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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

PubMed1990

Discrepancies between energy intake and expenditure in physically active women.

Energy intake and expenditure in women runners and non-runners were assessed by weighed food records, evaluation of minute-by-minute activity diaries, and indirect calorimetry. All participants were adapted to their stated activity levels for at least 6 months and maintained a constant body-weight throughout their participation. Calculated daily energy intake equalled calculated expenditure in non-runners (7300 (SD 1536) v. 7476 (SD 872) kJ/d), but calculated energy expenditure in women running about 54 km/week was found to exceed intake by more than 2700 kJ/d (8259 (SD 1466) v. 10963 (SD 1367), P less than 0.01). The runners showed no evidence of compensating for the increased energy expenditure associated with running by engaging in lower-intensity activities during non-running time. Further, runners did not decrease energy expended at various activities. The findings suggest that women adapted to high levels of activity may possess mechanisms to maintain body-weight without significantly increasing energy intake.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

Validation of habitual energy intake.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a framework for use of the doubly labelled water method to measure energy expenditure in order to validate dietary instruments for the assessment of energy. DESIGN: Review and description of the use of doubly labelled water method for use as a biomarker for habitual energy intake. RESULTS: The doubly labelled water method has a relative accuracy of 1% and within-subject precision of 5 to 8%. Comparison of self-reported energy intake with energy expenditure demonstrated that over one-third of individuals may underreport energy intake by more than 25%. CONCLUSIONS: The doubly labelled water method, although expensive and dependent on non-routine laboratory instrumentation, is an excellent biomarker of energy intake.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed1993

Resting energy expenditure in relation to energy intake in patients with Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia and in control women.

Energy intake and resting energy expenditure in relation to body composition were studied in female patients with Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia and in home-living non-demented elderly women. Patients with Alzheimer's disease tended to have lower body weight and higher energy intake (p = NS) than control subjects or patients with multi-infarct dementia. Resting energy expenditure did not differ significantly between the groups (1089 +/- 129 kcal/day for patients with Alzheimer's disease, 1078 +/- 102 kcal/day for patients with multi-infarct dementia and 1188 +/- 143 kcal/day for control women; mean +/- SD). Energy expenditure did not differ between the groups when calculated in relation to body weight or lean body mass. In institutionalized female patients with long-standing Alzheimer's disease the resting energy expenditure was not increased, but they tended to have low body weight despite a high energy intake.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Food intake, dietary habits and nutritional status of the population of Reus (X): Evolution of the diet and the contribution of macronutrients to energy intake (1983-1999) by age and sex].

BACKGROUND: To study the evolution of the diet and the nutritional intake between 1983 and 1999, by age and sex. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a series of analysis of the food intake on a representative sample of the population of Reus (aged 10-69 years). Dietary intake was estimated using the 24-hours recall method. In 1999 the sample size was 839 individuals, 41% of them having taken part in the studies since 1983. Results are shown as mean (standard deviation). RESULTS: In 1999, the energy intake was 2524 (582) kcal in men aged 35-44 years (n = 57), and 1827 (490) kcal in women (n = 95) (p < 0.001 between sexes). The energy intake decreases with age (significant trend [p < 0.001] between 15-69 years) and it is higher in men than in women in all the age groups studied. When comparing similar age groups, we observe that this energy intake has not changed significantly since 1983. Between 1983 and 1999 the contribution of the macronutrients to the total energy intake has become more similar between ages and sexes. In 1999, in men aged 35-44 years a 15.6% of the energy came from proteins, 42% from fat and 42.5% from carbohydrates; in women of the same age: a 17.3% of the energy came from proteins, 42.4% from fat and 40.3% from carbohydrates). During this period we observed, however, remarkable changes in the diet which imply the increasing participation of the dairy products, vegetables and meat in the energy intake, or the significant decrease of the role of tubers, eggs and visible fat. CONCLUSIONS: Our population maintains an energy intake without significant changes, and it presents a trend towards a progressive uniformity of the nutritional balance between the different ages and sexes, although there are significant changes in some components of the diet.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Dietary self-selection and the regulation of protein and energy intake in chicks.

Studies were conducted to determine whether chicks could regulate their protein intake independent of total energy intake in self-selection feeding trials. Day-old White Mountain cockerels were reared in electrically-heated battery brooders and given access to either a 23% protein control ration (no choice) or two diets containing 10% or 60% protein with or without supplemental amino acids. The latter were added to either improve the dietary amino acid balance or to alter plasma and brain levels of free large neutral amino acids (tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine) which have been implicated in the neuroregulation of feed intake. Both feed and water were provided ad lib, and the location of the feed troughs within each pen were changed daily. Body weights and feed intakes were measured daily, and total calorie and protein intakes were calculated. Chicks offered 10% and 60% protein diets with no supplemental amino acids exhibited reduced weight gains and markedly higher protein intakes as compared to birds fed either the control ration or those given a choice between 10% and 60% protein diets supplemented with methionine. The higher protein consumption by chicks fed the unsupplemented diets most likely was a result of an attempt to compensate for a dietary methionine deficiency. Chicks fed the 10% and 60% protein diets supplemented with amino acids grew at a slower rate than those fed the 23% protein control diet. In general, plasma and brain data did not support a proposed relationship between certain large neutral amino acid ratios and protein or energy intake.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2003

Assessment and significance of 24-h energy intake patterns among young and aged non-affluent southern US women.

Energy intake patterns that may impact health status among non-affluent southern U.S. women from small urban communities have not been evaluated extensively. Usual intake estimates are confounded by factors such as validity of intake methods and socioeconomic status. Typical 24-h energy intakes were reported by Caucasian (CA, n=149) and African-American (AA, n=110) women; at 43% of this sub-population, AA women are appropriately and proportionately represented. Daily energy intake was examined for these non-pregnant females, 24 to 93 y of age, to define typical energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake. Study groups were: 24-29 y, 30-39 y, 40-49 y, 50-59 y, 60-69 y, 70-79 y, and 80-93 y. Statistical comparisons of nutrient variables by age were made by least squares means between groups. Body mass index (BMI) calculations accounted for differences in height and relative body mass. Both races reported similar energy intakes and significant (P<0.05) decreases with age were noted. Energy intakes were 15-40% below recommended levels, similar to reported values; senior lunch programs ameliorated declines among some women >60 y. More daily calories (52-62%) were provided by carbohydrates, followed by fat (26-35%) and protein (14-17%) findings in close agreement with health recommendations. Time-of-day intake patterns suggest women >59 y consume larger noon meals. BMI for AA women was greater (P<0.05) than that of CA women between 30-59 y. At 24-29 y, AA women had lowest BMI values; BMI decreases occurred in CA women after 80 y. These factors may impact the health of non-affluent southern AA and CA women, particularly the elderly who may require guidance for diet planning and intake intervention programs.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Underreporting of energy intake in developing nations.

Under conditions of energy balance, energy intake (EI) equals energy expenditure (EE), and the validity of EI may be determined by comparing these two measures. The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is the gold standard for the determination of EE. Its use in developed countries has showed an intense underreporting of EI. Few studies concerning underreporting have been conducted in developing nations, and none of them has used DLW. This review will present the results of such studies, extrapolating data using DLW and providing EE and EI estimates, but which were not concerned with underreporting. A panorama of underreporting and its implications in developing nations is discussed and future directions for research are identified.

Body Water↗

PubMed1990

Social and public health issues in adaptation to low energy intakes.

The centrality of the concept of energy requirement for a number of major national policy areas as well as the large proportion of Third World population believed to be exposed to energy stress and therefore needing to adapt emphasize the importance of the adaptation issue. This paper reviews the evidence of adaptation to low energy intakes in real-life conditions and, while identifying the reduction in physical activity as potentially the most powerful energy-sparing strategy, shows that the currently available evidence does not support the recourse to this behavioral strategy in developing countries undergoing recurrent seasonal energy stresses. Distinction is made between behavioral adaptation mechanisms, which include only actions taken after weight loss and directly resulting in immediate reduction of energy intake, and those actions that are taken in anticipation of a forth-coming energy stress and do not necessarily reduce energy expenditure.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1990

Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT): food pattern changes resulting from intervention on sodium, potassium, and energy intake. Hypertension Prevention Trial Research Group.

The Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT) was a multicenter randomized trial designed to assess the effects of long-term dietary changes on blood pressure in a normotensive population (diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 78 but less than 90 mm Hg) for a period of 3 years. The dietary treatments were reduction of sodium intake, increase of potassium intake, and decrease of energy intake. Estimates of changes in food intake were made by comparing 24-hour food records of the treatment and control participants. The participants in the treatment groups reported sodium intakes that were 30% to 40% lower than those of the controls. The restriction was achieved mainly by reducing intake of salt, meats, and grain products. Meats and grain products were still a major source of total sodium intake after treatment (41% to 47%), perhaps because of continued use of processed foods. Potassium intake was reported to be 16% to 25% higher in the treatment groups than in the controls, the increase achieved largely through increased consumption of fruits, with a lesser contribution from vegetables. Participants with higher initial body weights reported smaller increases in fruit and vegetable consumption than participants of normal weight, perhaps because of concerns about weight gain. Energy intake in the weight loss groups was 8% to 11% less than that of the controls. Men reported success in restricting calories from meats, dairy products, fats, beverages, and sugars. Women were less successful in restricting calories from most food groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1991

The variability of young children's energy intake.

BACKGROUND: Research conducted in the 1930s showed that, given nutritious choices, children can select an adequate diet without adult supervision. Paradoxically, children grew well and were healthy despite patterns of intake at individual meals that were unpredictable and highly variable. METHODS: To investigate in more detail the energy intake of young children, we measured 24-hour food intake for 15 children, from two to five years of age, on six days. For each of the six days of the study, coefficients of variation were calculated for each child for each of the six meals and snacks (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and morning, afternoon, and evening snacks) and for total daily energy intake. RESULTS: The children's intake at individual meals was highly variable, but total daily energy intake was relatively constant for each child. The mean coefficient of variation for each child's energy intake at individual meals was 33.6 percent; in contrast, the mean coefficient of variation for each child's total daily energy intake was 10.4 percent. In most cases, high energy intake at one meal was followed by low energy intake at the next meal, or vice versa. CONCLUSIONS: Although children's food consumption is highly variable from meal to meal, daily energy intake is relatively constant, because children adjust their energy intake at successive meals.

Child↗

PubMed1989

The relative validity of retrospectively assessed energy intake data in cases with myocardial infarction and controls (the Zutphen Study).

The relative validity of energy intake data, retrospectively collected after a 15-year period, was investigated. In 1970 dietary data were obtained by the cross-check dietary history method among 615 men aged 50-69. Between 1970 and 1985, 43 of these men had a non-fatal myocardial infarction. As controls 86 healthy men were selected. Of these 129 men, 112 were interviewed about their usual food intake in 1985 and in 1970. The retrospectively collected food intake data were compared with the data obtained in 1970. Retrospectively the average energy intake was overestimated by approximately 300 kcal/day. The amount of overestimation was statistically associated with change in energy intake, education and interviewer. The data collected in 1970 showed a significantly lower energy intake in cases compared with controls. However, the retrospectively assessed energy intake data showed no significant difference. A difference in energy intake between cases and controls may not be found when dietary intake data are assessed retrospectively.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Validation of energy intake by 24-hour multiple pass recall: comparison with total energy expenditure in children aged 5-7 years.

Accurate measurement of energy intake (EI) is essential in studies of energy balance in all age groups. Reported values for EI can be validated against total energy expenditure (TEE) measured using doubly labelled water (DLW). Our previous work has indicated that the use of the standardized 24 h multiple pass recall (24 h MPR) method produces slight overestimates of EI in pre-school children which are inaccurate at individual level but acceptable at group level. To extend this work, the current study validated EI by 24 h MPR against TEE by DLW in sixty-three (thirty-two boys) school-aged children (median age 6 years). In both boys and girls, reported EI was higher than TEE, although this difference was only significant in the girls (median difference 420 kJ/d, P=0.05). On analysis of agreement between TEE and EI, the group bias was an overestimation of EI by 250 kJ/d with wide limits of agreement (-2880, 2380 kJ/d). EI was over-reported relative to TEE by 7 % and 0.9 % in girls and boys, respectively. The bias in the current study was lower than in our previous study of pre-school children, suggesting that estimates of EI become less inaccurate as children age. However, the current study suggests that the 24 h MPR is inaccurate at the individual level.

Child↗

PubMed1985

Energy intake and the nature of growth in low birth weight infants.

Growth is accompanied by and depends on energy storage in growing tissue. The rate of energy storage in growing low birth weight infants depends on the rate of energy intake and on the rates of energy excretion and expenditure, both of which (on a body weight basis) are much higher than in adults, and both of which increase with increments of gross energy intake. Energy-balance studies of growing low birth weight infants on gross energy intakes approximating 500 kJ X kg-1 X d-1 of mothers' milk or of infant formula indicate that the composition of extrauterine weight gain of the low birth weight infant differs from that of the fetus of similar gestation, in that the energy storage cost of growth is much higher. Attempts to increase metabolizable energy intake beyond 500 kJ X kg-1 X d-1 by energy supplementation alone do not result in proportionately increased rates of weight gain; low birth weight formulae, in which energy, protein, and mineral contents are all increased can result in large weight gains with proportionate increases in rates of protein and fat accretion.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed1990

Energy intakes of human milk-fed infants during the first year.

A discrepancy between current recommendations for energy intakes and the reported intakes of human milk-fed infants has led to the suggestion that energy requirements of infants should be reevaluated. Gross energy intakes of 1-month-old, exclusively breast-fed infants are similar to recommended amounts of metabolizable energy; however, by 4 months of age, gross energy intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants are significantly less than current recommendations. Weight-for-age percentiles also fall during that period. Energy intakes (measured in kilocalories per kilogram) persist at less than recommended amounts, and weight-for-age percentiles continue to drop after solid foods are added to the diet. Energy intakes of formula-fed infants appear significantly higher than those of infants who are fed human milk. Growth rates, total daily energy expenditure, sleeping metabolic rates, minimal rates of energy expenditure, rectal temperature, and heart rates have been found to be lower in breast-fed infants. The maintenance of energy intakes and growth trajectories during the period of demand supplementation with solid foods suggests that intakes, growth rates, and rates of energy expenditure of human milk-fed infants are physiologic responses to an appropriate dietary intake.

Body Weight↗

PubMed2003

Adult female rats defend "appropriate" energy intake after adaptation to dietary energy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if adult female rats adapt to lower and higher dietary energy density. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Study 1 compared high-fat (56%), high-energy density (HD) (21.6 kJ/g) and high-fat (56%), low-energy density (LD) (16.0 kJ/g) diets before surgery (two groups, 2 weeks, n = 16) and after surgery [ovariectomy (O) Sham (S); 2 x 2 factorial, n = 8; 6 weeks]. The second study (no surgery) compared high-fat (60.0%), high-energy (22.0 kJ/g) and low-fat (10.0%), low-energy (15.1 kJ/g) diets (n = 8). RESULTS: In study 1, food intake was similar for the first 2 weeks, but rats on the LD diet consumed less energy, gained less weight, and had lower nonfasted serum leptin (all p < 0.0001) than rats on the HD diet. After surgery, rats on the LD and HD diets had similar weight gain, but rats on the LD diet consumed more food (p < 0.0001) and less energy (p < 0.009). O rats consumed more food and gained more weight (p < 0.0001) than S rats. Results from study 2 were similar to those from study 1. DISCUSSION: The results demonstrated that O and S surgery rats and rats with no surgery adjust their food intake to defend a level of energy intake. This defense only occurred after a 2-week adaptation period. The major differences in final body weights and abdominal fat resulted from the initial 2 weeks before adaptation to energy density. Rats fed higher-energy diets seemed to "settle" at a higher level of adiposity, and rats fed lower-energy diets consumed more food to increase energy consumption.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2004

[Adjustment for energy intake in the assessment of dietary risk factors].

Epidemiologic studies assessing the association between health status and nutritional factors raise the issue of adjusting for energy intake. Indeed, as most nutrients are highly correlated with energy intake which can itself be associated with disease risk, energy intake needs to be adjusted for upon assessing the effect of a specific nutrient. To avoid problems of estimation and interpretation incurred by the use of the standard method which rests on directly adjusting for energy intake, several other methods have been suggested. Namely, the density method uses the ratio of nutrient intake over total energy intake, the residual method relies on the residuals from the regression of nutrient intake on total energy intake, and the partition method fits energy from the nutrient and energy from other sources. These methods yield estimates of different effects but do not allow direct estimation of specific nutrient effects. Estimated effects combine specific and generic energy effects of nutrients and reflect effects of adding or substituting one nutrient for another. We review and apply these methods to the assessment of the association between protein intake and colorectal adenoma occurrence in the E3N-EPIC cohort. This example illustrates how considering findings from all of these methods rather than one single method can lead to a more in-depth understanding of such associations and provide useful guidance for nutritional recommendations.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2004

Combined effects of energy density and portion size on energy intake in women.

BACKGROUND: Increases in both the portion size and energy density of food have both been shown to increase energy intake, but the combined effects of such increases have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the combined effects of energy density and portion size on energy intake in women. DESIGN: This study used a within-subjects design. Once a week for 6 wk, 39 women were served breakfast, lunch, and dinner ad libitum. The main entrée at lunch was formulated in 2 versions that varied in energy density (5.23 or 7.32 kJ/g), each of which was served in 3 different portion sizes (500, 700, or 900 g). The 2 versions were matched for macronutrient composition and palatability. Breakfast and dinner were standard meals. RESULTS: Increases in portion size and energy density led to independent and additive increases in energy intake (P <0.0001). Subjects consumed 56% more energy (925 kJ) when served the largest portion of the higher energy-dense entrée than when served the smallest portion of the lower energy-dense entrée. Subjects did not compensate for the additional intake by eating less at the subsequent meal. Despite substantial differences in energy intake, no systematic differences in ratings of hunger and fullness across conditions were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The energy density and the portion size of a food act independently to affect energy intake. The findings indicate that large portions of foods with a high energy density may facilitate the overconsumption of energy.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Validation of energy intake by dietary recall against different methods to assess energy expenditure.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the validity of dietary recalls and physical activity recalls and investigate some factors influencing this validity. To provide an example showing how procedures based on recalls of physical activity can assess the validity of dietary recalls and identify subjects constantly underreporting their energy intake (EI). DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Thirty-seven women were studied using three 24-h dietary recalls, two kinds of physical activity recalls, indirect calorimetry and the doubly labelled water method. RESULTS: The EI obtained using dietary recalls were biased with respect to body mass index (BMI) and attitudes towards body weight and dieting, whereas results obtained using a physical activity recall were not. Eighteen women produced underreports (UR), i.e. their average EI was below 76% of total energy expenditure (TEE), whereas 24 women reported an EI that was lower than TEE on all three recall days, i.e. constantly underreporting subjects. A physical activity recall identified 13 URs and 20 of the constantly underreporting subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to estimates of EI, TEE assessed using physical activity recalls was not biased with respect to BMI or attitudes towards body weight and dieting. Recalls of physical activity represent potentially useful procedures for identifying URs and constantly underreporting subjects but are not accurate enough for individuals.

Adult↗