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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Experience with a problem-based curriculum implemented in the endocrine system unit in the 2nd grade medical course at Marília Medical School-FAMEMA].

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This paper reports the experience with the Endocrine System Educational Unit (ESEU), built by a transdisciplinar team, carried out in the 2nd grade of Famema medical course. The aim was to integrate teaching and learning in order to graduate medical doctors who would approach the human being from the social, psychological and biological aspects. METHOD: The ESEU was used, and the evaluations (closed and open fields) were carried out by students and tutors based on two criteria: satisfactory (S) and unsatisfactory (U) for the unit development, conferences, learning objectives and problems. RESULTS: 92% of the students found the unit development S and 8% found it U. The unit development was considered S by 66% tutors, and 33% did not answer. Conferences were evaluated by students only and were considered S by 97%. The educational objectives were considered S by 88% of the tutors and 96% of the students; the problems were considered S by 80% of the tutors and 88% of the students. CONCLUSION: Evaluations corroborate the transdisciplinar teamwork in integrating biological, psychological and social dimensions and in articulating basic and clinical disciplines in the unit building up. In spite of that, the comments made in the evaluation open fields show the need for both students and tutors to think deeper on each step of the tutorial process.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurotrophin receptors in the gut of pantex, a hybrid sparid fish (Pagrus major x Dentex dentex). Localizations in the enteric nervous and endocrine systems.

The gut of Pantex, a sparid hybrid fish (Pagrus major x Dentex dentex) with a great potential importance for the Italian aquaculture, was histochemically and immunohistochemically investigated in order to evidence components of the intramural nervous and diffuse endocrine systems. The general structural aspects of the intramural nervous system were shown by the Nissl-thionin staining. As in most other fish, it was only organized in the myenteric plexus. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed in both nerve cell bodies and terminals all along the gut. The NADPH-diaphorase reactivity too, possibly linked to the synthesis and release of nitric oxide, was present in nerve cell bodies and nerve terminals of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine. In addition, the intramural nervous system was shown to contain Trk (tyrosinekinase) receptors for neurotrophin, as evidenced by Trk A-, Trk B- and Trk C-like immunoreactivities, thus suggesting an involvement of neurotrophin in the function of this system. Trk B- and Trk C-like immunoreactivities were detected in epithelial endocrine cells, too. The additional presence of serotonin- and metenkephalin-like immunoreactivities in numerous endocrine cells in the epithelial layers of the stomach and intestine was showed.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of macrophages during the formation of regulatory connections between the immune, nervous and endocrine systems in the course of an immune response].

The study explores the current understanding of the role of macrophages in the process of formation of the regulatory relations in the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems during the immune reactions. Discussion of the effects of the factors of macrophagal origin on the afferent section of the nervous system, on production of neuromediators of the sympathetic and parasympathetic sections of the vegetative nervous system, on production of neuropeptides and the functional activity of adrenals, and of the influence of the neuroendocrine system on the mononuclear phagocytes. Discussion of the role of macrophages in the intersystem regulation of the immune reaction.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1980

[Malignant tumors of the endocrine system (author's transl)].

The malignant forms of endocrine tumors are a worthwhile target for surgery, particularly since radiotherapy and chemotherapy have shown far less, if any, results. In contrast, the combination of scalpel and anatomical reduction of the hormonal matrix proved to be of high therapeutic values. The well-known saying of Moynihan: "A surgeon is an internist who operates" refers to the necessary prerequisite for such interventions--a well founded pathophysiological knowledge.

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

Cytokines in diseases of the endocrine system.

Cytokines, the polypeptide mediators of the immune system, were shown to exert numerous actions on endocrine functions. Bidirectional links based on the sharing of mediators and receptors between the immune and neuroendocrine systems lead to the concept of the immune-neuroendocrine system that seems to constitute an important and sophisticated regulatory system in the homeostasis. Several cytokines were found to be involved in the pathogenesis of diseases of the endocrine system. In this brief review, we attempt to present a general outline of the local actions of cytokines on cells of endocrine organs with an emphasis on disease etiology (pituitary tumours and autoimmune endocrine diseases in particular).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cellular functional changes in the endocrine system of the rats upon exposure to coal rock dust and during exercise].

Exposure to coal rock dust in combination with exercise for 2 months was found to have a negative impact on cellular metabolism in the endocrine system. The early form of anthracosilicosis developed in this period. Cytomorphological study revealed cellular changes in the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and pancreatic glands. The cells of the endocrine organs are functionally tense upon exposure to toxic and physical factors and they are most vulnerable in this period of an experiment.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Comments on the International Symposium on Light, Endocrine Systems and Cancer.

A conference was held at the University of Cologne on May 2-3, 2002, to discuss the strength-of-the-evidence supporting a linkage between light, endocrine systems and cancer. This overview of the conference is intended to summarize some of the key elements of the conference and to indicate both conclusions and research gaps identified by this reviewer.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hypomagnesemia and the parathyroid hormone-vitamin D endocrine system in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of magnesium administration.

Because insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with altered electrolyte metabolism and a derangement of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)-vitamin D endocrine system, we studied 23 children with diabetes (age 9.4 +/- 2.5 years) and found lower serum values for total and ionized calcium, magnesium, intact PTH, calcitriol, and osteocalcin than in age- and sex-matched control subjects. All patients were given magnesium orally (6 mg/kg daily of elemental magnesium) for up to 60 days. During treatment, serum magnesium, total and ionized calcium, intact PTH, calcitriol, and osteocalcin concentrations significantly increased, reaching control values. After a 3-day low-calcium diet, the patients had a significantly reduced delta-increment of PTH and calcitriol in comparison with values obtained during hypomagnesemia. After magnesium repletion, the delta-increments of both PTH and calcitriol, in response to the low-calcium diet, were not significantly different from control values. These data suggest that magnesium deficiency plays a pivotal role in altering mineral homeostasis in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Calcitriol↗
PubMed1991

Influence of the calcium and vitamin D endocrine system on the "priming" of the liver for compensatory growth.

The liver is known to be sensitive to dietary challenge and to reduction in its functional mass. To investigate the influence of the vitamin D endocrine system on the hepatic growth response, liver DNA synthesis (S phase of cell cycle) was primed by dietary manipulation (high carbohydrate/protein-free diet x 3 d followed by high protein diet x 15-18 hr) in animals presenting various calcium and vitamin D status. Data indicate the dietary manipulation increased [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA following vitamin D3 (D3) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) administration (p less than 0.0001) while vitamin D depleted (D-) rats (both hypo and normocalcemic) showed no significant increases over unchallenged rats (p less than 0.0001). Studies on the hepatic EGF receptor indicate that while no significant between-group difference was observed in receptor density or affinity, evaluation of the receptor density in relation to the [3H]thymidine incorporation response revealed a higher receptor density in responders (D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 supplemented groups) with 30.2 +/- 1.4% maximum binding than in non-responders (hypo and normocalcemic D- groups) with 25.4 +/- 1.8% maximum EGF binding (p less than 0.03); EGF EC50 was found to be 50.2 +/- 4.4 and 63.8 +/- 9.7 ng/ml in responders and non-responders respectively (p = 0.1). These data indicate that vitamin D depletion is accompanied by hyporesponsiveness when challenged by a dietary protocol known to prime the liver for growth inducing stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Immunohistochemical localization of huntingtin-associated protein 1 in endocrine system of the rat.

Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) was originally found to be localized in neurons and is thought to play an important role in neuronal vesicular trafficking and/or organelle transport. Based on functional similarity between neuron and endocrine cell in vesicular trafficking, we examined the expression and localization of HAP1 in the rat endocrine system using immunohistochemistry. HAP1-immunoreactive cells are widely distributed in the anterior lobe of the pituitary, scattered in the wall of the thyroid follicles, or clustered in the interfollicular space of the thyroid gland, exclusively but diffusely distributed in the medullae of adrenal glands, and selectively located in the pancreas islets. HAP1-containing cells were also found in the mucosa of stomach and small intestine with a distributive pattern similar to that of gastrointestinal endocrine cells. However, no HAP1-immunoreactive cell was found in the cortex of the adrenal gland, the testis, and the ovary. In the posterior lobe of the pituitary, HAP1-immunoreactive products were not detected in the cell bodies but in many stigmoid bodies, one kind of non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle with a central or eccentric electron-lucent core. HAP1-immunoreactive stigmoid bodies were also found in the cytoplasm of endocrine cells in the thyroid gland, the medullae of adrenal gland, the pancreas islets, the stomach, and small intestine. The present study demonstrates that HAP1 is selectively expressed in part of the small peptide-, protein-, and amino-acid analog and derivative-secreting endocrine cells but not in steroid hormone-secreting cells, suggesting that HAP1 is also involved in intracellular trafficking in certain types of endocrine cells.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1983

[The endocrine system and immunity].

The studies using antinuclear and antideoxyribonucleoprotein immunoglobulins of the G class from hormone-producing cells against specific structures of the adrenals, thyroid gland, and thymus exerting an selective organ-specific effect and an immunomodulator thymaline (a thymus factor) in the structural-functional analysis revealed previously unknown mechanisms of interaction of the endocrine system and immunogenesis organs. These data may facilitate the elucidation of the mechanisms of levelling of disturbed homeostatis.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2000

Neurotransmitters and putative neuromodulators in the gut of Anguilla anguilla (L.). Localizations in the enteric nervous and endocrine systems.

The gut of silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) was investigated in order to describe both the cholinergic and adrenergic intramural innervations, and the localization of possible accessory neuromediators. Histochemical reactions for the demonstration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form-(NADPH-)diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase (AChEase) were performed, as well as the immunohistochemical testing of tyrosine hydroxylase, met-enkephalin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), bombesin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), serotonin, cholineacetyl transferase. The results evidenced a different pattern in comparison with other vertebrates, namely mammals, and with other fish. Both NADPH-diaphorase and AChEase activities were histochemically detected all along the gut in the myenteric plexus, the inner musculature and the propria-submucosa. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was observed in the intestinal tract only, both in the myenteric plexus and in the inner musculature. Several neuropeptides (metenkephalin, CGRP, bombesin, substance P, VIP, NPY, somatostatin) were, in addition, detected in the intramural innervation; some of them also in epithelial cells of the diffuse endocrine system (met-enkephalin, substance P, NPY, somatostatin). Serotonin was only present in endocrine cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was present in localizations similar to those of NADPH-diaphorase-reactivity, and in the same nerve bundles in which substance P- and CGRP-like-immunoreactivities were detectable in the intestinal tract. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase-reactive neurons showed an anatomical relationship with AChEase-reactive nerve terminals, and a similar relationship existed between the latter and substance P-like immunoreactivity.

Anguilla↗