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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Oestrogens and endometrial cancer: a point of view.

The medical profession has been disturbed and bewildered by a number of recent communications which discussed a possible relationship between contraceptive sequential therapy and the incidence of endometrial cancer and between the postmenopausal application of conjugated oestrogens and endometrial carcinoma. An analysis of these reports is made critically and in detail and supplemented with observations on the risk of carcinoma of the breast. The practical aspects are delineated and a precise guide to postmenopausal oestrogen therapy presented.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1981

Serum bile acids and lipids during treatment of climacteric symptoms with natural oestrogen--progestin combinations.

Climacteric symptoms of 21 women were treated for 6 mth with sequential combination preparations containing natural oestrogen (oestradiol and oestriol) and norethisterone acetate as progestin. There were no significant changes during the treatment period in the serum alanine aminotransferase activity or concentrations of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, cholic acid and deoxycholic acid. The concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid was, however, significantly decreased after 6 mth treatment. It thus appears that the above natural oestrogen--progestin combinations do not have adverse effects on hepatic function and lipid metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Recent progress in epidemiologic research of uterine cancer].

Although the mortality and incidence of cervical cancer have been decreasing, those of uterine-body, or endometrial, cancer have been increasing. The proportion of endometrial cancer was reported to have become 33.6% of primary uterine cancers in 1995. Infection with certain types of human papilloma virus (HPV) is considered to be etiologically important for the occurrence of cervical cancer. Because HPV is sexually transmitted, some risk factors for cervical cancer are associated with certain kinds of sexual behavior such as a young age at first intercourse, multiple partners, and infrequent use of barrier-type contraceptives such as condoms. Frequent conceptions and deliveries and histories of sexually transmitted diseases like infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 or chlamydia also have been suggested to be associated with the risk of cervical cancer. Smoking habits and infrequent intake of vegetables and fruits may be related to the increased risk of cervical cancer by supporting persistent infection of HPV through impaired immunological function. Although host factors such as a variant of a tumor suppressor gene like p53 have been assessed in terms of the risk of cervical cancer, these are not yet clearly elucidated. Estrogen stimulation of the endometrium unopposed by progesterone stimulation, namely, unopposed estrogen stimulation, is thought to be involved in the etiology of endometrial cancer. Frequent intake of animal fat, obesity or being overweight, infertility, and histories of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and polycystic ovary syndrome have been reported to be risk factors for endometrial cancer, and they are thought to increase unopposed estrogen stimulation. Estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal symptoms, tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer, and taking sequential-type oral contraceptives have been shown to be exogenous risk factors for endometrial cancer in that they increase unopposed estrogen stimulation to endometrium.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Liver function studies under the effect of 4 sequential hormonal contraceptives].

During the first cycle of treatment the influence of four forms of sequence therapy with mestranol and ethinyl estradiol as estrogen and the two gestagens chlormadinone acetate and norethisteron acetate in women at fertile age was examined for the aminotransferases (GOT and GPT), the activity of alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase, for the cholesterol, total bilirubin and total protein content of the serum and for the half-life period of indocyanine green. Under the application of mestranol/chlormadinon acetate an estrogen-induced increase of the activity of the alanine aminotransferase (GPT) from 6.38 units/l to 12.14 units/l may be established, after addition of the gestagen chlormadinon acetate a decrease to 5.34 units/l was to be established. Under the sequence therapy with mestranol/norethisteron acetate only an increase of the alpha1-globulin proportion was to be ascertained. All the other changes of the tested parameters including the half-life period of indocyanine green were not essential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Contraceptive and therapeutic effectiveness of two low-dose ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate regimens in the treatment of hirsute patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of two very low-dose ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate regimens in the treatment of hirsutism. PATIENTS: Eighteen hirsute women were randomized into two different regimens of cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol in a reverse sequential pattern: group 1 (0.28 mg ethinylestradiol monthly), group 2 (0.32 mg ethinylestradiol monthly). Both groups received 12.5 mg/day cyproterone acetate for the first 10 days of treatment each month. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hirsutism scores were measured according to the Ferriman and Gallwey scoring system and side-effects and complications were recorded during the 6 months of therapy. Ovulation was monitored by radioimmunoassay of estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone levels. The pituitary response was studied using a gonadotropin releasing hormone test. RESULTS: Hirsutism scores decreased significantly in both groups at the end of the 6 months (-30%). All patients were anovulatory, as documented by the reduction of the LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone levels. Pretreatment basal LH and FSH levels were higher than LH and FSH levels during the treatment. Side-effects were observed only occasionally with some differences between the two therapeutic regiments. CONCLUSION: Both treatments greatly improve hirsutism, reduce clinical problems and side-effects, guarantee both anovulation and contraceptive effectiveness and afford an optimal control of the menstrual cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Cross-over comparison of the pharmacokinetics of estradiol during hormone replacement therapy with estradiol valerate or micronized estradiol].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this randomized cross-over study was the comparison between a sequential 28-day hormone replacement therapy (HRT) using micronized estradiol and a cyclic 21-day HRT using estradiol valerate with regard to the pharmacokinetics of estradiol. - MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to be treated either with Trisequens(R) for 28 days or with Sisare(R) for 21 days. After a wash-out cycle, the women were treated for one cycle with the other preparation in a cross-over fashion. The pharmacokinetic profile of the serum concentrations of estradiol was measured on day 1, 21 and 28 each immediately before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours after intake of a tablet, and the AUC (area under the curve) was calculated. - RESULTS: The serum concentrations of estradiol increased from a mean of 10 pg/ml up to 40 pg/ml (Trisequens(R)) and 30 pg/ml (Sisare(R)) on day 1, and to 80 pg/ml (Trisequens(R)) and 60 pg/ml (Sisare(R)) on day 21, and declined to 40 pg/ml (Trisequens(R)) and 10 pg/ml (Sisare(R)) on day 28. The AUC as calculated from both treatment cycles, was significantly higher on day 1, 21, and 28 during treatment with Trisequens(R) than with Sisare(R). This difference was, however, not signifcant on day 1 and 21 of the first treatment cycle. - CONCLUSION: During treatment with 2 mg micronized estradiol the serum concentrations are significantly higher than with 2 mg estradiol valerate. On day 28 of treatment with Sisare(R), the estradiol levels decline to baseline values, while using Trisequens(R) they remain in the range of those measured on day 1.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Oral contraceptive pills and clinical otosclerosis.

Clinical otosclerosis is a familial disease which is more frequent among women in their reproductive years. The condition usuallly is aggravated by pregnancy. Endocrinologic variables may influence the time of onset and the course of the disease. It is suspected that oral contraceptives (OCs) might stimulate the onset of the disease. Six hundred nulliparous women between the ages of 16 and 30, who used a variety of OCs for 12-36 months, were examined. The hearing of these women was thoroughly investigated. The first audiometric examination of the 600 women revealed three cases (0.5%) of clinical otosclerosis. This incidence is equal to that of the population as a whole, but lower than the incidence found in previously parous women. Audiometric examinations were normal in the remaining 597 women, and repeated examinations revealed no new cases of clinical otosclerosis, despite continuous OC use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative determination of medroxyprogesterone acetate in plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry.

A sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed for the quantitative determination of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in human plasma. Plasma samples (1.0 mL) were simply extracted with pentane and the extracts were analyzed by HPLC with the detection of the analyte in the selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The determination of MPA was accurate and reproducible, with a limit of quantitation of 0.05 ng/mL in plasma. The standard calibration curve for MPA was linear (r = 0.998) over the concentration range 0.05-6.0 ng/mL in human plasma. Analysis precision over the concentration range of MPA was lower than 18.8% (relative standard deviation, RSD) and accuracy was between 96.2 and 108.7%.

Calibration↗
PubMed1987

One year study of effects of an oestrogen-dominant oral contraceptive on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and A-II and hepatic microsomal function.

The effects over 1 year of an oestrogen-dominant oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and A-II and liver microsomal enzyme activity assessed by antipyrine kinetics, were investigated in 21 healthy, young women. HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein concentrations rose and hepatic microsomal enzyme activity fell during the first month of the treatment, and remained affected throughout the year. After discontinuation of treatment, the lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations and the microsomal enzyme activity returned to their pretreatment levels within 1 month. The drug, by reducing hepatic enzyme activity, may have influenced both the antipyrine elimination rate and the high-density lipoprotein concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A study comparing a gestoden triphasic formulation with a fixed combination OC.

Metabolic parameters were studied in 30 patients over 12 treatment cycles in a double-blind randomized comparative trial of the new progestogen gestoden in a triphasic formulation against a fixed dose combination pill containing desogrestrel, in Bandung, Indonesia. The results of this laboratory experience affirm findings in similar previous metabolic studies that: (1) the changes induced by modern low-dose pills are clinically and statistically insignificant; (2) throughout the treatment cycles, the values of the various laboratory tests remain well within the normal range; and (3) the favorable balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis is maintained. Results of lipoprotein, coagulation, fibrinolytic and liver function tests in 27 patients are presented. Gestoden's pharmacologic profile and the worldwide clinical experience with the triphasic gestoden formulation in 4285 women are discussed.

Blood Coagulation↗
PubMed1989

Triphasic Randomized Clinical Trial: Comparison of effects on carbohydrate metabolism.

One hundred thirty women were randomly assigned to treatment with one of three triphasic oral contraceptives and 43 women using nonhormonal methods served as controls for a 6-month study of the metabolic effects of these formulations. One of the oral contraceptives contained ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel, and the other two contained ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone. Compared with pretreatment assessment, all three triphasic oral contraceptives produced small increases in the mean plasma glucose levels that were statistically significant but clinically unimportant. No subjects had abnormal glucose response curves in glucose tolerance test results. Compared with pretreatment assessment, all of the oral contraceptive preparations produced small increases in the mean insulin levels at 3 months but not at 6 months. Overall there were no statistically significant differences among the three formulations in their effects on carbohydrate metabolism as measured by glucose or insulin levels after 6 months of treatment.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1989

Triphasic Randomized Clinical Trial: comparative frequency of intermenstrual bleeding.

Oral contraceptives have the highest theoretic efficacy of all reversible forms of contraception, yet in practice they have an actual failure rate equivalent to that of some barrier methods. The efficacy of oral contraceptives depends primarily on patient compliance. So-called "nuisance" side effects, such as intermenstrual bleeding (breakthrough bleeding or spotting), play a major role in their discontinuation. The Triphasic Randomized Clinical Trial compared the incidence of these side effects in three groups of subjects taking NET (A) (Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), LNG (Tri-Levlen), or NET (B) (Tri-Norinyl). Subjects taking NET (A) had the highest incidence of intermenstrual bleeding (63%) followed by NET (B) (44%) and LNG (33%). Only the difference between NET (A) and LNG attained statistical significance (p less than 0.030). Control subjects had no breakthrough bleeding and a 4% incidence of spotting. Further research is warranted to establish the cause of the disparity in the incidence of intermenstrual bleeding among patient groups assigned to the three oral triphasic contraceptives.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1987

The effect of oral contraceptives on hormone profiles of oligomenorrheic adolescent cycles.

Nineteen adolescent girls with oligomenorrhea were studied to evaluate the effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on hormone profiles, and 19 adolescent girls with regular menstruations served as control subjects. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone and androgens were higher in the oligomenorrheic girls than in the regularly menstruating girls. During the OC treatment the hormone levels of the oligomenorrheic girls decreased, approaching those of the control subjects. During follow-up cycle immediately after stopping the OCs the hormone levels increased rapidly, but in the oligomenorrheic girls the levels of luteinizing hormone, androstenedione, total and free testosterone were still significantly lower at the end of the post-treatment cycle than during the luteal phase of the pre-treatment cycle. The frequency of ovulation decreased to the same magnitude as reported in adults after discontinuation of OCs. No post-pill amenorrhea existed in either group of adolescents.

Adolescent↗