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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

A comparison of the effects of hard rock and easy listening on the frequency of observed inappropriate behaviors: control of environmental antecedents in a large public area.

Observation of clients at a state mental health hospital by direct care staff indicated that they appeared to act in more inappropriate ways when "hard rock" or "rap" music was played in an open courtyard than when "easy listening" or "country" music was played. A study was conducted to compare the inappropriate behavior of clients when hard rock and rap music were played (21 days), followed by easy listening and country and western music (21 days). This comparison was followed by a reversal phase in which hard rock and rap music were again played (18 days). The behaviors of the clients were observed and recorded via a controlled methodology. The results demonstrated that more inappropriate behavior was observed under conditions in which hard rock and rap music were played than when easy listening and country western music were played. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Impairment of schedule-controlled behavior by pre- and postnatal exposure to hexachlorobenzene in rats.

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is still frequently found at elevated levels in human adipose tissue and breast milk. As intoxication with HCB causes neurological disturbance in human beings, the purpose of the present study was to examine neurobehavioral functions in rats after pre- and postnatal exposure. Female rats were fed diets with 0, 4, 8, or 16 mg HCB/kg diet. Exposure started 90 days prior to mating and was continued throughout mating, gestation, and lactation. Thereafter, the offspring were given the same diets as their respective mothers. HCB levels were determined in the brain, the liver, and in the adipose tissue from virgin rats, dams, and the offspring. Concentrations on a lipid basis were found to decline in the order adipose > liver > brain. The exposure levels chosen did not cause gross toxic effects in dams or offspring. There were dose-related increases in liver-to-body-weight ratios in exposed dams, but not in unmated females treated alike. Behavioral testing was conducted in the offspring. Examination of open-field activity on PND 21, and of active avoidance learning on PND 90 failed to reveal significant differences between groups. Training of operant behavior started at the age of 150 days in the offspring from the control, the 8-mg group, and the 16-mg group. Animals were trained on a fixed interval schedule of 1 min (FI-1). On this schedule, responses were reinforced by a food pellet every time 1 min had elapsed after the preceding reinforcement. There were dose-dependent reductions in the post-reinforcement pause, e.g. the time between each reinforcement and the first reaction emitted after it. In addition, the index of curvature, which describes the efficiency of performance on the FI-1 schedule, was decreased in a dose-dependent fashion.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

Schedule-controlled behavior in the morphine-dependent rat.

The behavioral effects of acute and chronic administration of morphine and its withdrawal were studied using schedule-controlled responsing in the rat under a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) schedule of food presentation. Acute morphine administration had a biphasic effect on response rate. Low dses (1.8-5.6 mg/kg) tended to produce a small increase and higher doses (10-30 mg/kg) decreased responding. Physical dependence was produced by twice daily injections, with an initial dose of 40 mg/kg/day which was increased by 80 mg/kg/day until reaching 600 mg/kg/day which was continued for 14 days. Throughout chronic administration the pattern of responding remained disrupted resulting in a 27-47 percent decrease in presentations of the reinforcer, while response rate was more variable and generally decreased. The effects of morphine withdrawal lasted 5 days and produced an initial maked decrease in reinforecements per hour and a biphasic change in response rate. A marked decrease in responding early in withdrawal (22.5 hr) was followed by a marked and more prolonged (70.5-118.5 hr) response rate increase.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Sexually transmitted disease (STD) and HIV risk in heterosexual adults attending a public STD clinic: evaluation of a randomized controlled behavioral risk-reduction intervention trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a cognitive/behavioral skills-building intervention to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in high-risk heterosexual adults. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial with assessments at baseline, and at 3 and 5 months. SETTING: San Francisco STD Clinic. PATIENTS: A total of 399 patients were randomly assigned to a four-session, individual, multi-component, cognitive/behavioral intervention (n = 199), or a brief standardized counseling session offered to all patients (n = 200). INTERVENTION: Based on the AIDS Risk-Reduction Model, the aims of the intervention were to increase prevention knowledge, reduce high-risk psychosocial factors, and build decision-making and communication skills to modify sexual behaviors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome of interest was STD. The secondary outcome was number of risky sexual activities. RESULTS: There were no differences between the intervention (13%) and control (11%) groups in their acquisition of STD. Among men, condom use increased more at 3 months in the intervention group than the control group (56.8 versus 42.3%; P < 0.05). In addition, the mean number of sexual partners without condom use was lower in the intervention group than in the control group at 5 months (0.6 versus 0.9; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a cognitive/behavioral, skills-building intervention consisting of individual, multiple sessions and follow-up assessments can be implemented and evaluated with high-risk heterosexually active adults attending public STD clinics. Our intervention did not have a significant impact on STD, although it had some impact on behavior in men, but not in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of transient forebrain ischemia induced by four vessel occlusion using schedule-controlled behavior.

Transient (5-min) global forebrain ischemia, induced by four- vessel occlusion, was assessed using a multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food presentation in five rats. Under control conditions, the schedule produced distinctive response rates in each schedule component. Initially, ischemia disrupted responding under both schedule components, and to approximately the same degree. In general, total session responses returned to pre-occlusion levels during the course of 45 post-occlusion days, however, response rates under the fixed-interval component showed slightly less recovery than those under the fixed-ratio component. Histological assessment revealed considerable variability in hippocampal damage between rats. Severe damage in the CA1, CA2, and CA3 formations was observed in a single rat, and that rat also showed the greatest degree of response disruption. These results suggest that schedule-controlled responding may be a valuable method for assessing the effects of ischemic injury, and thus, putative neuroprotective compounds, on complex behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Behavioral control of L-dopa induced dyskinesia in Parkinsonism.

A patient experiencing L-dopa induced dyskinesia severe enough to prevent normal functioning was treated with behavior therapy utilizing meditation. The effects of treatment were assessed in a single case experimental design. Phase 1 consisted of baseline monitoring of severity and duration of episodes of left extremity jerking. During Phase 2, treatment was started with twice daily meditation for 30 minutes with an accompanying decrease in dose of daily L-dopa. Severity and duration of episodes were significantly reduced, and this was maintained through Phase 3 when the Phase 1 dose of L-dopa was reintroduced. The subject resumed normal functioning following treatment. A natural reversal occurred when he stopped meditating. During Phase 4, the recurrent high severity and duration of jerking were once again reduced when meditation was reinstated.

Adult↗