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PubMed1978

The effect of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20: 3,n-6) on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids in the liver of rats deficient in essential fatty acids.

1. Rats were fed on either a diet deficient in essential fatty acid (EFA) or one supplemented with dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3,n-6) at levels that represented 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of the dietary energy. 2. Supplementation of the diet of EFA-deficient animals with 20:3,n-6 reversed most of the fatty acid changes induced in the liver phospholipid fraction. 3 The EFA potency of 20:3,n-6 was found to be similar to that of gamma-linolenic acid (18:3,n-6) which has been shown to be higher than that of linoleic acid (18:2,n-6).

8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid↗
PubMed1976

Modification of adjuvant inflammation in rats deficient in essential fatty acids.

Rats deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA) did not develop as much foot swelling on receiving injections of complete Freund's adjuvant as did normal controls. Both the acute inflammation and the chronic inflammation were affected. This reduction in the chronic phase of adjuvant inflammation was restored to normal levels by feeding a small supplement of corn oil as a dietary source of EFA. Since the EFA are biologic precursors of prostaglandins (PG), the lack of EFA is thought to influence adjuvant-induced inflammation by reducing available PG mediators of inflammation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between schizophrenia and essential fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism.

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their eicosanoid derivatives are important constituents of the brain and regulators of neuronal function. There is direct and indirect evidence of impaired metabolism of prostaglandin (PG)E1 in schizophrenia. There is also direct evidence of abnormal EFA biochemistry with plasma phospholipids from five populations and brain phospholipids from another all showing reduced levels of linoleic acid and elevated levels of 22-carbon EFAs of both n-6 and n-3 series. Clinical trials of PGE1 and of the PGE1 precursors, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) have shown modest therapeutic effects. In view of lack of therapeutic process involving drugs based on the dopamine concept of schizophrenia, it is time for new approaches based on the EFA/PG concept to be evaluated thoroughly.

Alprostadil↗
PubMed1993

The modulation of radiation-induced damage to pig skin by essential fatty acids.

The ability of essential fatty acids (EFAs) to modulate radiation-induced normal tissue injury was assessed in pig skin. Female Large White pigs (approximately 25 Kg) received 3 ml/day orally of either an 'active' oil [So-1100, containing 9% gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)] or a 'placebo' oil (So-1129) for just 4 weeks before or for 4 weeks before and for 16 weeks after irradiation; localised irradiation of skin was with single doses of beta-rays from 22.5 mm diameter 90Sr/90Y plaques. The severity of the acute reaction, assessed in terms of erythema or moist desquamation, was significantly less in those pigs that received So-1100 both before and after irradiation, as compared with those receiving that oil only prior to irradiation and the 'placebo' groups. Dose modification factors (DMFs) of between 1.13-1.24 were obtained. A similar reduction in the severity of acute skin injury was seen in pigs receiving So-1100 for only 10 weeks after irradiation. Late skin damage, assessed in terms of late erythema or dermal necrosis, was also reduced with So-1100, with DMFs of 1.14-1.51. No such modification was observed if So-1100 was only administered for 4 weeks prior to irradiation. No adverse side-effects were apparent as a result of EFA administration. So-1100 may represent a safe and valuable method of increasing the therapeutic gain in radiotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Features of secondary immune response and status of nonspecific resistance of the rat, fed rations with mare's milk, rich in essential fatty acids].

The influence of essential fatty acids of mare's milk fat on the immunocompetent system and nonspecific resistance was investigated after 6 and 8 weeks of feeding. Rats were fed with isocaloric purified diets containing 15% of test fat (combination of lard and sunflower oil--in control) which provide the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids equal to 0.76. After 6 weeks of feeding an increase of immune responsiveness and nonspecific resistance in the group fed with the diet with mare's milk fat on the 6th day a single immunization of the animals with 5% sheep erythrocyte suspension was noted but that increase of secondary immune responsiveness was not noted after 8 weeks of feeding, an increase of nonspecific resistance is kept.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

35S and 3H-proline incorporation in rats deficient in essential fatty acids.

The effects of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on connective tissue metabolism were studied in rats deficient in EFA and prostaglandins (PG). In chronic EFA deficiency, 3H-proline fixation, a measure of protein synthesis, was markedly reduced in the stomach, liver, adrenal, kidney, spleen, heart, and small intestine. Collagen rich tissues, such as lung, aorta, and cartilage also demonstrated reduced 3H-proline incorporation. 35S uptake, a measure of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, was inhibited in the lung, kidney, spleen, aorta, small intestine, and cartilage. Shorter periods of EFA deficiency resulted in similar diminished 35S incorporation. However, corn oil supplements largely corrected these metabolic defects. PGE1 injections stimulated 35S uptake in the mucus secreting tissues of the stomach and intestine. Comments are presented suggesting that the anti-PG actions of steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs contribute to ulcer formation during drug therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Essential fatty acids in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation.

The relative fatty acid composition of lecithin was measured in maternal and cord blood serum in human pregnancies at risk for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) (n = 28) as compared to controls (n = 20). In the IUGR cases (n = 13) linoleic acid was lower in maternal samples but higher in cord blood, oleic acid was elevated in both whereas docosohexaenoic acid was lower. Essential fatty acid composition of lecithin was found to be different in IUGR.

Fatty Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1989

[Nature, origin and role of fatty acids of the nervous system: an essential fatty acid, an alpha-linolenic acid, changing the structure and the cerebral function].

Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are synthetized in cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Their mechanisms of synthesis and fate are different according to the organelle. For some of them, a nutritional origin is not excluded. Minimum dietary linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid to ensure normal brain structure and function are respectively 2.4% and 0.4% of the calories. Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency alters membrane composition and fluidity, changes the fluidizing effect of ethanol, reduces some enzymatic activities (ATP ase, 5' nucleotidase), diminishes the efficiency of the blood-brain barrier, affects electroretinogram, reduces learning capacities and makes the animals more fragile in the presence of neurotoxins. Very long polyunsaturated chains, which could be the essential fatty acids for the brain, must be considered at the level of nutrition, pharmacology and toxicology (alteration of structures and peroxidations).

Animals↗
PubMed1978

"Protected" polyunsaturated fatty acid in the diet of the ewe and the essential fatty acid status of the neonatal lamb.

A polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement, protected from biohydrogenation in the rumen by a formaldehyde-treated protein coat, was fed to ewes during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy as a possible method of improving the poor essential fatty acid status of the newborn lambs. Significant increases were observed in the concentrations of 18:2 (n-6) in both the cholesteryl ester and phospholipid fractions of the plasma and in the phospholipid fraction of the liver of the lamb at birth. Concomitantly, there were significant increases in 20:4 (n-6) concentrations and reductions in the concentrations of 20:3 (n-9). In addition, the concentration of 18:2 (n-6) in the colostrum of the ewes was increased some eightfold thereby providing a secondary source of this essential fatty acid to the lamb. A marked decrease in erythrocyte fragility was observed in lambs whose ewes had received the "protected" polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. These findings are discussed in relation to the known metabolic roles of essential fatty acids in the animal body, with particular reference to the essential fatty acid status of the lamb at birth.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The influence of a vegetarian diet on the fatty acid composition of human milk and the essential fatty acid status of the infant.

Vegan and vegetarian diets supply higher amounts of linoleic acid than those of omnivores. Intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) are variable, depending on the oils used, but are generally high in vegans. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (DHA) is absent from vegan and many vegetarian diets. Cord plasma and cord artery phospholipid levels of Hindu vegetarians contained less DHA and more docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) compared with those of omnivore control subjects. These differences in fatty acid composition were not statistically related to differences in birth weight, head circumference, or length. In human milk from vegans, vegetarians, and omnivores, the mean percentage in total fatty acids of 18:2n-6 was 23.8%, 19.7%, and 10.9%, respectively; that of 18:3n-3 was 1.36%, 1.25%, and 0.49%, respectively; and that of 22:6n-3 was 0.14%, 0.30%, and 0.37%, respectively. The proportion of DHA in erythrocyte total lipids of infants breast-fed by vegans was 1.9% compared with 3.7% in infants fed a milk formula containing butterfat as the sole source of fat and 6.2% in infants breast-fed by omnivores at 14 weeks postpartum. The ratio of linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid in the diet was predictive of the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid but not that of DHA in infant red blood cell lipids. It is concluded that the intakes of linoleic acid and DHA are the major determinants of the proportion of DHA in plasma and red blood cell lipids.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1980

[Essential fatty acids].

Linoleic acid, gamma-linoleic acid and arachidonic acid are essential substrates for human nutrition. The daily requirement of linoleic acid or linoleic acid equivalent are 6.5 g/die. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for safety intake has been fixed to 10 g/die. During deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFA) linoleic acid concentration in tissue is diminished and the prostaglandin synthesis is lowered, too. Prostaglandins are formed exclusively from linoleic acid equivalent, mostly arachidonic acid. Augmented application of EFA lowers cholesterol and triglicerides concentration in blood. An antihypertensive effect of EFA has recently been described. Unsaturated fatty acids can be used in therapy of hypercoagulability. In the dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus EFA improve the effect of insulin. EFA stop the development of atheromatosis. Therefore one should not hesitate to practice an EFA-rich diet.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1999

The role of essential fatty acids in chronic fatigue syndrome. A case-controlled study of red-cell membrane essential fatty acids (EFA) and a placebo-controlled treatment study with high dose of EFA.

OBJECTIVE: To replicate the treatment study by Behan et al. (1990) using current research criteria for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). METHOD: Fifty patients who fulfilled the Oxford Criteria for CFS were randomly allocated to treatment with either Efamol Marine or placebo for 3 months. They were seen monthly and completed a physical symptoms checklist and the Beck Inventory for Depression and reported if they were the same, better or worse at the end of the study. RESULTS: Symptoms generally improved with time but not significantly and there were no significant differences between the treatment and placebo groups. Pretreatment red-cell membrane (RBC) lipids of patients compared with age-and sex-matched normal controls showed no significant differences. DISCUSSION: The results of this study contrast sharply with the previous study where 85% of patients had a clinically significant improvement of symptoms with Efamol Marine over a 3-month treatment period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Intravenous infusion of lipid for the prevention of essential fatty acid deficiency in premature infants.

This study was designed to determine the amount of linoleic acid required to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency in premature infants. This was achieved by infusing 1 g intravenous lipid.kg-1.d-1 over 18-20 h beginning on day 2 and increasing by 0.5 g.kg-1.d-1 to a maximum of 3 g.kg-1.d-1. The actual mean amounts of linoleic acid administered (mg/kg) were 613 on day 2, 767 on days 3 and 4, 862 on day 5, and 1062 on day 6. None of the neonates managed in this fashion showed a high triene-tetraene ratio on days 3 or 7 (in contrast to control subjects, 80% whom were abnormal). Plasma triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) increased during the infusions but not to concentrations indicative of fat intolerance. The rise in NEFAs was associated with evidence of bilirubin displacement from circulating albumin but this occurred to only a modest degree.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1977

Studies of effects of trans fatty acids in the diet on lipid metabolism in essential fatty acid deficient rats.

Effects of diets containing mixtures of safflower oil, hydrogenated coconut oil with elaidate of linolelaidate on growth, fatty acid composition, serum lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activities in essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient rats were determined. Addition of trans fatty acids to the diet lowered the growth response to linoleic acid. Both elaidate and linolelaidate accumulated in the serum and liver, imparied the conversion of oleic acid to eicosatrienoic acid and linoleic acid to arachidonic acid, and the incorporation of eicosatrienoic acid into cholesteryl esters. Trans fatty acids also influenced the fatty acid composition of testicular lipids, but much lower amounts of these acids accumlated in tests than in liver or serum. Serum lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase activity was elevated by an EFA deficiency, was unaffected by dietary elaidate, but was significantly decreased by linolelaidate. These effects were nullified by the addition of safflower oil to the diet. Postheparin plasma extrahepatic and hepatic lipase activities were also affected by an EFA deficiency, and by the addition of elaidate or linolelaidate alone or in combination with safflower oil to the diets of EFA deficient rats. It is suggested that trans fatty acids exhibit particular effects on the metabolism of lipids in addition to aggravation of an EFA deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[How essential are essential fatty acids?].

The present article analyzes the symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency, both in human beings and in animals. The first part of the article describes the interrelationships between linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids, and how these acids affect the physiological response in experimental animals. Likewise, it discusses the effect of gradual levels of linoleic acid intake, and its use to establish quantitative requirements for essential fatty acids on the basis of biochemical parameters. It provides information also on the effect of dietary non-essential fatty acids on essential fatty acid metabolism. The second part of the article deals with the significance of essential fatty acids in human nutrition. In spite of the available information in this regard, it is suggested that further and more thorough studies be conducted. Data on human blood serum fatty acid composition are presented, which could be used as a basis for comparison when essential fatty acid deficiency is suspected. The author further indicates that there are several dietary factors that could induce essential fatty acid deficiency, or that could result in marginal states of deficiency in these nutrients.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Essential fatty acids in the fetal and newborn lamb.

The concentrations of linoleic and linolenic acids and their metabolites in the liver, kidney, brain, erythrocytes and plasma of fetal lambs at various stages of gestation, and of newborn and 2-week-old suckled lambs was determined. Throughout gestation the fetal tissues, erythrocytes and plasma all contained low levels of linoleic and linolenic acids together with consistently high levels of their long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites. The triene: tetraene (eicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid/arachidonic acid) ratio was always 0.4 or less except at birth when it reached 0.6 in liver and 0.9 in plasma. Milk intake significantly increased the linoleic and linolenic acid levels in the lamb by 2 weeks after birth. These results show that the developing fetal lamb should not be regarded as being deficient in essential fatty acids, as suggested by previous investigators. It is proposed that the total metabolites of linoleic and linolenic acids are the most appropriate measure of the essential fatty acid status of the fetal lamb.

Animals↗