 h, milk (5-10 ml) was collected before each nursing. Infant's urine was collected over a period of 24 h. 13C-enrichment was measured in total milk, milk fat and protein, in the carbohydrate fraction as well as in urine by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Milk carbohydrates and deproteinized urine samples were fractionated by Sephadex G25 gel filtration and further analyzed by IRMS, high performance thin layer chromatography and and high pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). IRMS revealed that in milk a maximal delta 13CPDB was reached within 8 h after Gal intake which then rapidly declined in the following 8 h. The cumulative 13C-elimination over this first peak was 6.9% of the oral 13C-dose. The highest 13C-enrichment was detectable in the carbohydrate fraction, mainly in lactose and neutral oligosaccharides. Compared to the enrichment of human milk, the delta 13CPDB of infant's urine was delayed. In urine, the highest amount of 13C was found in the Sephadex G25 fractions which mainly contained lactose, fucosyl-lactose, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), fucosyl-LNT and difucosyl-LNT. For further characterization, individual components were separated by HPAEC-PAD and subsequently analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and IRMS. The data show, that orally applied Gal is incorporated in milk, especially in lactose and neutral oligosaccharides. Obviously, some of these components were absorbed by the infant and then excreted with urine. There, oligosaccharides may serve as analogous receptors for bacterial or viral adhesion molecules, and, hence, may prevent urogenital infections in breastfed infants.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

[Compliance in use of external protectors for hip fractures among the community elderly in Japan].

To protect femoral neck fractures which are the most serious complication of osteoporosis and are increasing in frequency in Japan, an external hip protector (EHP) fixed in special underwear has been proven to absorb a direct impact to the greater trochanter during a fall from standing height. In this study, we investigated compliance concerning the use of EHPs, for six months using two types of EHP, i.e., hard pad type (Hip Protector, Sahvatex) from Denmark (Fig. 1) and soft pad type (Safety Pants, Rounomo Oy) from Finland. The subjects were 20 elderly women aged 70 years or more who had at least one experience of falling within the year preceding the baseline survey in September of 1997. The compliance rate is shown in Fig. 2. Though the soft type EHP had relatively better compliance than the hard type EHP, there was no significant difference between them. The main reason for early dropout (one or two weeks after base-line) was "difficulty to remove especially with regard to using the toilet". The main reason for later dropout was "too tight to wear in winter". There were no significant differences with regard to anthropometric measurements, physical activity, ADL, and rate of falls between compliers and dropouts except age (73.6 vs 78.5 yrs). Sufficient explanation at baseline and generatively good motivation for wearing the EHP will maintain a high compliance which may result in the effective prevention of hip fractures among the community elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Simple technique of securing intraoral skin grafts.

Small defects following intraoral resection are often resurfaced by skin grafts. Skin grafting has the advantage of ease of harvest with minimal additional operating time and post-operative hospital stay, an acceptable functional cosmetic result, and the ability to survive post-operative radiation 1. In addition to adequate vascularity of the recipient area, the most important aspect for graft survival is immobilization and adherence of the graft to the defect. However, in the oral cavity due to the uneven wound bed and constant mobility of the cheek, the graft is not completely immobilized. In addition, the salivary secretions tend to accumulate beneath the graft, separating the graft from the bed. Graft-failure can be prevented by immobilizing the graft and closing up any potential dead space that might lead to separation 2. A variety of methods have been described for immobilization and bolstering the graft to the wound. Many types of stents have been used varying from the simple cotton balls, resin molds, and foam pads, to complex stents like metal, plastic, and dental liner 34. The traditional tie over bolster technique described by Schramm and Myers involves fixation of the skin graft to the raw area, followed by placement of non-absorbable silk sutures from the adjacent mucosa, which are then tied over the bolster 1. However, the placement of this tie over sutures requires adjacent normal mucosa for anchorage, which may not be sufficient especially in the gingivo-buccal sulcus. Although external fixation of the stents to the cheek has been described, this results in ugly scarring of the cheek 2. We describe a simple technique of fixation of the skin graft in the oral cavity, which avoids the placement of additional tie over sutures and in our opinion results in better anchorage.

Graft Survival↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of respiratory and cutaneous doses of chlorothalonil during re-entry in greenhouses.

Five female workers were monitored for 5 consecutive days during re-entry into a greenhouse containing ornamental plants. Skin contamination (excluding hands) was evaluated with nine pads of filter paper placed on the skin. Hand contamination was assessed by washing with 95% ethanol. Respiratory exposure was evaluated by personal air sampling. The respiratory dose was based on a lung ventilation of 15 l/min. The doses absorbed were estimated assuming 10% skin absorption and 100% lung retention. Dislodgeable foliar residue was determined on days of re-entry to evaluate the decay of chlorothalonil. Chlorothalonil was analysed in the different matrices by GC-MS. Respiratory exposure was less than skin contamination, being 11.4+/-5.1% (mean+/-SD) of total exposure. The estimated total absorbed dose did not exceed the acceptable daily intake of 0.03 mg/kg body mass. The hands and unexposed skin of all workers were always found to be contaminated. Greater precautions are therefore needed to reduce skin exposure (clean gloves and suitable clean clothing every day).

Calibration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of respiratory and cutaneous doses and urinary excretion of alkylphosphates by workers in greenhouses treated with omethoate, fenitrothion, and tolclofos-methyl.

This research evaluated exposure pathways across work tasks for three organophosphate pesticides in a group of greenhouse workers. During reentry in ornamental plant greenhouses, five male workers were monitored for five consecutive days. Skin contamination (excluding hands) was evaluated with nine pads of filter paper placed on the skin. Hand contamination was assessed by washing with 95% ethanol. Respiratory exposure was evaluated by personal air sampling. The respiratory dose was based on a lung ventilation of 20 L/min. The doses absorbed were estimated assuming 10% skin penetration and 100% lung retention. Urinary alkylphosphates were assayed in the 24-hour urine samples of the days on which exposure was evaluated. Respiratory exposure was usually less than skin contamination, being 4.5 +/- 8.4%, 9.9 +/- 10.0%, and 49.5 +/- 26.6% (mean +/- standard deviation) of total exposure for omethoate, tolclofos-methyl, and fenitrothion, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that urinary alkylphosphate (nmol/24 hours) (y) was significantly correlated (r = 0.716, p < 0.001) with the respiratory doses of the three active ingredients absorbed the same day (x1) and with the cutaneous dose absorbed the previous day (x2). The relationship was expressed by the equation y = 0.592x2 + 0.117x, + 156.364. The doses of omethoate absorbed by one worker were more than 45 times the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 1.41 nmol/kg body weight (b.w.) The ADI for fenitrothion and tolclofos-methyl (10.8 and 212.6 nmol/kg body weight, respectively) were never exceeded. High absorption by one worker underlines the importance of correct use of protective clothing. In this study the hands were always a source of contact with the pesticides. Greater precautions should be taken to reduce contamination (clean gloves, constant use of gloves).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recent advances in absorbent products for the incontinent patient with burns.

The purpose of this study is to describe the physical configuration of disposable and reusable absorbent products and relate composition and construction to efficacy in the management of urinary incontinence in patients with burn injuries. The basic structure of a wearable absorbent product consists of three layers: a fluid-impermeable backing sheet, a fluid-pervious coverstock on the body-contacting surface, and an interposed absorbent core. The biomechanical performance of these absorbent products was determined by measuring the total absorbent capacity, defined as the maximum amount of liquid held by the product as a whole. On the basis of the results of this study, absorbent products are recommended for the incontinent patient with burns.

Burns↗
PubMed1997

Synthesis and biological evaluation of orally active matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.

The synthesis and biological evaluation of orally active inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase are reported. Modifications of the P2' position and the alpha-substituent of hydroxamic acid derivatives were carried out, and revealed that the P2' substituent influenced the MMP inhibitory activities in vitro and in plasma after oral administration. The hydroxamates with phenylglycine at the P2' position were absorbed well orally. Compound 15e, which exhibited the longest duration of inhibitory activity in plasma after oral administration among the phenylglycine derivatives (5a-5d, 15a, 15c, 15e), was evaluated in a rat adjuvant arthritis model. A reduction in hind foot pad swelling and improvements of some inflammatory parameters were demonstrated when the compound was administered orally. These results indicate the potential of MMP inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis.

Absorption↗