[Thyroid gland function in the climacteric].
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A study of 294 patients with psychogenic disorders appearing in the elderly, detected certain traits in the psychopathology and development of these disorders, depending upon their manifestation in the presenium or in senescence. Psychogenic diseases with an onset in senescence differed from those appearing in the involutional period by a more sluggish onset, monotonous, fragmentary, obliviated symptoms and a more favourable development. The differences in the symptomatology and development of psychogenic disorders corresponded to peculiar changes in the age basis of the mentioned periods of life.
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A relatively low blood concentration of testosterone in the older man may have adverse effects on atherosclerosis, and explain the higher incidence of coronary heart disease in the male.
The activity of androgen receptor (AR) is modulated by a polymorphic CAG trinucleotide repeat in the AR gene. In the present study, we investigated hormonal changes among ageing men, and whether the number of AR CAG triplets is related to the appearance of these changes, as well as symptoms and diseases associated with ageing. A total of 213 41-70-year-old men donated blood for hormone analyses (LH, testosterone, oestradiol and SHBG) and answered questions concerning diseases and symptoms associated with ageing and/or androgen deficiency. Of these men, 172 donated blood for the measurement of the CAG repeat length of AR. The CAG repeat region of the AR gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the products were sized on polyacrylamide gels. The repeat number was analysed as a dichotomized variable divided according to cut-off limits of the lowest (< or =20 repeats) and the highest quartile (> or =23 repeats), and as a continuous variable. The proportion of men with serum LH in the uppermost quartile (>6.0 IU/L) with normal serum testosterone (>9.8 nmol/L, above the lowest 10%) increased significantly with age (p = 0.01). There were fewer men with this hormonal condition among those with CAG repeat number in the uppermost quartile (> or =23 repeats) (p = 0.03). These men also reported less decreased potency (p < 0.05). The repeat number was positively correlated with depression, as expressed by the wish to be dead (r = 0.45; p < 0.0001), depressed mood (r = 0.23; p = 0.003), anxiety (r = 0.15; p < 0.05), deterioration of general well-being (r = 0.22; p = 0.004), as well as decreased beard growth (r = 0.49; p < 0.0001). A hormonal condition where serum testosterone is normal but LH increased is a frequent finding in male ageing. Only certain types of age-related changes in ageing men were associated with the length of the AR gene CAG repeat, suggesting that this parameter may play a role in setting different thresholds for the array of androgen actions in the male.
This review summarizes major biological aspects of andrology of andropause, deficiency in androgens/growth hormones, and molecular parameters; erectile dysfunction (ED), the use of malleable, mechanical, inflatable devices as well as the application of Viagra (Sildenafil), alprotadil (Caverject), Yohimbine, and other drugs not yet approved by FDA, such as Papaverine, phentolamine (Vasomax), and apormorphine (Uprima); osteopenia/osteoporosis: testosterone/osteoporesis; supplementation during andropause: administration of andiogens, possible risk factors of androgens, calcium supplement and muscle mass; prostate pathophysiology: consequences of prostatectomy, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hormone-dependent cancers; bladder and urethral dysfunction: neurological parameter, urodynamics technology; models on aging in male animals: comparative physiology of prostate of laboratory animals/farm animals; future research: functional anatomy of male reproductive organs, pharmacokinetics of osteoporosis, endocrinology/neuroendocrinology/chromosome anomalies supplementation during andropause, experimental animal models and future multicenter multidisciplinary research.