SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Butorphanol”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Additional droperidol, not butorphanol, augments epidural fentanyl analgesia following anorectal surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of additional droperidol or butorphanol to epidural fentanyl infusion on postsurgical analgesia. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, single blinded clinical study. SETTING: University-affiliated medical center. PATIENTS: 60 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing anorectal surgery by one surgeon. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly allocated to the following groups according to the medication that was continuously administered into the epidural space: 1) Group C (n = 20) received 0.4 mg fentanyl in 40 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine; 2) Group D (n = 20) received 2.5 mg droperidol and 0.4 mg fentanyl in 40 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine; and 3) Group B (n = 20) received 2 mg butorphanol and 0.4 mg fentanyl in 40 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine over 24 hours postoperatively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULT: Postsurgical analgesia and the incidence of fentanyl-related complications, such as nausea/vomiting, somnolence, pruritus, and respiratory depression, were assessed for 24 hours postoperatively. At 16 and 24 hours after surgery, 75% of patients in Group D reported no pain versus 35% in Group C (p < 0.05). In addition, the overall visual analogue scale examined at 24 hours was significantly lower in Group D than that in Group C (22 +/- 17 mm vs. 44 +/- 22 mm, respectively; p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the incidence of postoperative nausea/vomiting was lower in Group D compared with Group C (20% vs. 60%; p < 0.05). On the other hand, butorphanol did not modify the analgesic effects or complications of epidural fentanyl infusion. CONCLUSION: In this study population, additional droperidol, not butorphanol, improved postsurgical analgesia accompanied by less incidence of nausea/vomiting during epidural fentanyl administration.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗

PubMed1993

The effects of nalbuphine and butorphanol treatment on cocaine and food self-administration by rhesus monkeys.

This study was designed to determine whether opioid mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics other than buprenorphine also selectively reduce cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys. The effects of daily treatment with nalbuphine (0.1 to 3 mg/kg/day) or (0.254 to 7.62 mumol/kg/day), butorphanol (0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg/day) or (0.0209 to 0.628 mumol/kg/day), and saline on cocaine and food self-administration were each studied for 40 sessions over 10 consecutive days. Cocaine (0.05 or 0.10 mg/kg/inj) and food (1-gm banana pellets) self-administration were maintained on a fixed ratio 4 (variable ratio 16:S) schedule of reinforcement. Both nalbuphine and butorphanol reduced cocaine self-administration (p < 0.0001) but this effect was not selective since food self-administration also decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.0001). Nalbuphine administration (1 to 3 mg/kg/day) decreased cocaine injections to 40% to 60% below baseline (p < 0.01) and food pellets 30% to 68% below baseline (p < 0.01). Lower doses of nalbuphine (0.10 and 0.30 mg/kg) did not change cocaine- or food-maintained responding significantly. All doses of butorphanol (0.01 to 0.3 mg/kg/day) reduced cocaine injections to 16% to 58% below baseline (p < 0.01). Food self-administration decreased to 21% to 70% below baseline (p < 0.01) at butorphanol doses of 0.03 to 0.3 mg/kg/day). These data suggest that these opioid mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics may not be useful as pharmacotherapies for the treatment of cocaine abuse.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Analgesic efficacy of intranasal butorphanol (Stadol NS) in the treatment of pain after dental impaction surgery.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of increasing doses of intranasal butorphanol (Stadol NS, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, NY) compared with placebo in controlling moderate to severe pain after removal of bony impacted third molars. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This single-dose, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-response trial compared the efficacy and safety of 4 doses of intranasally administered butorphanol tartrate and placebo in controlling moderate to severe pain after the removal of impacted third molars in 151 patients. The study was conducted at 2 sites. The patients were randomly assigned to receive 1 dose of butorphanol tartrate: 0.25 mg (n = 31), 0.5 mg (n = 29), 1.0 mg (n = 30), 2.0 mg (n = 30), or placebo (n = 31). Medication was administered with a metered-dose spray pump. Patients rated pain intensity (PI), pain relief (PAR), pain half gone (PHG), and adverse events at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours after treatment. At the end of the study period or before rescue medication (ibuprofen, 400 mg, or acetaminophen, 1,000 mg), patients provided an overall assessment (GLOBAL). RESULTS: A linear dose-response regression (P < or = .05) was observed for the means of pain intensity difference (PID), PAR, and PHG at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 hour, and for sum of pain intensity differences (SPID), sum of pain relief (TOTPAR), peak PID and PAR, and GLOBAL evaluation. The 1.0- and 2.0-mg groups experienced greater pain relief compared with placebo (P = .05) during the first hour after drug administration. The 1.0- and 2.0-mg groups had significantly better GLOBAL evaluations than the placebo group, but were not significantly different from placebo for time until remedication (TREMED). Incidence and severity of the most common adverse events were dose-related. Two severe adverse events (drowsiness and dizziness) occurred after the 2.0-mg dose. CONCLUSION: Intranasal butorphanol effectively relieved postsurgical dental pain, with a rapid onset within 15 minutes, and seems to be a promising addition to the current armamentarium of opioid analgesics. As with other opioids, it should be used cautiously in an outpatient setting.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2005

The use of a medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine combination to enable blood sampling in young pigs.

AIM: To determine the suitability of a reversible, injectable anaesthetic combination including medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine to produce the degree of immobilisation required to allow blood sampling in young pigs. METHODS: Twenty 6-week-old crossbred, intact male pigs were sedated with an intramuscular (I/M) injection of 80 microg/kg medetomidine, 200 microg/kg butorphanol and 25 microg/kg atropine. Heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperatures were monitored. Excessive salivation, gagging, laryngeal reflex, presence of pedal reflex and deep and surface analgesia were noted. Time of injection and the time when pigs reached mild and full sedation were also recorded. RESULTS: Mild sedation was produced in 90% of pigs after 5.6 (SEM 0.96) min (n = 18; median 5, range 2-16 min), and full sedation (lateral recumbency and loss of jaw tone) in 60% of pigs after 12.5 (SEM 2.14) min (n = 12; median 10, range 5-28 min). The depth and duration of sedation were very variable and most animals were easily aroused. Ninety percent of the animals required the administration of halothane by mask to allow blood sampling, but the amount of halothane required was small. Heart and respiratory rates decreased (p < 0.001) but remained within the normal range. Rectal temperature was above normal at the time of sedation and at the time of blood sampling when the ambient temperature was 29 degrees C but not when the ambient temperature was reduced to 25 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine at these doses produced sedation of variable depth and duration that was insufficient on its own to allow blood sampling in the majority of pigs. Hyperthermia can occur in temperature-controlled environments when using medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine in pigs. Reduction of stress and a quieter environment may improve the effects of the anaesthetic combination.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed2005

Increases in [(3)H]-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor binding and mRNA expression of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor A (GluR-A) subunits in rats withdrawn from butorphanol.

An autoradiographic study of [(3)H]-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid(AMPA) receptor binding and an assessment of in situ hybridization of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor A (GluR-A) subunits in the rat brain were performed 7 h after withdrawal from butorphanol infusion. Animals were rendered dependent by intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of butorphanol (26 nmol/microl/h) via osmotic minipumps for 3 d. Brain sections for binding of [(3)H]AMPA were incubated with 15 nM [(3)H]AMPA. The probes for in situ hybridization were labeled at its 3 cent end using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and [(35)S]dATP. The highest degree of [(3)H]AMPA binding was shown in the hippocampus. The extent of [(3)H]AMPA binding was increased significantly in each of the brain areas examined, cortex, septum, caudate putamen, and hippocampus of rats, following withdrawal from butorphanol. The highest level of mRNA for GluR-A receptor for flop and flip subunits, was found in the dentate gyrus and in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. The amounts of mRNA for the flop form of GluR-A receptor were significantly increased in the cortex, caudate putamen, thalamus, and dentate gyrus of hippocampus of rat brain. The amounts of mRNA for the flip form of GluR-A receptor were markedly elevated in the cortex, thalamus, caudate putamen, and hippocampus. These findings suggest that increases in expression of mRNA for the GluR-A receptor and in the binding of AMPA to its receptor may play an important role during withdrawal from butorphanol dependence.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed1991

Comparison of the sedative effects of butorphanol and midazolam.

Although kappa opioid agonists and certain agonist-antagonists are known to be sedating, this effect has not been well characterized in a drug-naive population. We compared the sedative properties of intravenous butorphanol with those of midazolam or the combination in 126 healthy preoperative patients. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of nine treatments in a double-blind fashion: 7.1, 22.5, or 71.4 micrograms/kg butorphanol; 4.3, 13.6, or 42.9 micrograms/kg midazolam; or 3.6 + 2.2, 11.3 + 6.8, or 35.7 + 21.5 micrograms/kg butorphanol and midazolam in combination. Eight visual analogue scales (VAS) were completed by the subject and an observer. The subject then performed two psychomotor tests (the Trieger dot test and the Halstead trail-making test) and was shown two playing cards in order to assess memory. The test drug was administered, and 5 min later the evaluations were repeated and two more cards were shown. On the following day the subjects were asked to recall the names of the playing cards. Butorphanol, midazolam, and their combination produced dose-related changes in VAS scores that were significant and qualitatively similar: subjects became sleepy, less nervous, weak, and less clear-thinking. There was no significant euphoria or dysphoria. The sedative and depressant effects on respiratory rate of the high-dose combination were significantly greater than those predicted by simple additivity: 14 of 14 subjects receiving the high dose of the butorphanol/midazolam combination had lid droop and marked sedation, and 2 of 14 subjects had respiratory rates of less than 4 breaths per min. All three drug treatments caused significant, dose-dependent impairment of psychomotor function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Behavioral and histopathologic effects following intrathecal administration of butorphanol, sufentanil, and nalbuphine in sheep.

A large number of opioids and nonopioids have been administered epidurally and intrathecally in the hope of providing segmental analgesia without serious adverse effects. However, neurotoxicity data are generally unavailable for many of these drugs. The present study evaluated the behavioral, motor, electroencephalographic, and histopathologic changes following intrathecal injection of large and small doses of butorphanol, sufentanil, and nalbuphine in sheep. Thirty-two sheep (20-32 kg) were anesthetized and catheters placed intrathecally after hemilaminectomy. The large doses of butorphanol, sufentanil and nalbuphine were 0.375 mg/kg (4.4-5.2 ml), 7.5 micrograms/kg (3.6-4.8 ml) and 0.75 mg/kg (1.5-2.4 ml), and the small doses were 0.075 mg/kg (0.9-1.1 ml), 1.5 micrograms/kg (0.7-0.9 ml) and 0.15 mg/kg (0.38-0.5 ml), respectively. The opioids were administered intrathecally every 6 h for 3 days and the above-mentioned parameters studied. Five sheep received intrathecal saline (1.1 or 5.2 ml) and served as controls. Histopathologic changes were evaluated by a neuropathologist blinded to the study protocol. Irrespective of dose, intrathecal injection of butorphanol was associated with severe behavioral responses such as agitation, rigidity, vocalization, and restlessness, as well as prolonged or irreversible hindlimb paralysis. Electroencephalography showed increased cortical activity or seizure activity. One sheep died because of severe respiratory depression that did not respond to naloxone. Spinal cord histologic changes consisted of suppurative meningitis and myelitis as well as neuronal changes such as spongiosis and chromatolysis. Large doses of intrathecal sufentanil were associated with similar though somewhat less severe responses. The behavioral and motor changes following the small dose of intrathecal sufentanil were of mild to moderate nature. Following intrathecal nalbuphine, the above-mentioned changes were similar to those seen in control animals. We conclude that butorphanol in doses of 0.075 and 0.375 mg/kg intrathecally and sufentanil 7.5 micrograms/kg intrathecally are neurotoxic in sheep.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Does epidural administration of butorphanol offer any clinical advantage over the intravenous route? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

The differential effects of intravenous versus epidural administration of short-acting, lipid-soluble opioids is controversial. This study was undertaken to compare these two routes of administration using the mixed agonist-antagonist opioid, butorphanol. Forty-five women undergoing elective cesarean delivery at term under epidural lidocaine anesthesia were randomized to receive a single bolus of either epidural or intravenous butorphanol 2 mg or saline control for postoperative analgesia. At precisely 60 min after the last dose of epidural local anesthetic, all patients received a simultaneous epidural and intravenous injection in a randomized, double-blinded fashion. The intravenous group received butorphanol intravenous and saline epidurally; the epidural group received saline intravenous and butorphanol epidurally; and a control group received saline via both routes. When additional analgesia was requested, all patients received patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with intravenous morphine (2-mg demand dose, 7-min lockout interval). Analgesia was quantitated using a visual analogue scale and subsequent PCA morphine requirements. The interval from study drug injection until first request for PCA use was equivalent for the intravenous and epidural groups (89 +/- 9 and 83 +/- 8 min, respectively) and significantly longer than in control group (39 +/- 4 min, P less than 0.001, intravenous and epidural vs. control). Analgesia was equivalent in the intravenous and epidural groups at all observation points, and pain scores were significantly lower than control for the first 120 min after study drug injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dose effects of morphine and butorphanol alone and in combination after burn injury in the rat.

To test the effectiveness of analgesics after thermal trauma, butorphanol, a predominately opioid kappa-receptor agonist, and morphine, a mu-agonist, were administered alone and in combination 2 days after rats were subjected to scald burn or sham burn. After graded doses of morphine were administered, analgesia, assessed by tail flick latency and tail pinch latency, was similar in the sham-burn and scald-burn rats. With butorphanol alone analgesic effects were greater in the scald-burn than the sham-burn rats. When graded doses of butorphanol were given with a fixed dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg), the tail pinch latency response was less in scald-burn rats and markedly less in sham-burn rats. The tail flick latency responses, however, moved in opposite directions in sham-burn and scald-burn rats receiving the drug combination: in sham-burn rats, tail flick latency effects were the same as with butorphanol alone; whereas in scald-burn rats, tail flick latency increases were suppressed except at the lowest dose.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed1986

Postoperative pain relief: a double-blind comparison of dezocine, butorphanol, and placebo.

The safety and efficacy of single intramuscular doses of dezocine (10 or 15 mg) were compared with butorphanol (2 mg) and placebo in 157 patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain. A verbal pain intensity scale, an analog pain intensity scale, and a verbal pain relief scale were used to record the patients' subjective assessments. The results of this study indicate that a single 10 or 15 mg intramuscular injection of dezocine is safe and more effective than placebo for four to six hours, respectively, in the treatment of moderate to severe postoperative pain (P less than .05). During the first hour of treatment the pain relief afforded by 2 mg of butorphanol was significantly greater than that afforded by 10 mg of dezocine (P less than .05), but both doses of dezocine provided long-lasting relief. The scores on all three efficacy scales were highest with the 15 mg dose of dezocine after the first hour, while the 10 mg dose of dezocine and butorphanol were compared during this period. Nausea and vomiting were the most commonly reported side effects; injection site reactions were reported more frequently in the butorphanol group.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1995

Transnasal butorphanol for postoperative analgesia following paediatric surgery in a Third World country.

The authors present their experience with transnasal butorphanol to provide analgesia following orthopaedic and plastic surgical procedures in children. Transnasal butorphanol was administered to eight patients ranging in age from eight to 17 years and in weight from 34 to 64 kg. Following the surgical procedure, the patient and a parent were instructed on how to use the medication. They were instructed to administer one spray into one nostril every three h as needed for pain. The quality of analgesia was assessed twice a day using a visual analogue score of 0 to 10 (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable). Intranasal butorphanol provided adequate analgesia in all eight patients with visual analogue scores of zero to two. Adverse effects from the medication included one report of nausea, one complaint of transient dizziness, and two reports of a bitter taste and some mild throat irritation. None of these was severe enough to preclude its subsequent use. Our preliminary experience suggests that transnasal butorphanol may offer an alternative route of delivery when intravenous administration is not feasible. Future studies are needed to compare its efficacy to intravenous and non-parenteral routes of administration. It may prove to be useful in other situations when intravenous access is lacking such as prior to invasive procedures in the outpatient clinic or emergency room.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed2004

Comparison of preoperative carprofen and postoperative butorphanol as postsurgical analgesics in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare carprofen to butorphanol, with regard to postsurgical analgesic effects, duration of analgesia, and adverse side effects. STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, randomized clinical study. ANIMALS: Seventy-one cats, 0.5-5 years of age, weighing 3.24 +/- 0.61 kg, undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE). METHODS: Cats were premedicated with subcutaneous atropine (0.04 mg kg(-1)), acepromazine (0.02 mg kg(-1)), and ketamine (5 mg kg(-1)). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine (5 mg kg(-1)) and diazepam (0.25 mg kg(-1)) given intravenously, and maintained with isoflurane. There were three treatment groups: group C (4 mg kg(-1) carprofen SC at induction), group B (0.4 mg kg(-1) butorphanol SC at end of surgery), and group S (0.08 mL kg(-1) of sterile saline SC at induction and end of surgery). Behavioral data were collected using a composite pain scale (CPS), prior to surgery (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours post-surgery. Interaction scores were analyzed separately. Cats with CPS scores >12 received rescue analgesia (meperidine, 4 mg kg(-1), intramuscular). RESULTS: Sixty cats completed the study. The CPS scores did not differ significantly between groups C and B at any time period. CPS scores for groups B and C were significantly increased for 12 hours post-surgery, and in group S for 20 hours. Both group C and B CPS scores were significantly lower than group S in this 20-hour postoperative period, except at 4 hours (B and C) and at 3 and 8 hours (B alone). Interaction scores for group C returned to preoperative baseline 4 hours after surgery, while both groups B and S remained increased for at least 24 hours post-surgery. Nine cats required meperidine. CONCLUSION: In this study, carprofen provided better postsurgical analgesia than butorphanol. Clinical relevance Neither drug completely abolished pain, however preoperative carprofen provided better pain control compared with postoperative butorphanol in the 24-hour period following OHE surgery in cats.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed1995

Transnasal butorphanol in the treatment of acute migraine.

We studied transnasal butorphanol (Stadol NS) for pain relief during acute migraine in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial using ambulatory patients at 10 geographically diverse headache centers. Patients were volunteer adults diagnosed with migraine with or without aura by International Headache Society criteria. One hundred fifty-seven patients completed the study. We treated the pain of one headache in each patient with either transnasal butorphanol (n = 107) or transnasal placebo (n = 50). Pain relief, pain intensity, nausea, vomiting, and effect on function were measured periodically. Adverse experiences were documented. Global assessments were made at follow-up. With butorphanol, migraine pain was reduced from moderate, severe, or incapacitating to slight or absent for 35 patients (33%) within 30 minutes, for 50 patients (47%) within 1 hour, and for 76 (71%) within 6 hours, compared to 2 (4%), 8 (16%) and 15 (30%) respectively for placebo. Side effects were prominent, though confounded by the migraine. The most common side effects, compared to placebo, were dizziness (58% vs 4%), nausea and/or vomiting (38% vs 18%), and drowsiness (29% vs 0%). We conclude that transnasal butorphanol is a useful analgesic for the pain of acute migraine. Its prominent side effects and low self reinforcement rate may limit its usefulness in some patients, while increasing its appropriateness for others.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detomidine-butorphanol-propofol for carotid artery translocation and castration or ovariectomy in goats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of propofol, after detomidine-butorphanol premedication, for induction and anesthetic maintenance for carotid artery translocation and castration or ovariectomy in goats. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: Nine 4-month-old Spanish goats (17.1 +/- 2.6 kg) were used to evaluate propofol anesthesia for carotid artery translocation and castration or ovariectomy. METHODS: Goats were premedicated with detomidine (10 micrograms/kg intramuscularly [i.m.]) and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg i.m.) and induced with an initial bolus of propofol (3 to 4 mg/kg intravenously [i.v.]). If necessary for intubation, additional propofol was given in 5-mg (i.v.) increments. Propofol infusion (0.3 mg/kg/min i.v.) was used to maintain anesthesia, and oxygen was insufflated (5 L/min). The infusion rate was adjusted to maintain an acceptable anesthetic plane as determined by movement, muscle relaxation, ocular signs, response to surgery, and cardiopulmonary responses. Systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures, heart rate (HR), ECG, respiratory rate (RR), SpO2, and rectal temperature (T) were recorded every 5 minutes postinduction; arterial blood gas samples were collected every 15 minutes. Normally distributed data are represented as mean +/- SD; other data are medians (range). RESULTS: Propofol (4.3 +/- 0.9 mg/kg/min i.v.) produced smooth, rapid (15.2 +/- 6 sec) sternal recumbency. Propofol infusion (0.52 +/- 0.11 mg/kg/min i.v.) maintained anesthesia. Mean anesthesia time was 83 +/- 15 minutes. Muscle relaxation was good; eye signs indicated surgical anesthesia; two goats moved before surgery began; one goat moved twice during laparotomy. Means are reported over the course of the data collection period. Means during the anesthesia for pHa (arterial PH), PaCO2, PaO2, HCO3-, and BE (base excess) ranged from 7.233 +/- 0.067 to 7.319 +/- 0.026, 54.1 +/- 4.6 to 65.3 +/- 12.0 mm Hg, 133.1 +/- 45.4 to 183.8 +/- 75.1 mm Hg, 26.9 +/- 2.6 to 28.2 +/- 2.1 mEq/L, and -0.8 +/- 2.9 to 1.4 +/- 2.2 mEq/L. Means over time for MAP were 53 +/- 12 to 85 +/- 21 mm Hg. Mean HR varied over time from 81 +/- 6 to 91 +/- 11 beats/minute; mean RR, from 9 +/- 8 to 15 +/- 5 breaths/minute; SpO2 from 97 +/- 3% to 98 +/- 3%; mean T, from 36.0 +/- 0.6 degrees C to 39.1 +/- 0.7 degrees C. Over time, SpO2 and SaO2 did not change significantly; HR, RR, T, and PaCO2 decreased significantly; SAP, DAP, MAP, pHa, PaO2, and BE increased significantly. HCO3- concentrations increased significantly, peaking at 45 minutes. Recoveries were smooth and rapid; the time from the end of propofol infusion to extubation was 7.3 +/- 3 minutes, to sternal was 9.2 +/- 5 minutes, and to standing was 17.7 +/- 4 minutes. Median number of attempts to stand was two (range of one to four). Postoperative pain was mild to moderate. CONCLUSIONS: Detomidine-butorphanol-propofol provided good anesthesia for carotid artery translocation and neutering in goats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Detomidine-butorphanol-propofol anesthesia with oxygen insufflation may be safely used for surgical intervention in healthy goats.

Analgesics↗

PubMed2006

Clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam for canine hip radiography.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the usefulness of dexmedetomidine for restraint and sedation during hip radiographic examination of hip-extended or stress-radiography views when combined with either buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-seven client-owned clinically healthy golden retrievers or rottweilers were enrolled in a clinical trial that compared hip-extended and PennHIP methods for diagnosing hip dysplasia and were randomly allocated to receive dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in combination with buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam. Subjective assessments were made for response to pain, response to noise, palpebral reflex, muscle tone and overall quality of sedation; non-invasive physiological variables were also recorded. RESULTS: Overall quality of sedation was graded as good or excellent for dogs administered with a combination of butorphanol or diazepam. However, more dogs that received a combination involving buprenorphine had overall a relatively poorer quality of sedation and required additional administration of buprenorphine before the radiographic procedure could commence. Once sedated, clinically sufficient muscle relaxation accompanied by a very low proportion of dogs responding to pain or noise stimuli were observed in all treatment groups. Heart and respiratory rate, and procedure and recovery times were similar for all treatment groups, and no adverse events were observed during the study. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dexmedetomidine sedative protocols, particularly in combination with butorphanol and diazepam, can be used effectively and safely in dogs for radiographic procedures.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Effect of butorphanol on equine antroduodenal motility.

Six healthy six to eight-month-old horses were surgically prepared with Ag bipolar electrodes sutured to the gastric antrum and duodenum. Leads from the electrodes were exteriorised through a stab incision in the flank. During experimental sessions the horses were lightly restrained in stocks and electrode leads were connected to a physiograph to record antroduodenal myoelectrical activity. Intravenous (i.v.) injection of 0.05 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) of the opioid agonist/antagonist, butorphanol was followed within 2 to 3 mins by a normal appearing period of repetitive spike activity, or phase III, of the migrating motor complex (MMC) on the duodenum. This was followed by a period of no spike activity, or phase I, of the MMC and then resumption of intermittent spike activity, or phase II, of normal duration. Pre-treatment with 15 micrograms/kg bwt of the non-selective opioid antagonist, naloxone, or with 1 mg/kg bwt of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, tolazoline, did not block the myoelectrical response to butorphanol. It was concluded that a dose of butorphanol that has effective analgesic effects in a colicky horse resets the antroduodenal MMC without causing undesirable effects on antroduodenal motility. This particular effect of butorphanol might not be mediated by either a2-adrenergic or opioid receptors, although the latter question needs further investigation.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗

PubMed1990

Effect of low-dose butorphanol on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponies.

Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for halothane was measured before and after administration of intravenous butorphanol (0.022 and 0.044 mg/kg in bodyweight in nine yearling Shetland ponies. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, expired CO2 and rectal temperature was also measured. Even though mean MAC values decreased 10 and 9 per cent after the low and high doses respectively, they were not statistically different from those measured prior to butorphanol. Halothane MAC values increased after butorphanol in two ponies, both animals increasing locomotor activity and demonstrating apparent central nervous system stimulation. No significant differences were seen in any variable measured after butorphanol administration.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1979

Double-blind comparison of maternal analgesia and neonatal neurobehaviour following intravenous butorphanol and meperidine.

Butorphanol (1 mg and 2 mg) and meperidine (40 mg and 80 mg), given intravenously, were evaluated for analgesic efficacy and safety in a double-blind randomized study employing 200 consenting pre-partum patients in moderate to severe pain during the late first stage of labour. Both drugs provided adequate relief of pain to the mothers. There was no significant difference in the rate of cervical dilation, the foetal heart rate, the Apgar score, pain relief or neonatal neurobehavioural scores betweeen those receiving butorphanol and those receiving meperidine. Twenty-two mothers who received butorphanol and eleven who received meperidine nursed their infants with no adverse effects observed. Side-effects were generally infrequent in this study; however, more side-effects were reported by the patients and observed by the investigator in the meperidine-treated cases (13%) than in the cases treated with butorphanol (2%).

Adult↗