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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Sex typing and the avoidance of cross-sex behavior.

This article presents evidence for the hypothesis that cross-sex behavior is motivationally problematic for sex-typed individuals and that they actively avoid it as a result. In particular, when asked to indicate which of a series of paired activities they would prefer to perform for pay while being photographed, sex-typed subjects were more likely than either androgynous or sex-reversed subjects to prefer sex-appropriate activity and to resist sex-inappropriate activity, even though such choices cost them money. Moreover, actually engaging in cross-sex behavior caused sex-typed subjects to report greater psychological discomfort and more negative feelings about themselves.

Avoidance Learning↗
PubMed1975

Implications and applications of recent research on feminine development.

The traditional feminine role pattern is no longer adaptive and functional for many women, because of pressures for change associated with such components of the social climate as the lengthening life span and concern about the population explosion. It is no longer physically possible nor considered socially valuable to spend a lifetime bearing and rearing children, even for those women who desire to do so. Thus the prospect or actuality of defining one's life by the wife-and-mother role creates anxiety and anger, which is increased by the awareness that society pays only lip service to so-called "feminine" qualities and behaviors, reserving power and prestige for those who achieve high status in the world of work. Clearly women need alternate bases of gratification and identity. However, these involve interconnected changes that are often painful and that require understanding and support from others which has been slow in coming. The general purpose of this paper is to provide evidence that changes in the feminine role pattern are a matter of urgency and will be beneficial to both sexes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The sense of identity and the role of continuity and confluence.

THE concept of identity, as it will be used in this paper, corresponds to Erikson's notion of psychosocial identity. It is a sense of "selfsameness and continuity in time" and of embeddedness in the "environment" (Erikson 1959, 1968). I will describe some of the factors which seem to be essential for the sense of selfsameness, and examine the manner in which continuity is preserved during transitional phases.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Childhood sexual abuse and adult defensive functioning.

Differences in defensive functioning between those who reported a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and those who did not was examined in a naturalistic treatment-seeking sample of adult outpatients (N = 67). Defensive functioning and childhood sexual abuse history were rated by clinicians and external raters utilizing the DSM-IV Defensive Functioning Scale and the Abuse Dimensions Inventory, respectively, based on information gathered as part of a larger therapeutic assessment. Individuals reporting a history of CSA were found to use more major image-distorting level defenses than the non-CSA group, and abuse severity was also related to greater use of major image-distorting level defenses. Those reporting a history of CSA relied more on defenses indicative of impairment in realistic perception of self and others. This defensive style likely contributes to the greater difficulties in interpersonal functioning and psychological problems in adulthood.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Creative potential, creative achievement, and personal growth.

We tested the idea that young people who have creative potential (are complex and unconventional) increase in intrapsychic awareness as they mature but often have difficulty with psychosocial growth, especially the development of a cohesive identity; and that for some women commitment to creative work solves the problem of psychosocial integration and leads to creative achievement. In a longitudinal sample of 109 women, these ideas were supported: Creative potential and creative achievement were both associated with intrapsychic growth but only creative achievement was associated with psychosocial growth. Regression analyses showed that the development of a cohesive identity from early to middle adulthood added to and interacted with creative potential in the prediction of creative achievement.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

Identity--lost and found: patterns of migration and psychological and psychosocial adjustment of migrants.

This paper focuses on patterns of integration in migrant individuals and families. The level of adjustment in traditional and Westernized families has been examined. Different factors affecting adjustment are pointed out. Migration process is interpreted as a transient and necessary crisis situation. Risk factors in the acculturation crisis are reported and predictive and preventive measures are suggested. Characteristics of migrant and remigrant groups are compared. The role of "homesickness" in clinical symptom formation is discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1981

Interaction of client class and gender in biasing clinical judgement.

Class and gender and determinants of therapists' perceptions of clients were investigated in a survey of 418 psychologists presented with a case history that manipulated all possible combinations of client class (working/middle) and gender (male/female). Findings suggest that among male clients, the higher the social class, the more favorable the therapists' attitude; among female clients, the trend is in the opposite direction. Results are discussed in the context of the sexual division of labor and differential expectations for male and female clients in therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Sex role psychodynamics in psychotherapy supervision.

Supervision of the female psychotherapy neophyte is discussed in relation to sex role-exacerbated ambivalence toward the transition from classroom passive-dependency to self-reliance as a professional clinician. Supervisors are alerted to hostile-dependent strategies, such as seductive flattery, that serve immediate ego-protective needs but ultimately block the attainment of fuller professional functioning.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1987

Conceptual trends and issues in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia.

A review of the theoretical principles of exploratory, insight-oriented psychotherapy of schizophrenia shows three major trends: drive theory, object-relations theory, and ego-psychology. These trends follow the development of psychoanalytic theory and may relate to symptom clusters of the illness. Current considerations of countertransference follow similar lines.

Conflict, Psychological↗