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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Complexities of the herbal nomenclature system in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): lessons learned from the misuse of Aristolochia-related species and the importance of the pharmaceutical name during botanical drug product development.

Herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have diverse cultural/historical backgrounds and are described based on complex nomenclature systems. Using the family Aristolochiaceae as an example, at least three categories of nomenclature could be identified: (1) one-to-one (one plant part from one species): the herb guan mutong refers to the root of Aristolochia manshuriensis; (2) multiple-to-one (multiple plant parts from the same species serve as different herbs): three herbs, madouling, qingmuxiang and tianxianteng, derived respectively from the fruit, root and stem of Aristolochia debilis; and (3) one-to-multiple (one herb refers to multiple species): the herb fangji refers to the root of either Aristolochia fangchi, Stephania tetrandra or Cocculus trilobus; in this case, the first belongs to a different family (Aristolochiaceae) than the latter two (Menispermaceae), and only the first contains aristolochic acid (AA), as demonstrated by independent analytical data provided in this article. Further, mutong (Akebia quinata) is allowed in TCM herbal medicine practice to be substituted with either guan mutong (Aristolochia manshuriensis) or chuan mutong (Clematis armandii); and mu fangji (Cocculus trilobus) by guang fanchi (Aristolochia fangchi) or hanzhong fangji (Aristolochia heterophylla), thereby increasing the risk of exposing renotoxic AA-containing Aristolochia species to patients. To avoid these and other confusions, we wish to emphasize the importance of a pharmaceutical name, which defines the species name, the plant part, and sometimes the special process performed on the herb, including cultivating conditions. The pharmaceutical name as referred to in this article is defined, and is limited to those botanicals that are intended to be used as drug. It is hoped that by following the pharmaceutical name, toxic herbs can be effectively identified and substitution or adulteration avoided.

Aristolochia↗
PubMed2001

[The status quo survey of false and inferior species in Chinese medicinal materials market in Hubei Province].

By taking a sample, unqualified varieties were investigated found in Chinese medicinal material examinatorial work near twenty years of six regional level and three countrylish level institutes for drug control and one comprehensive level-three grade-A hospital. By mail, false and inferior species and their origin of Chinese medicinal material were investigated found by sixteen institutes for drug control near ten years in Hubei province. 539 kinds of adulterants (750 cases) including 24 toxic species were found in above-mentioned investigations. Fales and inferior species are rampant in minority regions, which threatens people's health severely. It is urgent for supervising department to gorem the condition strictly.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed2005

Rapid and reliable determination of illegal adulterant in herbal medicines and dietary supplements by LC/MS/MS.

In recent years, dietary supplements and herbal medicines are increasing in popularity all over the world. However, it is problematic that some manufacturers illegally included synthetic drugs in their products. Due to the extremely complex matrices of those products, most existing methods for screening illegal adulterations are time-consuming and liable to false positive. In this paper, a robust LC/MS/MS method for the high-throughput, sensitive and reliable determination of illegal adulterations from herbal medicines and dietary supplements was established. Minimal LC separation was employed and MRM was used to simultaneously monitor the three transitions under their respective optimal collision energy for each compound. Positive results were determined only if well-defined peaks appeared at all of the three transitions and the ratios among the peak areas were within given threshold. In this study, the method had been applied for the screening of nine most commonly adulterated therapeutic substances, such as sildenafil (Viagra) and famotidine, and the lower limits of detection of these compounds ranged from 0.05 to 1.5 ng/ml. Little sample preparation was needed for this method and the analysis time was less than 5 min/sample. The reliability has been demonstrated by the test with blank matrix. Over 200 products that were under suspicion by SDA of China had been assayed and till now no false negative or positive result was found. This method is rapid, simple, reliable and capable of screening multiple adulterants in one run.

Capsules↗
PubMed2000

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the study of the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics.

The application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to the study of metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics is reviewed. Original research papers covering the period from 1998 to early 2000 and concerning the use of LC/MS in the study of xenobiotic metabolism in humans and other mammalian species are reviewed. LC/MS interfaces, sample preparation steps, column types, mobile phases and additives, and the type of metabolites detected are summarized and discussed in an attempt to identify the current and future trends in the use of LC/MS for metabolism studies. Applications are listed according to the parent xenobiotic type and include substances used in therapeutics, drug candidates, compounds being evaluated in clinical trials, environmental pollutants, adulterants and naturally occurring substances.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Should we be concerned about herbal remedies.

During the latter part of this century the practice of herbalism has become mainstream throughout the world. This is due in part to the recognition of the value of traditional medical systems, particularly of Asian origin, and the identification of medicinal plants from indigenous pharmacopeias that have been shown to have significant healing power, either in their natural state or as the source of new pharmaceuticals. Generally these formulations are considered moderate in efficacy and thus less toxic than most pharmaceutical agents. In the Western world, in particular, the developing concept that 'natural' is better than 'chemical' or 'synthetic' has led to the evolution of Neo-Western herbalism that is the basis of an ever expanding industry. In the US, often guised as food, or food supplements, known as nutriceuticals, these formulations are readily available for those that wish to self-medicate. Within this system, in particular, are plants that lack ethnomedical verification of efficacy or safety. Unfortunately there is no universal regulatory system in place that insures that any of these plant remedies are what they say they are, do what is claimed, or most importantly are safe. Data will be presented in this context, outlining how adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening or lethal.

Female↗
PubMed2003

Cardiovascular adverse effects of herbal medicines: a systematic review of the recent literature.

Herbal medicines are popular but health care professionals often feel uncertain about their risks. This article summarizes recent evidence regarding the serious or potentially serious cardiovascular adverse effects of herbal medicines. Five electronic literature databases were searched. The evidence found was mostly anecdotal. Case reports and case series indicate that life-threatening adverse effects of herbal medicines occur. Potentially serious adverse effects are arrhythmias, arteritis, cardiac glycosides overdose, chest pain, congestive heart failure, hypertension, hypotension, myocardial infarction, over-anticoagulation, pericarditis and death. The problems relate to toxic herbal ingredients, adulteration and contamination of herbal medicinal products, and herb-drug interactions. Herbal medicines that have been implicated repeatedly include aconite, ephedra and licorice. Because of the anecdotal nature of the evidence, it is impossible to estimate the incidence of adverse effects. In conclusion, herbal medicinal products are regularly associated with serious cardiovascular adverse events but the size of this problem cannot be estimated at present. Vigilance and research seem to be the best way forward.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Unimpaired quinine metabolism in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.

Rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) show a greater decrease in food intake than normal rats if fed diets adulterated with quinine. To determine if this hyperresponsivity is due to impaired quinine metabolism, in vitro rates of drug metabolism of female hooded rats with VMH lesions were measured. Determinations were made both under basal conditions and under conditions known to cause induction of drug metabolizing enzymes. VMH rats showed rates of drug metabolism virtually identical to controls under all conditions tested. These data suggest that VMH lesioned rats are not more sensitive to quinine dietary adulteration because of impaired quinine metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detectability of phencyclidine and 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in adulterated urine by radioimmunoassay and fluorescence polarization immunoassay.

The ability to alter immunoassay test results by the addition of some commonly available chemicals to drug-positive and drug-negative urine specimens was investigated. Urine specimens containing either phencyclidine (PCP) or 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (9-THC-COOH) were adulterated with sodium chloride, bleach, vinegar, potassium hydroxide, liquid soap, 2-propanol, and ammonia. Subsequent analyses by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) demonstrated false positive and false negative results with some adulterants. Radioimmunoassay false positives occurred with potassium hydroxide (PCP and THC-COOH assays) and bleach (THC-COOH assay) adulterants. Bleach (PCP assay) and soap (THC-COOH assay) additives resulted in false negative analyses by RIA. No adulterant caused FPIA false positives. FPIA false negatives occurred with bleach (PCP and THC-COOH assays) and potassium hydroxide (PCP assay) adulterants.

Dronabinol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemical dependency and drug testing in the workplace.

Urine testing for drug use in the workplace is now widespread, with the prevalence of positive drug tests in the work force being 0% to 15%. The prevalence of marijuana use is highest of the illicit drugs being tested. Highly prevalent drugs can be reliably tested. Although it is prudent to rid the workplace of drug use, there is little scientific study on the relationship of drug use and workplace outcomes, such as productivity and safety. Probable-cause testing and preemployment testing are the most common applications. Random testing has been less accepted owing to its higher costs, unresolved legal issues, and predictably poor test reliability. Legal issues have focused on the right to privacy, policy agreements, discrimination, and the lack of due process. The legal cornerstone of a good program is a policy that is planned and agreed on by both labor and management, which serves both as a contract and as a procedure in which expectations and consequences are known. Moreover, NIDA is certifying laboratories doing employee drug testing. Testing methods, when done correctly, are less prone to error than in the past, but screening tests can be defeated by adulterants. Although the incidence of false-positive results is low, such tests are less reliable when the prevalence of drug abuse is also low.

Environment↗
PubMed1990

Chemical dependency and drug testing in the workplace.

Urine testing for drug use in the workplace is now widespread, with the prevalence of positive drug tests in the work force being 0% to 15%. The prevalence of marijuana use is highest, and this can be reliably tested. Though it is prudent to rid the workplace of drug use, there is little scientific study on the relationship of drug use and workplace outcomes, such as productivity and safety. Probable-cause testing and preemployment testing are the most common applications. Random testing has been less accepted owing to its higher costs, unresolved legal issues, and predictably poor test reliability. Legal issues have focused on the right to policy, discrimination, and the lack of due process. The legal cornerstone of a good program is a policy that is planned and agreed on by both labor and management, which serves both as a contract and as a procedure in which expectations and consequences are known. The National Institute on Drug Abuse is certifying laboratories doing employee drug testing. Testing methods when done correctly are less prone to error than in the past, but screening tests can be defeated by adulterants. Although the incidence of false-positive results is low, such tests are less reliable when the prevalence of drug abuse is also low.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed2001

Quality control by cocaine users: underdeveloped harm reduction strategies.

The use of any drug involves both values and rules of conduct (social sanctions) and patterns of behavior (social rituals). Based on an ethnographic study (1996-1999) among 111 cocaine users from the metropolitan area of Antwerp (Belgium), the self-regulatory mechanisms surrounding the methods of controlling the quality of a drug are described. Users' perceptions of reliable and unreliable sources of cocaine, quality and adulteration of cocaine and quality control techniques are confronted with objective information. It is argued that these informal control mechanisms may be crucial factors in the controlled use of any intoxicant, but myths are an important ingredient of the observed rituals, which indicates that knowledge about certain drugs and the best ways to use them in a safe way is still underdeveloped. Users are left to their own folk-experimental devices for testing tools or techniques, and many aspects of the natural processes of social learning are generally not based on objective information. Future harm reduction interventions should therefore also stimulate the development and dissemination of effective informal control mechanisms among illicit drug users.

Amphetamines↗