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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Descent behavior of rats and chicks in a cliff and non-cliff situation.

A visual cliff was constructed so that patterns could appear below the centerboard as "shallow" and "deep" or vertical to the centerboard as "near" and "far". Preference for the shallow side was significant only for chicks. Preference for the vertical pattern was significant for both chicks and rats. These findings indicate that both rats and chicks will descend to the nearer of two patterns in a non-cliff situation.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Depth adjacency and induced motion.

Induced motion was investigated as a function of the stereoscopic separation of the test and inducing object and the instructions to attend to or to ignore the inducing object. It was found that stereoscopically displacing the test object from the inducing object with both kinds of instructions resulted in a decrease in the magnitude of induction particularly with crossed disparity. These results are consistent with the adjacency principle and with the ability of attention as well as adjacency to modify the magnitude of the induced motion.

Attention↗
PubMed1986

Note on nonveridical visual perception and pedestrian accidents at night.

It is sometimes supposed that increase of pedestrian conspicuity could lead to substantial reductions in pedestrian accidents at night. Available evidence is, however, not particularly encouraging. It is suggested that other factors affecting drivers' and pedestrians' perception may be involved.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1993

Motion parallax, relative size, and Benussi effect.

Many observers perceive depth when a configuration of nonconcentric circles is rotated on a disc. While it has been suggested by a number of investigators that motion parallax has a role in generating this phenomenon, the supporting data are equivocal. The current study proposed that the ambiguity regarding the role of motion parallax may have arisen because there are contradictions between relative size cues and motion parallax cues in the configuration of rotating circles. However, with 17 undergraduate observers, apparent depth was no more reliably reported with consistent cues of motion parallax and relative size than when these cues were contradictory.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Perception of vocal effort and distance from the speaker on the basis of vowel utterances.

The sound pressure level of vowels reflects several nonlinguistic and linguistic factors: distance from the speaker, vocal effort, and vowel quality. Increased vocal effort also involves the emphasis of higher frequency components and increases in F0 and F1. This should allow listeners to distinguish it from decreased distance, which does not have these additional effects. It is shown that listeners succeed in doing so on the basis of single vowels if phonated, but not if whispered, and that they compensate for most of the between-vowel variation in level. The results obtained when listeners had to estimate vocal effort as well as distance suggest that an analysis of an utterance takes place at an early stage in auditory processing, before memories of episodes are stored.

Distance Perception↗
PubMed2003

The influence of object-image velocity change on perceived heading in minimal environments.

When human observers move forward and rotate their eyes, a complex pattern of light flows across the retina. This pattern is referred to as retinal flow. A model has been proposed to explain how humans perceive their direction of self-movement (or heading) from (1) static depth, (2) direction of image motion, and (3) whether image velocity undergoes acceleration or deceleration (Wang & Cutting, 1999). However, findings from past research in which sparse or minimalist stimuli were used have suggested that not all of the information to which participants are sensitive is captured within the scope of this model. In particular it has been suggested that the magnitude or size of image velocity change may be of significance beyond simply whether image velocity could be categorized as speeding up (i.e., accelerating) or slowing down (i.e., decelerating). In two experiments, the influence of this factor on heading judgments under minimal conditions was investigated. Evidence was found in support of the idea that the rate of image velocity change can influence judgments of the direction of self-movement in minimalist conditions.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2004

Large errors, but no depth compression, in walked indications of exocentric extent.

Observers can sight a target 20 m away or more and then walk to it accurately without vision. In contrast to this good performance, this article shows that walked indications of the exocentric separation of two locations exceed the required values by over 70% when vision is obscured. Significantly, these large errors are coupled with a robust lack of depth foreshortening, even under conditions in which visual matches and verbal estimates of extent exhibit strong evidence of depth compression. This article presents evidence that the overshooting errors are due largely to recalibration of locomotor control produced by prolonged exposure to nonvisual walking. The robust lack of depth foreshortening, meanwhile, could reflect a corresponding isotropy in the spatial representation controlling the walking response. More research is needed to confirm this interpretation, however.

Adolescent↗