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PubMed2006

Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is positively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetic women.

BACKGROUND: Although the typical diet of the Mediterranean region has received much recognition over the past several years for its association with substantial health benefits, it remains unknown whether its favorable effects are mediated through changes in adiponectin concentrations. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine whether adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is associated with higher plasma adiponectin concentrations. DESIGN: This study was a prospective and cross-sectional evaluation of plasma adiponectin concentrations and dietary data from 987 diabetic women from the Nurses' Health Study who had no history of cardiovascular disease at the time blood was drawn in 1990. RESULTS: Women who scored highest on a 9-point scale that measures adherence to a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern tended to be older, were less likely to be current smokers, had lower body mass indexes and waist circumferences, and had higher total energy intakes, physical activities, and plasma adiponectin concentrations than did women with the lowest scores. Median plasma adiponectin concentrations were 23% higher in women who most closely followed a Mediterranean-type diet than in low adherers after adjustment for age and energy intake (P < 0.01). Body composition, lifestyle, and medical history explained some, but not all, of the observed association between diet and adiponectin concentrations because high adherers tended to have greater adiponectin concentrations than did moderate or low adherers, even after adjustment for these variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that, of the several components of the Mediterranean dietary pattern score, alcohol, nuts, and whole grains show the strongest association with adiponectin concentrations. Close adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is associated with higher adiponectin concentrations.

Adiponectin↗

PubMed1991

Socioeconomic, social behaviour and dietary patterns among Malaysian aborigines and rural native Malays.

The socioeconomic, social behaviour and dietary pattern of 100 Aborigines and Malays, aged 7 years and above from Kuala Pangsoon, Selangor Malaysia were studied by using pretested questionnaires. The individual's dietary intake was estimated using 24 hour recall for 3 days within one week which was chosen at random. The household's food consumption pattern was evaluated using food frequency questionnaires. There was no difference in the total income per month for both communities, as well as the educational attainment of the head of household and property ownership. The proportion of smokers among the Aborigines and the Malays was almost similar (33%) but the percentage of heavy smokers was higher among Aborigines compared to Malays. One third of the Aborigines regularly consume alcohol. The main energy source for both communities was rice, sugar and cooking oil whilst fish and eggs were the main sources of protein. More than 50% of the Aborigines take tapioca or tapioca leaves at least once a week compared to less than 20% among the Malays. There was no significant different in the intake of energy, protein and carbohydrate between the groups. However, the Aborigines take less fats and iron compared to the Malays. The difference in terms of smoking, drinking habit and dietary intake may determine the distribution of disease in both communities.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1979

Dietary pattern of Finnish children with low high caries experience.

The correlations between dietary patterns and caries were studied in a series consisting of 534, 5-, 9- and 13-year-old Finnish rural children from low-fluoride areas (0.10-0.46 parts/10(6)). The food consumption of the children was assessed by the 24-hour recall method. The consumption of sweets was estimated by the dietary history method. Caries was diagnosed by clinical inspection. Children with a low and children with a high caries experience were compared with regard to food and nutrient intakes per 1000 kcal. The intakes of most foods and nutrients were similar in the low-caries and in the high-caries groups. However, the diet of the high-caries groups of 5- and 13-year-olds contained less iron, thiamine and ascorbic acid than the diet of the low-caries groups. The intake of sugar and sugar-containing products per unit of energy was higher in the high-caries groups. This was true for soft drinks in particular. Among the 9-year-olds the proportion of sugar consumed as such was greater in the high-caries than in the low-caries children. With regard to the total monthly consumption of sweets no significant differences were observed between the high- and low-caries groups. Analysis of the energy-standardized consumption of food and nutrients thus showed that the relative proportion of sugar and sugar-containing products was somewhat greater in the diet of the high-caries children than in the diet of the low-caries children, but not as high as could be expected. These products replaced foods with a higher nutritive value with the result that the diet of the high-caries groups was on the whole more refined than the diet of the low-caries groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[A study using a food-frequency questionnaire--simultaneous discrimination of dietary patterns of anemic and hyperlipemic women].

A survey investigating the intake frequency of various foods and eating habits was made by a special form of structured questionnaire. Those who answered the questionnaire were 184 women aged from 40 to 59 living in a rural district in Kyoto Prefecture. They were divided into three blood groups according to the contents of hemoglobin (Hb) and serum cholesterol (T-CHO) as follows: Group A (Anemia): Hb less than 12 g/dl and T-CHO less than 220 mg/dl Group B (Normal): Hb greater than or equal to 12 g/dl and T-CHO less than 220 mg/dl Group C (Hyperlipidemia): Hb greater than or equal to 12 g/dl and T-CHO greater than or equal to 220 mg/dl As far as the intake frequency of each food and the eating habits of the three blood groups are concerned, there wasn't any notable difference. However, when the statistical method called "quantification theory II" was applied using the blood groups as the objective variable and the 27 items in the food frequency questionnaire, as well as the obesity index, as explanatory variables, it was found that the dietary patterns were different among the three blood groups. The result was that 68% of women in group A were discriminated correctly, as were 55% in group B, and 83% in group C. The analysis of the data from food frequency questionnaires by the "quantification theory II" statistical methods seems to be useful to reveal dietary patterns.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Relationships between social class, nutrient intake and dietary patterns in Edinburgh schoolchildren.

Social class may have an important influence on dietary intakes and health. Information on specific nutrient differences between children of high and low social classes may help explain health inequalities and identify target areas for nutrition education. In this study, energy and nutrient intakes were estimated in 136 7-8-year-olds, from a range of social backgrounds, using 7-day weighed inventories. A structured questionnaire was used to establish social class. Lower social class children had significantly lower daily intakes of many micronutrients, which nevertheless met dietary reference values, and a higher percentage energy from fat. In addition, lower social class children consumed less breakfast cereal, more full fat milk, were more likely to take school meals and received a greater proportion of energy and nutrients from snacks than higher social class children. Lower social class children were significantly shorter, but this association was independent of diet. The results suggest that lower social class children are a vulnerable group nutritionally. Nutrition education should focus on influencing the dietary patterns of lower social class children to favour a decrease in percentage energy from fat.

Body Height↗

PubMed1998

The nutritional status and dietary pattern of Chinese adolescents, 1991 and 1993.

OBJECTIVE: To increase understanding about current dietary patterns and short-term relationships between economic change and adolescent nutrition in a lower-income country, using the 1991 and 1993 China Health and Nutrition Survey data. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Eight provinces in China that vary substantially in geography, economic development, public resources, and health indicators. SUBJECTS: 2236 and 2018 adolescents aged 10-18 years who completed three 24-hour recalls in the 1991 and 1993 survey, respectively. RESULTS: Chinese adolescents experienced an improvement of diet and nutritional status. The prevalence of stunting declined from 23% in 1991 to 19% in 1993. Under-nutrition was a problem of concern although the prevalence (12-13%) was relatively low. Overweight was emerging as a problem associated with young, high-income and urban adolescents, but the prevalence (4%) was quite low compared with developed countries. Chinese adolescents' energy and protein intakes were adequate compared with the American RDA. About 27% of the participants derived more than 30% of their dietary energy from fat and 16% of them derived over 10% of energy from saturated fat by 1993. CONCLUSION: Chinese adolescents have experienced an improvement in diet and nutritional status, but undernutrition is still an important nutrition problem, especially among young and poor groups. More attention should focus on the increase of dietary fat intake and obesity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Dietary patterns of New Zealand European preschool children.

AIMS: To record and describe the dietary patterns of a large group of New Zealand (NZ) European preschool children and to compare these with NZ Ministry of Health (MOH) food and nutrition guidelines. METHODS: Mothers were interviewed when children enrolled in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative (ABC) study were seen at 3.5 years of age. Approximately half of the children in the study were born small for gestational age (SGA =10th percentile) and the remaining were born appropriate for gestational age (AGA >10th percentile). Food frequency information was collected on 549 New Zealand European children. The analysis utilised weighting to allow for the disproportionate sampling of children born SGA. RESULTS: Compared with nutritional guidelines, 27% and 54% of preschool children did not eat the recommended two or more servings of fruit per day or two or more servings of vegetables per day, respectively; 93% of children did not eat breads and cereals the recommended four or more times a day. CONCLUSION: A notable proportion of children were not eating fruit and vegetables at levels recommended by the MOH. Preschool children's food frequency patterns were, however, similar to patterns reported for school-aged children in the National Children's Nutrition Survey.

Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2004

Dietary phylloquinone intake as a potential marker for a heart-healthy dietary pattern in the Framingham Offspring cohort.

Abstract Associations were evaluated among self-reported dietary intakes of phylloquinone (vitamin K-1), lifestyle characteristics, and intermediary markers of cardiovascular disease risk in a population-based cohort of men and women. Dietary phylloquinone intakes were assessed by food frequency questionnaire in 1,338 men and 1,603 women (mean age, 54 years) participating in the Framingham Heart Study. Cross-sectional associations with lifestyle characteristics and lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations, were estimated across increasing quintile categories of phylloquinone intakes. Participants in the highest quintile category of phylloquinone intake consumed more fruit, vegetables, fish, dietary fiber, and dietary supplements ( P <.001), and consumed less meat and less saturated fat ( P <.001). Higher phylloquinone intakes were also associated with lower triglyceride concentrations ( P <.001). In conclusion, a high phylloquinone intake may be a marker for an overall heart-healthy dietary pattern.

Antifibrinolytic Agents↗

PubMed1984

The NACNE report: are the dietary goals realistic? Comparisons with the dietary patterns of dietitians.

The dietary intake of 42 dietitians studied in 1977 was compared with recent recommendations for the composition of a healthful diet proposed by a working party of the National Advisory Committee for Nutrition Education (NACNE). Mean daily sucrose intake was 35 g, compared with a present national intake of around 100 g and a proposed goal of 55 g; it is argued that a national goal of 65 g is a more realistic goal. Mean fibre intake was 23 g, compared with a present national intake of 20 g and a proposed goal of 30 g; it is argued that while 30 g is a realistic goal for a national mean intake, it is not realistic for subgroups of the population with below average energy intake, and 26-27 g is suggested as a realistic goal for an adult female population. Fat energy intake was 40 per cent of total energy, compared with a present national average of 38 per cent and 30 per cent as a long-term goal; but if national sucrose and alcohol intakes were as low as the dietitians', national fat energy would be 42 per cent. It is argued that 34 per cent fat energy is a more appropriate long-term goal for the dietitians and similar subgroups of the population; however, it is thought that 36 per cent (or 32 per cent nationally) would be more realistic.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Dietary patterns and intake of nutrients, energy, and dietary fiber in medical students].

The diet of 686 medical student at Hirosaki University were studies between 1986 to 1993. Food groups that showed a higher intake in males than in females were grains, meat, liquor, and others. On the other hand, the food groups that showed a higher intake in females were confectioneries, fruits, green vegetables, mushrooms, and seaweed. The nutrients that showed a higher intake in males than in females were energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and vitamins B1 and B2. On the other hand, only vitamin C showed a higher intake in females. Mean daily dietary fiber intake per student was 19.4 g by the Southgate method and 15.9 g by the Prosky method in males and 18.3 g by the Southgate method and 16.9 g by the Prosky method in females. These values were lower than the mean value for Japanese adults by about 4 g. Overall the intake from grains was disproportionately higher in males compared to females. Energy and nutrient intakes met recommended dietary allowance except for energy in females which was lower (93.7%).

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Dietary patterns in Japanese migrants to southeastern Brazil and their descendants.

This paper describes the dietary patterns of people of Japanese ancestry living in São Paulo, Brazil. Two cross-sectional surveys using a food frequency questionnaire (in 1989 and 1995) and self-administered three-day food record (only in 1995) were carried out in randomly chosen first-generation (Japan-born) and second-generation (Brazil-born) Japanese living in the city of São Paulo (n = 166), aged 40-69 years at the time of the first survey (1989). Daily intake of rice, bread, milk, fruits and coffee, and infrequent consumption of pork, green tea, black tea, tsukemono (pickled vegetables), seaweed and mushrooms were reported. The mean (+/- standard deviation) daily proportions of energy from fat among Japan-born participants were 27.2 +/- 6.7% for men and 26.2 +/- 6.7% for women. The respective figures for Brazil-born Japanese were 30.1 +/- 7.4% and 29.5 +/- 6.4%. These values were quite close to recent estimates for the general Brazilian population in metropolitan areas (about 30%), but seem to be higher than available data from Japan (25.3%). Dietary changes in this migrant population are discussed with focus on nutrients currently implicated in the etiology of major chronic diseases.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Dietary patterns and dental caries in nursery school children in Nairobi, Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the dietary patterns and the prevalence of dental caries among nursery school children in Nairobi. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Nursery schools in Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and four nursery school-children (149 males and 155 females) aged 3-5 years were assessed in 1997. RESULTS: There was a high consumption of fruits, vegetables and milk on a daily basis. There was also a high consumption of snacks both at home and at school. About 96% of the children had been breastfed, while 41% had been bottle-fed. The prevalence of dental caries was high at 63.5% and a mean decayed, missing and filled teeth index (dmft) of 2.95, with the d-component comprising 96% of the total dmft. Only 1.3% of the children had filled teeth. Increasing age was the most predictive factor in dental caries. CONCLUSION: The high consumption of refined foods and snacks, as well as the high prevalence of dental caries raises a strong public health concern. It is recommended that dietary counselling and preventive oral health programmes should be initiated and the already existing ones strengthened and incorporated in primary healthcare programmes. There is also need for policy makers to come up with guidelines on advertisements promoting cariogenic snacks.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1998

Mediterranean dietary pattern in a randomized trial: prolonged survival and possible reduced cancer rate.

BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean dietary pattern is thought to reduce the risk of cancer in addition to being cardioprotective. However, no trial has been conducted so far to prove this belief. METHODS: We compared overall survival and newly diagnosed cancer rate among 605 patients with coronary heart disease randomized in the Lyon Diet Heart Study and following either a cardioprotective Mediterranean-type diet or a control diet close to the step 1 American Heart Association prudent diet. RESULTS: During a follow-up of 4 years, there were a total of 38 deaths (24 in controls vs 14 in the experimental group), including 25 cardiac deaths (19 vs 6) and 7 cancer deaths (4 vs 3), and 24 cancers (17 vs 7). Exclusion of early cancer diagnoses (within the first 24 months after entry into the trial) left a total of 14 cancers (12 vs 2). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, leukocyte count, cholesterol level, and aspirin use, the reduction of risk in experimental subjects compared with control subjects was 56% (P=.03) for total deaths, 61% (P=.05) for cancers, and 56% (P=.01) for the combination of deaths and cancers. The intakes of fruits, vegetables, and cereals were significantly higher in experimental subjects, providing larger amounts of fiber and vitamin C (P<.05). The intakes of cholesterol and saturated and polyunsaturated fats were lower and those of oleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids were higher (P<.001) in experimental subjects. Plasma levels of vitamins C and E (P<.05) and omega-3 fatty acids (P<.001), measured 2 months after randomization, were higher and those of omega-6 fatty acids were lower (P<.001) in experimental subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This randomized trial suggests that patients following a cardioprotective Mediterranean diet have a prolonged survival and may also be protected against cancer. Further studies are warranted to confirm the data and to explore the role of the different lipids and fatty acids in this protection.

Diet↗

PubMed2005

Dietary patterns and nutritional status of pre-school children in Nairobi.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the dietary patterns and nutritional status of pre-school children in Nairobi, Kenya. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Pre-schools in Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and four pre-school children (149 males and 155 females) aged three to five years were assessed. RESULTS: About 96% of the children had been breastfed 46.7% of them for 12-24 months (46.7%), and the mean breastfeeding duration was 20.17 months. The most commonly consumed foods on a daily basis were fruits, vegetables bread, ugali, porridge and milk. The level of malnutrition was low with underweight at 16% stunting 4.3% and wasting 1.0%. The factors that positively correlated with child nutritional status were the age of the mother and father. CONCLUSIONS: The children were consuming a variety of foods both at home and in school, and this together with the high literacy levels the parents/guardians could have contributed towards the good nutritional status.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1998

Dietary patterns and cognitive function in elderly men in Finland, Italy and The Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To relate dietary patterns to cognitive function in elderly men. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Population based. SUBJECTS: 1049 men aged 70-91 years around 1990 in five cohorts from the Seven Countries Study: Finland (2 cohorts), the Netherlands (1 cohort), and Italy (2 cohorts). INTERVENTIONS: Food intake was estimated by a cross-check dietary history. Based on the WHO guidelines for the prevention of chronic diseases, a healthy diet indicator was calculated (HDI). A higher HDI indicates a diet more in accordance with the WHO guidelines, and previously we showed that HDI predicted reduced all-cause mortality in our cohorts. Cognitive function was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and a score of 23 or lower was used to indicate cognitive impairment. RESULTS: The prevalence of cognitive impairment varied from 14.4% in Zutphen (The Netherlands) to 42.1% in Crevalcore (Italy). There was a tendency towards a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment associated with increased HDI in four out of five cohorts (not in East Finland). In Zutphen this association was borderline significant (OR=0.81; 95% CI 0.63-1.04) after adjustment for age, education, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and energy intake. In Crevalcore the association was statistically significant (OR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.58-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: A healthy diet might be associated with a better cognitive function in elderly men. However, since the results were not consistent over all five cohorts, further research is needed to confirm this finding and to decide whether this association is causal.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

[Dietary patterns during women pregnancy and lactation and the essential trace elements in colostrums].

To research the relationship between dietary patterns during women pregnancy and lactation, and the five essential trace elements in colostrums. The correlation analysis between results coming from our previously dietary investigation and the data of the trace elements in colostrums. A plenty of meat and eggs intake during mother's pregnancy and lactation could afford sufficient essential micro-nutrient for the development of fetus. It also let colostrums of a parturient contain selenium and zinc in the adequate contents, and iodine, molybdenum in the safe contents. Although a low level of content of copper did not lead up to damage for infants, it must be paid close attention that infants may be in marginal insufficiency of copper intake.

Colostrum↗

PubMed2026

Comparing genome-wide significant and chemosensory variants as instruments for dietary patterns in Mendelian randomization.

BACKGROUND: Diet is a modifiable risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, yet establishing causality remains challenging. Mendelian randomization (MR) leverages genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) to enable causal inference. METHOD: Using two-sample MR, we assessed the causal effects of four principal component-derived dietary patterns (DPs)-Unhealthy, Healthy, Meat-based, Pescatarian-on cardiometabolic outcomes including body mass index, coronary artery disease, blood lipids, blood pressures, type 2 diabetes, fasting glucose and insulin, and glycated haemoglobin. Two sets of IVs were employed: conventional genome-wide significant variants associated with each DP, filtered for pleiotropy and directionality; and biologically informed variants in chemosensory receptor genes, given the role of taste and smell perception in food choice. RESULTS: Using conventional IVs, the Pescatarian DP was associated with reduced fasting insulin (βIVW = -0.10 pmol/L per SD increase in the Pescatarian DP score, 95% confidence interval -0.15, -0.04; P = 1.19 × 10-3), surviving multiple sensitivity analyses. Associations between the Unhealthy DP and elevated blood pressure and glycated haemoglobin should be interpreted cautiously; one of the two filtered IVs was strongly associated with caffeine intake, limiting the attribution of these findings to the DP itself. Chemosensory Receptor IVs yielded null findings, reflecting insufficient power. CONCLUSION: Evidence for causal effects of DPs on cardiometabolic traits was limited, with the strongest support for a protective effect of the Pescatarian DP on fasting insulin. Chemosensory IVs demonstrated limited utility for DPs, likely reflecting the heterogeneous and complex sensory profiles of overall diets. Future efforts should consider guideline-based dietary indices to facilitate interpretability and translation.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Dietary patterns related to caries in a low-income adult population.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and caries experience in a representative group of low-income African-American adults. Participants were residents of Detroit, Michigan, with household incomes below 250% of the federally-established poverty level (n = 1,021). Dietary histories were obtained by trained interviewers in face-to-face interviews with the adult participants, using the Block 98.2 food frequency questionnaire. Caries was measured by the ICDAS criteria (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). There were 200 dietary records whose data were judged to be invalid; these participants were omitted from the dietary analyses to leave n = 821. Factor analysis identified patterns of liquid and solid food consumption, and the resulting factor scores were used as covariates in multivariable linear regression. Caries was extensive, with 82.3% of the 1,021 participants (n = 839) having at least one cavitated lesion. Nearly three quarters of the adult participants were overweight or obese. This population had severe caries, poor oral hygiene, and diets that are high in sugars and fats and low in fruits and vegetables. Apart from tap water, the most frequently consumed food item by adults of all ages was soft drinks; 19% of all energy from sugar came from soft drinks alone. In both the bivariate analyses and in the regression model, frequency of soft drink consumption and the presence of gingival plaque deposits were significantly associated with caries. Interventions to promote oral health are unlikely to be successful without improvements in the social and physical environment.

Adolescent↗