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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Gender, academic achievement, and preferences for cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning among African-American adolescents.

In this study, we investigated the relationships among gender, academic achievement, and student preferences for cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning in a sample of 136 African-American adolescents enrolled in sixth and seventh grades in a school in Georgia. We used the Learning Preference Scale for Students (LPSS; Barnes, Owens, & Straton, 1978) to measure cooperative, competitive, and individualistic preferences. Three two-way ANOVAs (Gender x Academic Achievement) were conducted, in which the three learning preferences were the dependent variables. Gender had a significant effect on the preference for cooperative learning, with girls reporting a higher preference for this method than boys did. For the other two learning preferences, no significant gender differences were found. Academic achievement did not correlate significantly with any of the three learning preferences. A two-way interaction between gender and academic achievement was observed for competitive learning preferences. Girls' preferences for competition increased as academic achievement increased; boys' preferences for competition decreased as academic achievement increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Stress factors in the development of coronary artery disease.

The epidemiologic evidence that stress contributes to cardiovascular disease is reviewed. No one characterization of stress has been associated with all manifestations of cardiovascular disease, yet specific characterizations have been associated with particular manifestations of disease. Type A behavior pattern is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and is correlated with the severity and progression of atherosclerosis demonstrated angiographically. Work overload with job dissatisfaction also predisposes to CAD. Socioeconomic disadvantage in a society of urbanization and industrialization increases the risk of hypertension and CAD, while chronic states of anxiety, depression, and helplessness are associated with angina and sudden death. Traumatic life events, especially involving loss of or threat to self-esteem, may precipitate sudden death in patients with preexisting CAD. There is evidence that the mechanism linking the experience of stress and the development of acute coronary events is exposure to sympathetic hyperarousal and a deficit in soothing. Research is needed to determine if work environments can be designed to minimize hyperarousal and provide protective outlets for individuals experiencing such arousal.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Agonistic behaviour and dominance in stoats (Mustela erminea L.).

Behavioural mechanisms underlying distribution in a stoat (Mustela erminea) population were examined experimentally in an enclosure simulating natural habitats with living prey. Agonistic behaviours, displayed by individual stoats of different sex and age while being tested in pairs in various combinations were recorded. Dominance relationships between different categories of stoats (femalefemale, adult and juvenile male male) were examined, as was social dominance between individual stoats of the same sex. In further experiments designed to examine the influence of establishment on the social dominance, the behaviour of established introduced animals was observed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

Selective sensitivity of schedule-induced activity to an operant suppression contingency.

The sensitivity of pigeons' schedule-induced activity to operant consequences was studied in two experiments. During a 30-s interval between food presentations, a keylight stimulus brightened incrementally. Stable terminal key pecking and interim locomotor activity developed. An operant "setback" contingency was applied to activity. The contingency arranged for locomotor movements (detected by a nine-panel floorboard) to be followed by a resetting of the keylight brightness to a dimmer value and a 1-s delay of reinforcement (for individual responses). Experiment 1 showed that activity patterns were highly sensitive to their operant consequences. Accompanying key-peck rates were only transiently affected. In Experiment 2, the setback contingency was imposed during restricted portions of the trial, and differential operant control of activity was demonstrated. However, birds in this study produced higher rates of key pecking as activity rates were reduced. These results suggest that although schedule-induced activity arises in response to the temporal arrangement of stimulus events, this behavior may retain considerable sensitivity to response-consequence relations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the intragroup behavior of rhesus macaques and hamadryas baboons during the realization of food motivation in a competitive situation].

The aim of the present work is to consider the specific interrelations in "family" units of macaques (Macaca mulatta) and baboons (Papio hamadryas) during food-getting reactions in competitive conditions. Detailed analysis of dyadic interactions revealed that competing partners demonstrate more various types of behaviour tactics at the initial stage of learning. At the final one, only males of both investigated species performed instrumental reactions and received the food reward. All females demonstrated much more vocal reactions in comparison with males. Thus the variety of competing interactions between heterosexual partners, learning and possibility to realize its motivation correspond ro novelty of experimental situation and degree of intraspecies social subordination.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Effects of cingulate cortex lesions on emotional behavior and delayed responses in cats.

Bilateral thermocoagulation of the cingulate gyri produced an abolishment of fear reactions concomitantly with an exaggerated aggressiveness and a drastic impairment of delayed responses. The changes in emotionality subsided after several months but there was no recovery, even after prolonged post-operative training, of the dalayed responses with a 5 min delay. Only partial improvement of the responses with shorter delays (10 sec and 1 min) was observed. This memory deficit is discussed in terms of disruption of neuronal limbic circuits necessary for maintaining the impulse reverberation.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

A longitudinal study of the attitudes of the medical profession towards competition and advertising.

AIMS: To measure changes in the attitudes of medical practitioners toward the move from a collegial to a more competitive orientation of the medical profession and, in particular, toward the role of advertising. METHOD: In the years 1985, 1988 and 1994, self-completion questionnaires were mailed to samples of medical practitioners. The questionnaires for each year were identical, containing forty Likert scales with questions relating to advertising, competition and commercial behaviour. Similar data were also gathered from members of the dental, veterinary, legal and accounting professions. RESULTS: Over the three studies there has been an undramatic but steady movement towards acceptance of a competitive orientation in general and towards acceptance of informative advertising in particular. There remains substantial reservation towards the use of persuasive advertising. Although patients are viewed as being more demanding than in past times, practitioners still expect their relationships with patients to be long lasting. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that acceptance of the move towards a more competitively oriented profession will continue. The results also suggest that in view of the kinds of advertising that are now used by medical practices, and of the change in attitudes that has occurred, control of advertising might cease to be a concern to the profession.

Advertising↗
PubMed1989

How do people choose their doctor?

The white paper Working for Patients assumes that patients choose general practitioners on the basis of the service that they provide and that increased competition among doctors will raise standards. To investigate these assumptions a postal questionnaire survey was carried out of 447 people who had recently registered with a new general practitioner. The results disclosed a remarkable lack of consumerist behaviour. Most people registered with their nearest doctor, and many did not register until they were already ill. Many people knew nothing about their new practice but seemed unworried by this and showed little inclination to seek information. These findings suggest that competition among general practitioners is unlikely in itself to raise standards of care.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1993

Behavioral pharmacology of NPC 17742, a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist.

The behavioral effects of the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist 2R,4R,5S-2-amino-4,5-(1,2-cyclohexyl)-7-phosphonoheptanoate (NPC 17742) were compared with those of its parent compound, 2-amino-4,5-(1,2-cyclohexyl)-7-phosphonoheptanoate (NPC 12626), and other reference agents in a variety of operant-based tasks in rodents. In mice trained to lever press under a fixed-ratio (FR) 20 reinforcement schedule, NPC 17742 was 6.2 times more potent than NPC 12626 and equipotent with the competitive NMDA antagonist [E]-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-penteneoic acid (CGP 37849) in reducing rates of responding. NPC 17742 was also 3.5 and 4.5 times more potent than [+-]cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylate (CGS 19755) and [+-] 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonate (CPP), respectively, and half as potent as 3SR, 4aRS, 6SR, 8aRS-6-(phosphonomethyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a- decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylate (LY 274614) in this paradigm. In rats trained to discriminate 4.0 mg/kg NPC 17742 from saline, NPC 17742 was 5.7 times more potent than NPC 12626 in substituting for NPC 17742. CGS 19755 also substituted for NPC 17742, but a maximum of only 50% NPC 17742 lever responding was observed after LY 274614 administration. In rats trained to lever press in a modified Geller-Seifter procedure, NPC 17742 and NPC 12626, like the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide, increased rates of punished responding. Neither tolerance nor sensitization to the anti-punishment effects were observed upon administration of NPC 17742 for 5 consecutive days. The results are consistent with NPC 17742 being a potent, systemically active compound whose behavioral effects are mediated through interaction with the NMDA receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗