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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

2,3-Diaryl-5-anilino[1,2,4]thiadiazoles as melanocortin MC4 receptor agonists and their effects on feeding behavior in rats.

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4) modulates physiological functions such as feeding behavior, nerve regeneration, and drug addiction. Using a high throughput screen based on (125)I-NDP-MSH binding to the human MC4 receptor, we discovered 2,3-diaryl-5-anilino[1,2,4]thiadiazoles 3 as potent and selective MC4 receptor agonists. Through SAR development on the three attached aryl rings, we improved the binding affinity from 174 nM to 4.4 nM IC(50). When delivered intraperitoneally, compounds 3a, 3b, and 3c induced significant inhibition of food intake in a fasting-induced feeding model in rats. When delivered orally, these compounds lost activity, mainly due to rapid metabolism to inactive imidoylthiourea reduction products.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Disruption of feeding behavior in CRH receptor 1-deficient mice is dependent on glucocorticoids.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been found to markedly suppress food intake and reduce body weight. However, it still remains to be clarified whether those effects are mediated via either the CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) or the CRH receptor 2 (CRHR2), or both receptor subtypes. Therefore, we investigated whether CRHR1-deficient mice (CRHR1-KO) show abnormalities in body weight and feeding behavior. CRHR1-KO and wildtype mice showed no difference in the total amount of food intake. However, there was a significant disruption in the circadian distribution of food intake: CRHR1 mutants consumed significantly more food during the light period (p<0.01). The normal diurnal pattern could be completely restored by oral administration of corticosterone 21-sulfate (5 mg/l added to the water-based liquid diet). We therefore conclude that in CRHR1-KO mice, the disruption of feeding behavior might be causally related to glucocorticoid deficiency, but that the CRHR1 is not likely to play a critical role in the basal regulation of ingestive behavior.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Relationships of feedlot feed efficiency, performance, and feeding behavior with metabolic rate, methane production, and energy partitioning in beef cattle.

Residual feed intake (RFI) is the difference between the actual and expected feed intake of an animal based on its BW and growth rate over a specified period. The biological mechanisms underlying the variation in feed efficiency in animals with similar BW and growth rate are not well understood. This study determined the relationship of feedlot feed efficiency, performance, and feeding behavior with digestion and energy partitioning of 27 steers. The steers were selected from a total of 306 animals based on their RFI following feedlot tests at the University of Alberta Kinsella Research Station. Selected steers were ranked into high RFI (RFI > 0.5 SD above the mean, n = 11), medium RFI (RFI +/- 0.5 SD above and below the mean, n = 8), and low RFI (RFI < -0.5 SD below the mean, n = 8). The respective BW +/- SD for the RFI groups were 495.6 +/- 12.7, 529.1 +/- 18.6, and 501.2 +/- 15.5 kg. Digestibility and calorimetry trials were performed on a corn-or barley-based concentrate diet in yr 1 and 2, respectively, at 2.5 x maintenance requirements. Mean DMI (g/kg of BW(0.75)) during the measurements for high-, medium-, and low-RFI groups, respectively, were 82.7 +/- 2.0, 78.8 +/- 2.6, and 81.8 +/- 2.5 and did not differ (P > 0.10). Residual feed intake was correlated with daily methane production and energy lost as methane (r = 0.44; P < 0.05). Methane production was 28 and 24% less in low-RFI animals compared with high- and medium-RFI animals, respectively. Residual feed intake tended to be associated (P < 0.10) with apparent digestibilities of DM (r = -0.33) and CP (r = -0.34). The RFI of steers was correlated with DE (r = -0.41; P < 0.05), ME (r = -0.44; P < 0.05), heat production (HP; r = 0.68; P < 0.001), and retained energy (RE; r = -0.67; P < 0.001; energy values are expressed in kcal/kg of BW(0.75)). Feedlot partial efficiency of growth was correlated (P < 0.01) with methane production (r = -0.55), DE (r = 0.46), ME (r = 0.49), HP (r = -0.50), and RE (r = 0.62). With the exception of HP (r = 0.37; P < 0.05), feed conversion ratio was unrelated to the traits considered in the study. Feeding duration was correlated (P < 0.01) with apparent digestibility of DM (r = -0.55), CP (r = -0.47), methane production (r = 0.51), DE (r = -0.52), ME (r = -0.55), and RE (r = -0.60). These results have practical implications for the selection of animals that eat less at a similar BW and growth rate and for the environmental sustainability of beef production.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1984

Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats.

Observations that a pancreatic polypeptide-like substance, possibly neuropeptide Y, is present in hypothalamic areas and may coexist with catecholamines prompted evaluation of its role in controlling feeding behavior. Intracerebroventricular administration of 2 or 10 micrograms of human pancreatic polypeptide to ovariectomized rats pretreated with estradiol benzoate plus progesterone significantly increased the number of animals feeding, and total food intake in tests conducted during the light phase of the day. Administration of neuropeptide Y, 2 or 10 micrograms, induced feeding in all rats, and food intake was 3 times greater than that observed after human pancreatic polypeptide injection. These findings imply that neuropeptide Y, or a closely related pancreatic polypeptide-like neuropeptide, plays an important role in neural regulation of feeding behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Consummatory feeding behavior to amino acids in intact and anosmic channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus.

The entire sequence of feeding behavior patterns exhibited by intact and anosmic channel catfish to food extracts was also released by single amino acids. L-arginine (> 10(-6) M), L-alanine (> 10(-6) M), and L-proline (> 10(-4) M) were each highly effective at releasing consummatory behavior patterns, such as turning, increasing pumping of water across the gill arches, and biting-snapping. Swallowing required solid objects, whereas rhythmic movement of the hyoid was released by > 10(-2) M L-arginine alone. For the biting-snapping behavior, the number of bites depended upon both the number of eddies containing the amino acid above the behavioral threshold concentration and the amino acid applied. Multiple eddies of > 10(-3) M L-proline and L-alanine provoked up to 25 bites per test; however, the most effective stimulus for releasing biting-snapping behavior at low concentrations was L-arginine (behavioral threshold 3 x 10(-7) M). In comparison to 10(-4) M L-alanine and L-arginine, other amino acids were less effective stimuli.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1992

Feeding behavior and ambulatory activity in rats with D-galactosamine-induced hepatic failure.

This study was undertaken to investigate changes in feeding behavior and ambulatory activity, in rats with D-galactosamine (D-GAL)-induced hepatic failure. D-GAL was administered (1000 mg/kg) IP at 1800, just before the dark phase. The first significant decrease of ambulatory activity in rats with hepatic failure was observed between 0000 and 0300 h. A significant increase in drinking behavior was observed between 1800 and 2100 h, and a significant decrease was observed between 2100 and 0300 h. A significant decrease in food intake occurred between 1800 and 2400 h. Thereafter, there was no difference in food intake. In conclusion, we demonstrated significant changes in ambulatory activity, drinking behavior and food intake produced by D-GAL. A wide variation in systems, including monoamine turnover, and amino acid disturbance could be expected in these animals, and such changes might also have contributed to the results observed.

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain↗

PubMed1984

Perioral synaptic connections and their possible role in the feeding behavior of Hydra.

Electron microscopic observations of serially sectioned perioral neurons revealed a complex synaptic organization in which reciprocal synapses were observed for the first time in Hydra. Sensory cells had reciprocal synapses with each other and with ganglion cells, which in turn had reciprocal synapses with each other. A two-way chemical synapse with vesicles on both sides of the paramembranous densities was observed between ganglion cells; none was found between sensory cells. Ganglion cell axons participated in serial axo-axo-epitheliomuscular synapses. Two-cell pathways formed by direct sensory cell-nematocyte or neuromuscular synapses and three-cell pathways forming indirect sensory cell-ganglion cell-nematocyte or neuromuscular synaptic interconnections were found. It is possible that either simple direct changes in or direct effects on threshold stimuli could trigger both nematocyst discharge and/or muscular contraction and effect more complex intermediate pathways modulating feeding behavior. Each large epitheliomuscular cell enveloped from one to four sensory cells in the perioral region. The concentration of sensory cells around the mouth and their complex synaptic connections with each other and with ganglion and effector cells support our hypothesis for neural control of feeding behavior in Hydra.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Abnormal feeding behavior of western toads (Bufo boreas) kept in a hyperosmotic environment. I. A quantitative behavioral analysis as related to cerebral amino acid concentrations.

Discriminant analysis of eleven behavioral variables associated with feeding permitted the assignment of hyperosmotically-acclimating (HOA) toads (Bufo boreas) to six different behavioral states. These behavioral states could be correlated with specific alterations in the level of select amino acids in three regions of the toad's central nervous system. By considering only those amino acids that showed equivalent levels in corresponding brain regions of normally-behaving, freshwater-acclimating (FWA) and HOA toads, it was possible to focus upon just nine amino acids as possible modulators of feeding behavior. Four of these amino acids were markedly elevated in two or more abnormal behavioral states: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in all three brain areas; glutamate in the cerebral hemispheres; aspartate in the cerebral hemispheres and olfactory bulbs; and phenylalanine in the olfactory bulbs and optic lobes. Other possible behavior modulators identified were: lysine and threonine in the cerebral hemispheres; carnosine in the olfactory bulbs; and valine and alanine in the optic lobes.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1980

Relationship among reproductive variables, sucrose taste reactivity and feeding behavior in humans.

Magnitude-estimation of sucrose pleasantness and sweetness, and feeding behavior, were investigated in female and male college students. The subjects were individually tested five times over a five-week period. Female test intervals were scheduled to include the menses, pre-ovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. The data were analyzed by gender, length of menses, and phase of the menstrual cycle. The results of these analyses were consistent for both the sucrose taste reactivity tests and feeding tests. Male and long-menses females exhibited similar response patterns; and their pattern was significantly different from that of the short-menses females. The mean log pleasantness ratings of the males and long-menses females were significantly smaller than those of the short-menses females. Furthermore, both long-menses females and males behaved similarly in a time-limited surreptitious feeding test. They consumed significantly more food than did short-menses females. Phase of the menstrual cycle did not alter pleasantness reponse patterns, but there was one phase effect in the feeding tests. Luteal phase intake of short-menses females was elevated relative to that of the menses phase. These findings demonstrate that reproductive variables participate in the control of human regulatory behaviors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Feeding behavior of the cirratulid Cirriformia filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1825) (Annelida: Polychaeta).

Observations of the feeding behavior of Cirriformia filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1825) (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the intertidal zone of São Francisco and Engenho D'água beaches (São Sebastião, State of São Paulo) were made in the laboratory. This species, like other cirratulids, is a deposit feeder, feeding mainly on sediment surface with the aid of its grooved and ciliated palps, which are used to capture food particles. The worm lies just beneath the substrate surface in a J-shaped tube. When feeding, it extends up to 4 palps over the sediment surface, capturing food particles which pass down the groove of each palp directly to the mouth. Only fine sand grains are ingested. The worm frequently extends 4 branchial filaments into the overlying water for aeration. When it moves with the prostomium sideways, it collects and transports sand grains that pass backwards along its ventral region until reaching the middle part of its body. Next, the parapodia and palps move the sand grains to the dorsal posterior end of the animal, covering this area with sand. Some sand grains are also ingested as the worm moves.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Some environmental contaminants influence motor and feeding behaviors in the ornate wrasse (Thalassoma pavo) via distinct cerebral histamine receptor subtypes.

Common environmental contaminants such as heavy metals and pesticides pose serious risks to behavioral and neuroendocrine functions of many aquatic organisms. In the present study, we show that the heavy metal cadmium and the pesticide endosulfan produce such effects through an interaction of specific cerebral histamine receptor subtypes in the teleost ornate wrasse (Thalassoma pavo). Treatment of this teleost with toxic cadmium levels for 1 week was sufficient to induce abnormal swimming movements, whereas reduced feeding behaviors were provoked predominantly by elevated endosulfan concentrations. In the brain, these environmental contaminants caused neuronal degeneration in cerebral targets such as the mesencephalon and hypothalamus, damage that appeared to correlate with altered binding levels of the three major histamine receptors (subtypes 1, 2, and 3). Although cadmium accounted for reduced binding activity of all three subtypes in most brain regions, it was subtype 2 that seemed to be its main target, as shown by a very great (p < 0.001) down-regulation in mesencephalic areas such as the stratum griseum central layer. Conversely, endosulfan provided very great and great (p < 0.01) up-regulating effects of subtype 3 and 1 levels, respectively, in preoptic-hypothalamic areas such as the medial part of the lateral tuberal nucleus, and in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. These results suggest that the neurotoxicant-dependent abnormal motor and feeding behaviors may well be tightly linked to binding activities of distinct histamine subtypes in localized brain regions of the Thalassoma pavo.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Prey capture phase of feeding behavior in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina: neuronal mechanisms.

The prey capture phase of feeding behavior in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina consists of an explosive extrusion of buccal cones, specialized structures which are used to catch the prey, and acceleration of swimming with frequent turning and looping produced by tail bend. A system of neurons which control different components of prey capture behavior in Clione has been identified in the cerebral ganglia. Cerebral B and L neurons produce retraction of buccal cones and tightening of the lips over them--their spontaneous spike activities maintain buccal cones in the withdrawn position. Cerebral A neurons inhibit B and L cells and produce opening of the lips and extrusion of buccal cones. A pair of cerebral interneurons C-BM activates cerebral A neurons and synchronously initiates the feeding motor program in the buccal ganglia. Cerebral T neurons initiate acceleration of swimming and produce tail bending which underlies turning and looping during the prey capture. Both tactile and chemical inputs from the prey produce activation of cerebral A and T neurons. This reaction appears to be specific, since objects other than alive Limacina or Limacina juice do not initiate activities of A and T neurons.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1985

Hypothalamic sites sensitive to morphine and naloxone: effects on feeding behavior.

Three experiments investigated the feeding response of brain cannulated rats to hypothalamic injection of norepinephrine (NE), the opiate agonist morphine sulfate (MO) and the opiate antagonist naloxone (NAL). Morphine elicited feeding in a dose-dependent manner when injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of satiated rats, at doses of 0.78 to 100 nmoles, with a threshold dose of 1.56 nmoles. Naloxone, at doses of 3.13 to 200 nmoles, was injected into the PVN of food-deprived rats and was found to produce a dose-dependent suppression of feeding (threshold dose of 6.25 nmoles). Animals with brain cannulas aimed at the PVN, the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), the dorsomedial (DMN) and ventromedial (VNM) nuclei were compared for their sensitivity to the feeding stimulatory effects of NE and MO (except in the DMN) and the feeding suppressive effects of NAL. Consistent with earlier reports, the PVN-cannulated animals exhibited a reliable increase in feeding after NE injection; the VMN cannula yielded a small feeding response, whereas the DMN and PFH were insensitive to NE. Morphine, in contrast, strongly stimulated eating after administration into PFH, as well as the PVN, apparently dissociating the NE and MO eating responses. The VMN, however, was generally unresponsive to both MO and NE. With regard to NAL's suppressive effect on feeding, the PVN and PFH, which were sensitive to MO, also exhibited responsiveness to opiate antagonism suggesting the existence in these areas of opiate receptors that modulate feeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Food avoidance learning is accompanied by synaptic attenuation in identified interneurons controlling feeding behavior in Pleurobranchaea.

Identified paracerebral feeding command interneurons (PCNs) in the brain of the mollusc Pleurobranchaea excite other identified PCNs by means of a chemical polysynaptic pathway whose efficacy is reduced by food avoidance training (conditionally paired food and electric shock). The purpose of the present study was to identify the neurons comprising this pathway and to localize learning-induced changes to single identified neurons. We found that associative training strongly attenuates or abolishes a unitary excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) at a single identified synapse in this polysynaptic pathway, but does not alter other synapses. The PCNs descend to the buccal ganglion, where they monosynaptically excite each member of a set of four identified neurons (two per hemiganglion) that belong to the corollary discharge population described previously. The strength of ascending and descending synapses involving identified PCNs is greatest ipsilaterally and is proportional to relative command efficacy established in previous studies. These findings suggest that command efficacy results directly from synaptic strength. The pair of corollary discharge neurons on each side of the buccal ganglion sends axons to the opposite side and thence up the contralateral cerebrobuccal connective to the brain. These neurons have therefore been termed the contralateral corollary discharge (CCD) neurons. Each CCD monosynaptically excites every PCN on both sides of the brain. Contralateral synaptic influences on identified PCNs are larger than ipsilateral ones. Each of the four identified CCD neurons is electrically coupled to all other members of the subset, including the contralateral homologue (based on simultaneous intracellular recording) and the ipsilateral partner (based on dye coupling). Hyperpolarizing a single CCD eliminates the polysynaptic response of PCNs to stimulation of other PCNs, whereas depolarizing a single CCD mimics the polysynaptic response. The CCD neurons are therefore necessary and sufficient to the polysynaptic response. Consistent with this role, the CCDs discharge in phase with the PCNs during the feeding motor program, and hyperpolarizing a CCD abolishes the cycle discharge of PCNs and weakens the feeding rhythm. Of the several reciprocal synapses identified between the PCNs and CCDs, only one was significantly altered by associative training in the food avoidance paradigm developed previously. This synapse, from the polysynaptic excitor (PSE) to the ipsilateral CCD, was also the strongest in this recurrent positive-feedback loop. In brains taken from conditioned specimens, the mean EPSP amplitude induced by a PSE action potential in ipsi

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2006

The melanocortins and melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis.

A number of different neuropeptides exert powerful concerted controls on feeding behavior and energy balance, most of them being produced in hypothalamic neuronal networks under stimulation by anabolic and catabolic peripheral hormones such as ghrelin and leptin, respectively. These peptide-expressing neurons interconnect extensively to integrate the multiple opposing signals that mediate changes in energy expenditure. In the present review I have summarized our current knowledge about two key peptidic systems involved in regulating appetite and energy homeostasis, the melanocortin system (alpha-MSH, agouti and Agouti-related peptides, MC receptors and mahogany protein) and the melanin-concentrating hormone system (proMCH-derived peptides and MCH receptors) that contribute to satiety and feeding-initiation, respectively, with concurrent effects on energy expenditure. I have focused particularly on recent data concerning transgenic mice and the ongoing development of MC/MCH receptor antagonists/agonists that may represent promising drugs to treat human eating disorders on both sides of the energy balance (anorexia, obesity).

Agouti Signaling Protein↗

PubMed2003

Effects of chronic variate stress on feeding behavior and on monoamine levels in different rat brain structures.

Chronic variate stress was seen to decrease the ingestion of sweet food when compared to control rats. Brain monoamines are known to be involved in the control of food intake, serotonin appears to be involved in the mechanisms of satiety, and dopamine in mediating appetite or approach behaviors triggered by incentive stimuli associated with rewards. The effect of chronic variate stress on cerebral levels of monoamines was also studied in rats. Increased levels of DOPAC were observed in the frontal cortex and in the hippocampus and an increased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was also observed in this latter structure. In the hypothalamus, levels of HVA and DOPAC were decreased, as well as the DOPAC/DA ratio, while no difference was found in amygdala. During the treatment, there were no differences in the consumption of water and regular food between stressed and control animals. An increase in the adrenal weight was observed at the end of the treatment. The results suggest that emotional changes, such as exposure to stress situations can influence feeding behavior, chronic variate stress causes decreased ingestion of sweet food and decreased dopaminergic neurotransmission in hypothalamus. Increased dopamine metabolite levels in the cortex and hippocampus were also observed and some of these modifications may be related to alterations in feeding behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effects of dietary nonstructural carbohydrates and protein sources on feeding behavior of tethered heifers fed high-concentrate diets.

To describe the feeding behavior of growing heifers fed high-concentrate diets with different sources of protein and nonstructural carbohydrates, and to explain the ruminal fermentation pattern, 4 ruminally fistulated Holstein heifers (BW = 132.3 +/- 1.61 kg) were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Two non-structural carbohydrate sources (barley and corn) and 2 protein sources [soybean meal (SBM) and sunflower meal (SFM)] that differ in their rate and extent of ruminal degradation were combined, resulting in a synchronized, rapid fermentation diet (barley-SFM), a synchronized, slow fermentation diet (corn-SBM), and 2 unsynchronized diets consisting of a rapidly and a slowly fermenting component (barley-SBM and corn-SFM). The corn-SFM diet resulted in a lower frequency of feeding (P < or = 0.05), longer meal length (P < or = 0.043), and larger meal size (P < or = 0.037) than the other 3 diets. Dietary treatment had no effect (P > or = 0.09) on the daily percentages of posture and behaviors. In general, heifers spent 9.97 +/- 0.83% of the day eating, 2.11 +/- 0.42% drinking, 25.13 +/- 1.36% ruminating, 16.97 +/- 1.42% in other activities such as social behavior and self-grooming, and the rest of the day (45.82 +/- 2.55%) resting or doing no chewing activities. Eating, drinking, and social behaviors were performed while standing (P < or = 0.01), whereas resting and ruminating occurred mainly while lying (P = 0.001). Eating took place mainly in the first 4 h after feeding (P = 0.001), whereas ruminating occurred mainly at night (P = 0.001). When chewing activities (eating and ruminating) were expressed per kilogram of DM or NDF from roughage intake, more time (P = 0.004) was spent chewing per kilogram of DMI for barley-based diets, and per kilogram of NDF from roughage intake for barley- (P = 0.01) and SFM- (P = 0.002) based diets. Tethered heifers fed the more fermentable and rapidly synchronized diet (barley-SFM) reduced intake and increased chewing time. With these high-concentrate diets, time spent chewing was inversely related to roughage intake.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2003

Dual roles in feeding for AMPA/kainate receptors: receptor activation or inactivation within distinct hypothalamic regions elicits feeding behavior.

We have previously shown that hypothalamic injections of glutamate, or agonists of its ionotropic receptors (iGluRs), elicit intense feeding responses in satiated rats [Brain Res. 613 (1993) 88, Brain Res. 630 (1993) 41]. While attempting to clarify the role of the AMPA and kainate (KA) receptor subtypes in glutamatergic feeding systems, we discovered that lateral hypothalamic (LH) injection of high doses of the competitive AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, NBQX (10 and 30 nmol), elicited a pronounced feeding response. We questioned whether this effect was due to inactivation of AMPA or possibly KA receptors. To determine whether other AMPA/KA antagonists can also elicit feeding, we tested whether injection of CNQX, another AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, also stimulates eating and whether these feeding stimulatory effects were due to antagonists' actions in the LH or in other hypothalamic sites. Here we report that NBQX and CNQX elicit feeding in a dose dependent manner and are most effective when injected into the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), or into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and, to a lesser extent, into the LH of satiated rats. In contrast, AMPA was most effective in stimulating feeding when injected into the LH, confirming previous reports. These data suggest that either activation or inactivation of AMPA/KA receptors in distinct but overlapping hypothalamic sites may be sufficient to induce feeding behavior, indicating a broadened role for glutamate in hypothalamic feeding mechanisms.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗