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PubMed2002

Nucleotide sequence and construction of an infectious cDNA clone of an EMCV strain isolated from aborted swine fetus.

A full-length cDNA clone of an Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) strain (2887A) isolated from aborted swine fetus was constructed and sequenced. Sequence comparison showed more than 99% nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity with two other EMCV strains, EMCV-PV21 and -R. However, the 2887A genomic sequence showed only about 84% nucleotide identity and 96% amino acid identity with EMCV-B, -D and -PV2 variants. RNA synthesized by in vitro transcription of this cDNA clone was infectious upon transfection of BHK21 cells, as shown by cytopathic effects and identification by neutralization test, and by propagation of the virus released into the culture media. The transcript RNA led to the production of infectious particles despite the presence of two nongenomic nucleotide residues at the 5' end, the short poly(C) tract (C(10)TCTC(3)TC(10)), the short poly(A) tail (7A), and the presence of six nongenomic nucleotides at the 3' end. The rescued virus was also found to be highly pathogenic for mice by intra-peritoneal inoculation producing a fatal disease indistinguishable from that of wild-type virus. An important finding concerning the molecular basis of infectivity was that the in vitro synthesized EMCV RNA transcript is infectious, although it contains a very short poly(A). The availability of the infectious cDNA clone of the reproductive failure strain of EMCV should prove to be useful for studying the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of EMCV in pig.

Abortion, Septic↗
PubMed1985

Genital infections in women undergoing therapeutic abortion.

We studied the prevalence of genital infections and the frequency of infectious complications in 170 women who requested an abortion in Antwerp, Belgium, where termination of pregnancy is still illegal. Chlamydia were isolated in 12% of these women, compared to a 0.6% isolation rate for N. gonorrhoeae. After the abortion 5.5% developed PID and 3% endometritis. There was a strong correlation between an infection with C. trachomatis before abortion and the appearance of infectious complications after the aspiration curettage. No such relationship was found with any other micro-organism. Depending on the prevalence of C. trachomatis in a given population, screening followed by selective treatment or prophylactic use of antimicrobial medication for all women is indicated to prevent post-abortum infections.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1978

Infectious agents associated with fetal and early neonatal death and abortion in swine.

Laboratory examination of specimens from 824 porcine abortions over a 6-year period produced 320 (38.8%) diagnoses. Viruses were involved in 22% and bacteria in 16.5% of all cases. Enterovirus was the virus isolated most often (10.9%), followed by parvovirus (4.9%), reovirus (4.4%), pseudorabies virus (1%), and adenovirus (0.8%). Leptospirosis was the bacterial infection most commonly diagnosed (9.8%), with numerous miscellaneous bacterial and fungal infections making up the remainder (7.0%) of the infectious causes.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1984

Prophylactic antibiotics for curettage abortion.

Opinion is divided as to the advisability of routine use of prophylactic antibiotics for curettage abortion. Six studies, including three randomized clinical trials, suggest that prophylaxis reduces infectious morbidity associated with curettage abortions by about one half. Three other studies, two involving prophylaxis for instillation abortions and one involving a vaginal antiseptic for curettage abortion, support the hypothesis that antimicrobial prophylaxis reduces morbidity. Tetracyclines are commonly used for this purpose. The cost of routine prophylaxis even with an expensive tetracycline would appear to be offset by the savings in direct and indirect costs. Prophylaxis may help prevent both short-term morbidity and potential late sequelae, such as ectopic pregnancy and infertility.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy of a vaccine to prevent Chlamydia- or Campylobacter-induced abortions in ewes.

In a sheep flock, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter fetus, Ca jejuni, and Salmonella dublin caused abortions. A vaccine that contained C psittaci type I from 2 sources: a cow with pneumonia and an aborted ovine fetus, Ca fetus, Ca jejuni, and 4 strains of K99 Escherichia coli was given to 240 ewes before they were bred. All fetuses, placentas, and lambs, that died within 36 hours of birth were examined for infectious agents. Of 55 abortions, 30 (55%) were caused by Chlamydia or Campylobacter spp; 25 of the 30 (83%) abortions took place in the nonvaccinated group (n = 240). Forty-five more lambs survived in the vaccinated group than in the nonvaccinated group. Abortion rates for Chlamydia and Campylobacter spp (2.1 vs 10.4% in vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups, respectively) were significantly different (P = 0.003). Abortion rates for S dublin were not significantly different between groups. The Salmonella epizootic was controlled quickly by sanitation and treatment procedures. The vaccine was at least 80% efficacious against Chlamydia and Campylobacter spp and appeared to be protective.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1994

Management of HIV infected pregnant women in Chonburi Hospital.

This study on birth control methods used, and HIV infection protection of the HIV infected pregnant women in the obstetrics-gynecology department of Chonburi Hospital from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1993 revealed that there were 27 HIV infected women with less than 24 weeks gestational age, using birth control methods as such 12 women (44.44%) had tubal resection after abortion, 8 women (29.62%) oral contraceptive pills, 5 women (15.51%) injectable contraception, and 2 women (7.40%) norplants. The 106 HIV infected women with more than 24 weeks gestational age were allowed to deliver. The birth control methods were as follows: 19 women (17.92%) tubal resection, 38 women (35.84%) oral contraceptive pills, 49 women (46.22%) injectable contraception. They were all encouraged to use a condom while having sexual intercourse. Only 40 women of this group are still seen in the follow-up clinic and all are found to be healthy, the birth control is effective and HIV infection is in the early stage. The new born babies were not allowed to be breast fed and were followed-up periodically to 18 months old. Twenty five babies received HIV blood test; 7 babies (28%) were found to be HIV infected. The birth control and HIV infection protection used in this study demonstrate no adverse effects on the disease, and the unexpected problems of these women, as well as the health personnel concerned are reduced both economically and socially. This study provides the guidelines of good care for HIV infected pregnant women.

Abortion, Therapeutic↗
PubMed1981

Placental findings in spontaneous abortions and stillbirths.

Placentae and membranes of 360 spontaneous abortions and stillbirths were studied by light microscopy and compared to 100 induced abortions of 2-5 months gestation. The placental findings were correlated with morphological and chromosomal studies of the fetuses. A high incidence of hydatid degeneration was found in early spontaneous abortions (less than 12 weeks of age), especially in "blighted ova." "Atypical" stromal cells were found in the placental villi of early abortions with trisomy and triploidy. In late spontaneous abortions (13-18 gestational weeks) inflammatory lesions of the placentae were observed in over a third of cases and the incidence of hydatid degeneration was very low. The incidence of inflammatory lesions of the placentae was further raised in cases of early fetal death (18-24 gestational weeks), involving 60% of the placentae of fetuses without malformations. In stillborn infants, over 25 weeks of age, the incidence of inflammatory placental lesions dropped again, and the incidence of vascular lesions was raised to 50%. It seems that inflammatory lesions of the placentae may play an important role in the etiology of midtrimester spontaneous abortions. Isolation of the infectious microorganism and subsequent treatment may therefore reduce the rate of fetal losses in this group.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

Infections, pregnancies, and infertility: perspectives on prevention. World Health Organization.

The World Health Organization sponsored a multicenter, collaborative investigation of the infertile couple by use of a standardized approach. The study was conducted between 1979 and 1984 in 33 centers in 25 countries throughout the developed and developing world. More than 5800 couples completed the investigation. Bilateral tubal occlusion and other infectious infertility etiologies were clearly related to a woman's history of sexually transmitted disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, and pregnancy complications. African centers had the highest rates of infectious infertility, more than threefold that in other regions. The relative contribution of either abortion or childbirth to these infectious causes apparently differed among the four regions investigated. Public health programs aimed at reducing these infections may pay reproductive health dividends.

Africa↗
PubMed1981

[Habitual abortion: diagnostics and therapy in gynaecological practice (author's transl)].

According to several literature surveys women with three consecutive and clinically ascertained spontaneous abortions appear to have without treatment an abortion risk of 50 to 60 per cent in the course of any further pregnancy. For improving prognostication various conditions leading to habitual abortions have to be clarified before the onset of a new pregnancy. Among our patients corpus luteum dysfunctions (35 per cent) and anomalies of the uterus (17 per cent) showed the highest frequency. Our patients also had an increased frequency of pathological spermiograms. Their influence on the incidence of habitual abortions remains, however, unclear. Infectious diseases and metabolic disorders (5 per cent) as well as chromosomal aberrations (6 per cent) appeared to be less frequent. Controversial views on the consequences of blood group incompatibilities of the spouses continue to exist. Conflict-oriented personalities of patients seem to play a major role. After evaluating the findings in literature pertaining to habitual abortions and on the basis of our own results (110 patients) diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines have been worked out. By employment of the individually required therapy 90 per cent of the patients with habitual abortions were able to successfully complete a further pregnancy.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1975

Observations on reproductive performance in the yearling mare.

Reproductive performance was studied in 137 yearling mares run with stallions in small groups for 3 months between June and August in 1968 to 1971 (four breeding seasons). Pregnancy diagnosis by repeated rectal palpation and qualitative tests for PMSG, showed that ninety-five mares conceived of which forty-four aborted spontaneously between Days 30 and 160 of gestation. Laboratory examination of twenty-one aborted fetuses failed to show any infectious agents. Serial quantitative and qualitative tests for PMSG in aborting animals gave results similar to those observed in mares with normal pregnancies. Plasma progestagen assays showed marked individual variations although the loss of the conceptus was always associated with a drop in progestagen level. The high incidence of early pregnancy loss in these pubertal mares may also be related to immaturity, inadequate nutrition and physical stress.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1988

Chorioretinal lesions in chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. Clinicopathologic correlations.

The authors examined an eye obtained post-mortem from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood and clinically apparent chorioretinal scars. Histologic examination disclosed numerous chorioretinal scars with associated retinal pigment epithelial changes and glial proliferation. Special stains for bacteria and fungi were negative. Additional findings were scattered pigment-containing macrophages found in the patient's spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lungs, kidney, thymus, choroid, and retina. The significance of the pigmented macrophages is unknown, however they may represent an abortive macrophage response to infectious agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Simian virus 40 causes persistent infection of muntjac cells in the absence of virus transformation.

SV40 infection of Muntiacus muntjak cells (ATCC, CCL: 157) resulted in abortive transformation with formation of T antigen and induction of cellular DNA replication in the absence of virus production. These cells were resistant to stable transformation by SV40 regardless of the route of infection, including microinjection of virus into cell nuclei. The present studies show that T antigen-containing cells persist and that the number of T antigen-positive cells remains constant in infected cultures, which is reflected in the nearly constant fraction of T antigen-positive cells in stationary cultures and a decrease of the fraction of T antigen-positive cells in proliferating cultures. These data suggest that following cell division only one daughter cell on the average can maintain a detectable level of T antigen. The cell cycle kinetics of proliferating muntjac cultures were not altered by the abortively transforming infection, and infectious progeny was made following cell fusion with permissive CV-1 cells. It is suggested that the few copies of viral DNA that do persist are present in a "plasmid-like' state as non-integrated DNA. In this way SV40 can appear to be lost from the majority of the cells in a culture but actually be conserved in a small population of cells for a long time. In such a state a papovavirus might go undetected in vitro as well as in vitro by even the most sensitive immunological and molecular techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Epstein-Barr virus and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder of B-lymphocytes. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens can be detected in tumours in up to 40% of all HL cases. Patients with EBV-associated HL also show increased levels of EBV-infected B-lymphocytes in blood compared with normal individuals and non-EBV-associated HL cases. A peculiar pattern of restricted EBV-antigen expression, dominated by latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1), LMP-2 and EBV nuclear antigen-1, is the characteristic feature of tumour-specific Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. This knowledge has generated studies examining adoptive immunotherapy of autologous or allogeneic cytotoxic T-cells for the treatment of refractory EBV-positive HL cases. Whether aborted EBV or another infectious aetiology is involved in non-EBV-associated HL cases remains an open question.

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections↗