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PubMed2002

Characteristics and behaviors associated with body image in male domestic violence offenders.

Investigated correlates of body image satisfaction and perceived weight class (underweight, average weight, overweight) in a sample of male domestic violence offenders. Men who identified themselves as either underweight or overweight reported poorer body image satisfaction than those who perceived themselves to be of average weight. Poor body image satisfaction was found to be related to increased risk for both physical and verbal aggression, the tendency to have been a bully and/or a victim of bullying in childhood, and increased alcohol use. Although masculinity was expected to be an important intervening construct, partially explaining the relationship of body image to the major predictor variables, it was not correlated with any of the variables in this study. Finally, perceived weight class was not found to be significantly related to any of the predictor variables.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

[Comparison of body-image self-perception and BMI of dieting adolescents with those of non-dieters].

INTRODUCTION: Our main objective was to determine the relationship between body image, self-perception and body mass index in dieting adolescents and non-dieters. METHOD: 531 high-school students 15-17 years old were selected randomly and evaluated by Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire, (BISQ) Dieting Status Measure (DiSM) and ideal body weight. Multivariate variance analysis for the effect of gender, age and dieting status on SPPA and BISQ subscales and multiple regression analysis for determining the predictors of dieting were used. RESULTS: 33% of girls of normal weight reported that they were dieting. The percentage of dieters among female adolescents was significantly higher than that among male adolescents. While female adolescents were dieting for a thinner body ideal, boys were dieting for a thinner or fatter body ideal. In the dieting groups, lower body image satisfaction and self-worth were determined the physical appearance and general self-worth domains of the SPPA were the predicting factors of body image satisfaction in both female and male groups. CONCLUSION: The percentage of girls who have a thinner body ideal and are dissatisfied with their actual body weight is considerable and is close to those in developed countries. The relationship between body image, self-perception and body mass index in dieting groups may help us to understand the psychopathology of eating disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Body image in women with HIV: a cross-sectional evaluation.

BACKGROUND: HIV lipodystrophy syndrome is a recognized complication of potent antiretroviral therapy and is characterized by often dramatic changes in various body fat stores, both central and peripheral. Given prior findings of heightened body image dysphoria among HIV-infected men with lipodystrophy as compared to HIV-infected men without lipodystrophy, we sought to determine body image among HIV-infected and HIV-negative women and to determine the relationship of HIV and lipodystrophy with body image. Our a priori hypothesis was that women with HIV and lipodystrophy would have significantly poorer body image as compared to women without HIV and to women with HIV without lipodystrophy. RESULTS: 116 women responded to two previously validated self-report instruments (Body Image Quality of Life Index (BIQLI) and the Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria-Short Form (SIBID-S)) on body image. 62 (53% subjects) HIV-infected women were recruited at the university-based HIV clinic. 54 (47% subjects) HIV-negative female controls were recruited from another study evaluating bone density in otherwise healthy controls. 96% identified their sexual orientation as women having sex with men. Among the HIV-infected group, 36 reported the presence of lipodystrophic characteristics and 26 reported no lipodystrophic changes. Agreement regarding the presence of lipodystrophy between physician and subject was 0.67 as measured by the kappa coefficient of agreement. Compared to HIV-negative women, HIV-positive women demonstrated poor body image as measured by BIQLI (p = 0.0009). Compared with HIV-infected women who denied lipodystrophy, HIV-infected women with self-reported lipodystrophy demonstrated poor body image as measured by BIQLI (p = 0.02) and SIBID-S scales (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that HIV and lipodystrophy status among women is associated with poor body image. Universal efforts should be made in the HIV medical community to recognize body image issues particularly among persons affected by lipodystrophy so that appropriate intervention and support may be provided.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Body-image perceptions among urban Native American youth.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated body-image perceptions among Native American youth. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A modified and validated body-image measure for use with Native American youth was utilized in a cross-sectional assessment of 155 urban Native American youth attending an after-school program in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The youth (ages 5 to 18 years) expressed their perceptions of current and ideal body image, which allowed assessment of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Body sizes perceived as healthy or most likely to develop diabetes were also communicated. Heights and weights were measured, and body mass index was calculated. RESULTS: When asked to identify their ideal body figure, younger children selected thinner figures than adolescents, and overweight youth chose ideal figures similar to those of normal-weight youth. The mean body dissatisfaction of the youth was +/-0.99 and +/-1.49 body figures for boys and girls, respectively. Examination of the direction of body dissatisfaction revealed that 41% of the boys and 61% of the girls expressed a desire to be thinner. Those expressing the greatest dissatisfaction were overweight girls (>95th percentile). On a scale from one to eight, the median of the body image viewed as the healthiest was 4.0, whereas that most likely to develop diabetes was 8.0. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that urban Native American youth are dissatisfied with their body size and that most acknowledge the diabetes risk associated with overweight, which implies that they may be receptive to obesity prevention measures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Obesity, body image, and unsafe sex in men who have sex with men.

Little is known about the relationship among body weight, body image, and HIV/AIDS sexual risk behaviors. We examined this issue in a midwestern U.S. metropolitan area community sample of 316 men who have sex with men, a group at relatively high risk for HIV/AIDS. All data were self-reported by questionnaire using standard items to assess current body image, height and weight, and HIV/AIDS sexual risk behaviors. Logistic regression models were used to estimate cross-sectional associations. Forty-nine (15%) of the 316 men were classified as obese, and 56 (18%) had unsafe sex in the past three months. Normal weight or overweight men were 3.6 times more likely than obese men to have had unsafe sex, after adjusting for differences in body image and age. Men with better body image were 1.4 times more likely than men with lower body image to have had anal sex, after adjusting for differences in body weight and age. Non-obese men were no more or less likely than were obese men to have engaged in anal sex or in any sex in the past three months. This is the first study showing a positive relationship between below-obese body weight and unsafe sex and between better body image and anal sex in men who have sex with men. Future research should investigate these novel findings, perhaps using other study designs and data collection tools with less measurement error. Advances in knowledge about HIV/AIDS risk factors, including body weight and body image, could potentially contribute to more effective approaches to reducing this risk.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Body image in the old order Amish: a people separate from "the world".

OBJECTIVE: Body image measures were assessed among the Old Order Amish, a Protestant religious community living separate from Western industrialized society. METHOD: One hundred six Old Order Amish men (n = 50) and women (n = 56), aged 14-67 years, were studied by two measures of body image: (1) body dissatisfaction as assessed by the difference between subjects' body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) and the BMI that they chose as their ideal and (2) the relative accuracy of perception of body size assessed by comparing subjects' choice of body size on a Figure Rating Scale with the choice of a relative. RESULTS: Young persons and persons of normal weight of both genders showed no body dissatisfaction or inaccuracy in their perception of their body size. Older persons of both genders, on the other hand, manifested body dissatisfaction (actual BMI greater than ideal BMI). Older women also overestimated their body size. Obese persons of both genders manifested body dissatisfaction (actual BMI greater than ideal BMI) and obese men overestimated their body size. DISCUSSION: Young Amish people do not show the body image problems characteristic of young persons in Western industrial society. Their elders and obese persons may have some such problems. 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Perception of body image as indicator of weight status in the European union.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with an adequate perception of body image in relation to body weight. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in a representative sample of the European Union (7,155 men and 8,077 women). Body Mass Index (BMI) was grouped into four categories, perceived body image was assessed using the nine silhouettes drawing scheme. A multivariable logistic regression model for each sex was used to adjust for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: Underweight men and women classified themselves better than other groups (92.9% of correct answers among men and 79.3% among women). Overall, women classified themselves better than men (57.6% vs. 32.7%). DISCUSSION: Perceived body image as a method of assessment for body weight has different validity depending on sociodemographic or attitudinal categories. Perceived body image as an estimate of the nutritional status has a limited individualized application. Thus, perhaps it could be applied as a proxy measure of adiposity among slim males and among slim and overweight females, but not among the other groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Body image, weight, and food choices of Latina women and their young children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate body image perceptions of women about themselves and their young children and their relationship to their food choices and those of their children. DESIGN: Descriptive and correlational study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 187 low-income, Latina women and their children, ages 5 to 7 years and 52% female, in New York City. VARIABLES MEASURED: Body image, food frequency, body mass index (BMI) of mothers and children, and food choice criteria of mothers for their children. ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics and correlations. RESULTS: All of the women selected a relatively thin body image as the most desirable, attractive, fit, and healthy (about 2.5 on a scale of 1-7). Body size dissatisfaction or wish to be thinner was significantly associated with more healthful diets. Tertiles (thirds) of children at the 50th and 75th mean BMI-for-age percentiles were thought to be too thin to be attractive or healthy and the third of children with a mean above the 97th percentile only barely too large. Mothers with the highest body mass indices may make the least healthful choices for their children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These Latina women preferred a thin figure for themselves but a plumper figure for their children. Culturally competent nutrition education incorporating body image issues needs to assist mothers in understanding the health consequences of childhood obesity, recognizing when their children are overweight, and understanding the importance of healthful food choices for their children.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Factors related to satisfaction with body image in children undergoing chemotherapy.

This cross-sectional correlational study explored factors related to satisfaction with body image in children undergoing chemotherapy. We recruited 118 children with cancer undergoing chemotherapy at three medical centers. Subjects ranged from 6 to 18 years old (mean, 10.8 years). Most had leukemia, were in the first to third grade of elementary school, and had their mother as the primary caregiver. Two structured questionnaires were used, the Body Image Scale (part I, Cronbach's alpha = 0.82; part II, Kuder-Richardson-20 = 0.86) and Social Support Scale (family part, Cronbach's alpha = 0.88; nurses part, Cronbach's alpha = 0.91). Satisfaction with body image was significantly related to gender, age, education level, and the frequency of changes in appearance caused by chemotherapy. Girls felt more dissatisfied than boys. Satisfaction with body image was lower in older children, in children with a high level of education or in those with more frequent changes in appearance. Significant predictors of subjects' satisfaction with body image were gender, education level, and appearance-related side effects of chemotherapy, which accounted for 23.3% of total variance. These findings suggest that the family and nurses should pay more attention to teenagers who perceive changes in their appearance and help them to develop a positive body image. Furthermore, it is essential that a new scale to measure social support about body image is developed in future studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Temporomesial activation in young females associated with unpleasant words concerning body image.

Previous behavioral studies suggest that people who have an abnormal eating behavior may perceive information concerning body image distortion more aversively than others. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study on 15 young women, using an emotional decision task including unpleasant words concerning body image and neutral words. The left amygdala and right parahippocampal gyrus were activated by unpleasant words concerning body image relative to neutral words. In addition, activation of the right parahippocampal gyrus was negatively correlated with the severity of psychological and behavioral problems assessed by the Eating Disorder Inventory-2. This activation also positively correlated with the subjects' rating of pleasantness of words concerning body image. These results demonstrated that the temporomesial area plays an important role in the perception of unpleasant words concerning body image. In particular, it is suggested that the right parahippocampal gyrus may be associated with subjective sensitivity to unpleasant information concerning body image.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Extended body image in the ventilated patient.

This paper explores the experience of altered body image in unexpected critical illness, with particular interest in the extended body image of ventilated patients. It examines from the patients perspective, the impact that ventilation within the intensive care environment, can have on an individuals body image. The concept is developed to explore nursing strategies aimed to support and promote a positive body image in ventilated patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

How has body image changed? A cross-sectional investigation of college women and men from 1983 to 2001.

Body-image dissatisfaction is not uncommon and can adversely affect individuals' psychosocial functioning and quality of life. Various oft-cited surveys and a meta-analysis implicate a worsening of body image over the past several decades, especially among women and possibly among men. The present cross-sectional study examined changes in multiple facets of body image among 3,127 college students from 1983 through 2001; the same standardized assessment was used in 22 studies conducted within the same university. Results confirmed non-Black women's increasing body-image dissatisfaction until the early or mid-1990s, after which significant improvements occurred in terms of overall body-image evaluation and overweight preoccupation among both non-Black and Black women, despite heavier body weights. A reduction over time in women's investment in their appearance was also evident. Men's body image was relatively stable during the 19-year period. Explanations, limitations, and implications of the findings are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of cancer on body image and sexuality.

A diagnosis of cancer immediately threatens body image. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery can alter considerably a person's body image. This can have serious effects on the sexuality of cancer patients but these effects, for reasons to be discussed, are frequently dismissed by health professionals. It is argued that if they ignore their patients' sexuality, nurses are failing to deliver holistic care. This paper discusses the key effects of radical treatment on body image and the role nurses may play as counsellors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Relation of perceptual and body image dysfunction to activities of daily living of persons after stroke.

Perceptual and body image disturbances are common sequelae in persons who have had stroke. There is much evidence to substantiate a relationship between impaired perceptual functioning and impaired functioning in activities of daily living (ADL). In regard to body image dysfunction, the linking of unilateral neglect and poor ADL functioning has been widely examined; however, the relationship of other body image disturbances, such as somatoagnosia, to ADL has received little examination. Research on the above relationships are reviewed in this article. The Behavioral Inattention Test and Arnadottir OT-ADL Neurobehavioral Evaluation are discussed as two assessments that determine perceptual and body image dysfunction through ADL. The literature on intervention for perceptual and body image dysfunction in relation to ADL primarily concerns the difference between the restorative and functional retraining approaches and treatment suggestions. Because specific gaps are noted in this area of study, future research ideas are suggested.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Body image, acculturation, and substance abuse among boys and girls in the Southwest.

This study explored body image as measured by perceptions of weight and appearance and its impact on adolescent drug use among predominately Mexican American middle school students in the southwest. Outcomes analyzed included lifetime and recent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use and antidrug norms. Disliking one's looks was more of a risk factor for boys, whereas negative weight perceptions were more of a risk factor for girls. Relative to more acculturated (English-dominant) Latinos (N=903), non-Latino Whites (N=121), and other non-Latino youth (N=107), less acculturated (Spanish-dominant) Latino youth (N=212) reported the poorest body image. However, more acculturated Latino youth with poor body image had the greatest risk of substance use. More acculturated Latino boys who disliked their looks reported relatively greater amounts of recent alcohol use, and those who rated their bodies as too thin reported higher lifetime cigarette use, a greater amount and frequency of recent cigarette use, and weaker antidrug norms. More acculturated Latina girls who thought they were too fat reported a greater amount and frequency of recent cigarette use. These findings suggest that low levels of acculturation may protect some Latino youth with poor body image from coping via substance use. In addition, they suggest that poor body image among some Latinos may result less from adoption of American thinness ideals but rather from attitudes and behaviors that devalue the characteristics of Latino appearance.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1995

Partial mastectomy and breast reconstruction. A comparison of their effects on psychosocial adjustment, body image, and sexuality.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study compared psychosocial adjustment, body image, and sexual function in women who had either breast conservation or reconstruction for early stage disease. METHODS: Questionnaires were completed at a mean of 4 years after surgery by 72 women who had partial mastectomy and 146 women who had immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy. RESULTS: In general, fewer than 20% of women reported poor adjustment on the domains measured. The two groups did not differ in overall psychosocial adjustment to illness, body image, or satisfaction with relationships or sexual life. There was a specific advantage of partial mastectomy over breast reconstruction in terms of maintaining pleasure and frequency of breast caressing during sexual activity. Women who had undergone chemotherapy had more sexual dysfunction, poorer body image, and more psychological distress. Hormonal therapy and radiation therapy, however, did not measurably affect quality of life. Factors predictive of greater psychosocial distress included a troubled marriage, a poor body image, sexual dissatisfaction, less education, and treatment with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of local treatment had little psychosexual impact, whereas chemotherapy was associated with long term impairments.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed1979

Body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa during the acute and recuperative phase.

Perception of body size, subjective experience of body image distortions and differentiation of body concept in the human figure drawing were assessed in adolescent anorexia nervosa patients and controls shortly after hospital admission, and again 6 months later during the recuperative phase. Size estimation was not found to be a distinguishing variable, as both groups exhibited overestimation tendencies of comparable magnitude at both time periods. By contrast, experiences denoting estrangement from the body, insensitivity to body sensations, and weakness of body boundaries were more prevalent in anorexics, and persisted at high levels after frank symptoms of weight and eating disorder had subsided. Anorexics were also shown to depict the human figure with less differentiation relative to controls. Within the anorexic sample the presence of vomiting was linked to greater subjective experience of body image distortion, and such phenomena appear to be a more enduring feature in this subgroup. Overall, the results were viewed as lending support to the argument that defects in body image formation render the anorexic vulnerable to their manifest pathology, which is itself activated by maturational conflicts unique to adolescence.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2002

Ideal body image and health status in low-income Pacific Islanders.

UNLABELLED: Purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the relationship between ideal body image and family support in Pacific Islander. The subjects were 120 residences (65 with diabetes and 55 without diabetes) of a housing project in Hawaii. Data were collected by interview using the following questionnaires: The Family Behavior Checklist, the Modified Body Image Questionnaire, the Diabetes Knowledge Scale, and demography. Variables of primary interest included the subjects' ideal body image, serum level of glycosylated hemoglobin, hypertension, family support behaviors, ethnicity, and knowledge of diabetes. Findings indicated that the majority of subjects perceived receiving family support in the diet regimen, but not in the areas of glucose self-monitoring, exercise, or medication. The subjects' knowledge level regarding diabetes scored low. Subjects perceived that families lacked knowledge of diabetes. Metabolic control significantly correlated with present age, sources of health insurance, presence of diabetes, and the feeling of ideal body image according to non-Western culture. Subjects had different standards of ideal body image depending on whether they identified with a Western culture or with a non-Western culture. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of hypertension and diabetes were associated multiple environmental factors (e.g. family support, knowledge of diabetes and number of children per household) as well as cultural value (e.g. ideal body image). Findings provide diabetes educators with information regarding the ideal body image among low-income Pacific Islanders. It implies the importance of assessing the individual's perceptions of ideal body image according to his or her cultural values prior to developing regimens for diabetes or hypertension.

Adolescent↗